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Part of the series on Islam Islam? (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… al-islÄm) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... History of Islam
Beliefs and practices
Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer · Fasting Pilgrimage · Charity
Major Figures
Muhammad · Ali · Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Ahl Al-Bayt · Fatimah Prophets of Islam · Mahdi Image File history File links I made this. ... The History of Islam involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution. ... TawhÄ«d (also Tawhid or Tauhid or Tawheed; Arabic ØªÙˆØÙŠØ¯) is the Islamic concept of monotheism. ... The word Allah is the Arabic term for God. It is ultimately derived (according to most etymologists) from Proto-Semitic Ê¾il-, as is Hebrew El. ... See Shahada (India) for the Indian town called Shahada (in Maharashtra state). ... Salah (other terms and spellings exist) (Arabic: صلاه , Old (Quran) Arabic: صلوة ) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. ... Ramadan or Ramadhan (Arabic: رمضان ) is the ninth month of the Islamic year. ... The Hajj or Haj (Arabic ØÙŽØ¬Ù‘ á¸¤aÇ§Ç§) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca (or, Makkah) and is the fifth of the Five Pillars of Islam in Sunni Islam and is one of the FurÅ« al-DÄ«n in Shia Islam. ... Zakât (or Zakaat or Zakah) (Arabic: زكاة, Old (Quran) Arabic: زكوة) is the third of the Five Pillars of Islam. ... Muhammad is a common Muslim male name. ... For other uses of the name Ali, se Ali (disambiguation). ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... In the Islamic religion, the Sahaba (or Asahaaba,Ø§Ù„ØµØØ§Ø¨Ù‡; both forms are plural--the singular is Sahaabi, which is Arabic for friend, or companion) are the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. ... This is an Arabic phrase literally translated as People of the House, or family. ... Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. ... The Mahdi (Arabic: Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ, also transliterated as: Mehdi or Mihdi; translated as: guided one), in Islamic eschatology, is a prophecy about a redeemer of Islam, who will change the world into a perfect society just before Yaum al-Qiyamah, literally meaning the Day of Resurrection (the end times). ...
Texts & Law
Qur'an · Hadith · Sira Fiqh · Sharia
Major Divisions
Sunni · Shi'a · Sufism Divisions of Islam
Sociopolitical Aspects
Cities · Architecture Art · Calendar Islamic religious leaders Women in Islam Political Islam · Jihad
See Also
Vocabulary of Islam Criticism of Islam Index of articles on Islam

Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. It is an Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah ( .wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Loudspeaker.png" alt="Sound" width="12" height="11" longdesc="/encyclopedia/image/Image:Loudspeaker.png" /> means "successor", that is, successor to the prophet Muhammad. Some Orientalists wrote the title as Khalîf. The Caliph has often been referred to as Ameer al-Mumineen (أمير المؤمنين), or "Prince of the Faithful," where "Prince" is used in the context of "commander." The title has been defunct since the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1924. Historically selected by committee, the holder of this title claims temporal and spiritual authority over all Muslims, but is not regarded as a possessor of a prophetic mission, as Muhammad is regarded in Islam as the final prophet. The Quran (Arabic: al-qurÄn literally the recitation; also called Al QurÄn Al KarÄ«m or The Noble Quran; or transliterated Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... Hadith (Arabic: , Arabic pl. ... This article is not about the group of British engineering companies called Sira; see Sira (group of British companies). ... - Islamic jurisprudence, Fiqh (in Arabic and Persian: ÙÙ‚Ù‡) is made up of the rulings of Islamic jurists to direct the lives of the Muslim faithful. ... Sharia (Arabic: ; also SharÄ«ah, Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is the Arabic word for Islamic law, also known as the Law of Allah. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic: Ø³Ù†Ù‘Ø© ) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shia Islam (Arabic: or follower. ... Sufism (Arabic ØªØµÙˆÙ tasÌ£awwuf) is the school of esoteric philosophy in Islam, which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. ... The religion of Islam has many divisions, sects, schools, traditions, and related faiths. ... This is a list of cities that various groups regard as holy. ... Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved from Islam as a social, cultural, political and religious phenomenon. ... Mediums of Islamic art Islamic art throughout history has been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral, Arabesque, and calligraphic designs. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (also called Hijri calendar) is the calendar used to date events in predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Muslim holy days. ... Islamic religious leaders are persons who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, perform a prominent role within their community or nation. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Islam as a political movement has a diverse character that has at different times incorporated elements of many other political movements, while simultaneously adapting the religious views of Islamic fundamentalism, particularly the view of Islam as a political religion. ... Jihad (Ç§ihÄd Ø¬Ù‡Ø§Ø¯) is an Islamic term, from the Arabic root Ç§hd (to exert utmost effort, to strive, struggle), which connotes a wide range of meanings: anything from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to a political or military struggle to further the Islamic cause. ... The following list consists of concepts that are derived from both Islam and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. ... Strictly speaking, criticism of or opposition to Islam is the theological criticism of Islamic dogma and the Quran. ... Ummah (Ø£Ù…Ø©) is an Arabic and Islamic word that means community or nation. ... Islam? (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… al-islÄm) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... Image File history File links To play the audio file do not click on the image. ... Image File history File links Ar-khalifa. ... Muhammad is a common Muslim male name. ... Orientalism is the study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures, by Westerners. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (Ottoman Turkish for the Eternal State) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (Ä°stanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…) is an adherent of Islam. ...

Modern understandings of the title of Caliph are varied. Some movements in modern Islamic philosophy have emphasized a protective dimension of Islamic leadership and social policy from an understanding of khalifa that equates roughly to "render stewardship" or "protect the same things as God". Many Islamist movements have argued for the necessity of re-establishing the institution of a single office whose occupant, as successor to Muhammad, would possess clear political, military, and legal standing as the global leader of the Muslims. Such an initiative has yet to gather much in the way of practical support in the Muslim world. by PARVIZ MOREWEDGE and OLIVER LEAMAN There are a number of major trends in modern Islamic philosophy. ... Khalifa (Ø®Ù„ÙŠÙØ© ) is Arabic for stewardship of nature and family, and is a key obligation of a Muslim. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ...

The Sunnis identify the first four Caliphs, all close associates of Muhammad, as the '"rightly guided" caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib. It is important to understand, however, that the Sunnis and Shi'as differ profoundly on the critical question of who the first Caliph of Islam should have been, and the subsequent legitimacy of all later office holders. Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: Ø¹Ø«Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø¨Ù† Ø¹ÙØ§Ù†) (c. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: ) (c. ... Shia Islam (Arabic: or follower. ...

According to Sunni thought, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, Muhammad's closest friend and father-in-law, either the first or second male convert, was the legitimate succesor, inasmuch as he was elected into the office of the Caliphate in 632. The Shi'a, on the other hand, believe that legitimate authority belonged to Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali Ibn Abi Talib on the basis of his blood relation to the Prophet himself, and on the belief that he was designated by Muhammad as his successor. Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: ) (c. ...

Following the conflict between the Fatimids and the Abbasids, other Muslim rulers began to claim the title of caliph. With the defeat of these peripheral caliphates, the caliphate of the Ottomans began increasingly to be considered the undisputed primary caliphate. Thus, by the eve of the First World War, the Ottoman caliphate represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity. The Fatimid or Fatimid Caliphate is the Ismaili Shiite dynasty that ruled North Africa from A.D. 909 to 1171. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø¨Ù‘Ø§Ø³Ø¯ÙŠÙ† ) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (Ottoman Turkish for the Eternal State) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (Ä°stanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ...

The rulers of the Ottoman state, however, only rarely used title of khalifa for political purposes. It is known that Mehmed II and his grandson Selim used it to justify their conquest of Islamic countries. At a later date, one of the last Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulhamid II, used it as a tool against the European colonisation and occupation of countries with large Muslim populations.

On March 3, 1924, at the end of the First World War, the secular, Turkish military commander Kemal Atatürk abolished the institution of the Caliphate and transfered the powers of the Ottoman family line to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish nation-state. World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk (1881â€“10 November 1938), until 1934 Mustafa Kemal, Turkish army officer and nationalist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ...

In the 1920s the Khilafat Movement, a movement to restore the Turkish Caliphate, spread throughout the British colonial territories in Asia. It was particularly strong in India, where it was a rallying point for Muslim communities. The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a movement amongst the Muslims of British India (the largest single Muslim community in one geo-political entity at the time) to ensure that the British, victors of World War I, kept a promise made at the Versailles. ...

The absence of a single Muslim head of state is considered by some to be a violation of the Islamic legal code, the Shariah. Others insist that after the four rightful caliphs the office ceased to exist, meaning that those who claimed after that to be "khalifa" were actually "melik" (king). Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ...

Muslims believe that the Caliphate is the application of Messengership of Prophets (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, until Jesus and Muhammad) as the institution to protect and order the Muslims according the Law of God (in the Qur'an and the Universe), with the structure imitating the structure of Heaven (Mulkiyah/Government) and Earth (Ummah/People). Some parallels have been drawn between the offices of the caliphate and the papacy, but the relevancy of these comparisons are disputed. This article is about the biblical Adam and Eve. ... Noah or NÃ³ach (Rest, Standard Hebrew × ×•Ö¹×—Ö· NÃ³aá¸¥, Tiberian Hebrew × Ö¹×—Ö· NÅÂªá¸¥; Arabic Ù†ÙˆØ NÅ«á¸¥), is a Biblical figure who according to Genesis built an ark to save his family and a selection of the worlds animals from the Deluge (an example of divine retribution). ... Abraham (×Ö·×‘Ö°×¨Ö¸×”Ö¸× Father/Leader of many, Standard Hebrew Avraham, Tiberian Hebrew Ê¾Aá¸‡rÄhÄm; Arabic Ø§Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù‡ÙŠÙ… IbrÄhÄ«m) is the patriarch of Judaism, recognized by Christianity, and a very important prophet in Islam. ... Moses or MÃ³she (×žÖ¹×©×Ö¶×”, Standard Hebrew MÃ³Å¡e, Tiberian Hebrew MÅÅ¡eh, Arabic Ù…ÙˆØ³Ù‰ Musa), son of Amram and his wife, Jochebed, a Levite. ... // Jesus, or Jesus of Nazareth, also known as Jesus Christ, is Christianitys central figure, both as Messiah and, for most Christians, as God incarnate. ... Muhammad is a common Muslim male name. ... The Quran (Arabic: al-qurÄn literally the recitation; also called Al QurÄn Al KarÄ«m or The Noble Quran; or transliterated Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Catholic Church. ...

Note on the overlap of Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates: After the massacre of the Umayyad clan by the Abbassids, one lone prince escaped and fled to North Africa, which remained loyal to the Umayyads. This was Abd-ar-rahman I. From there, he proceeded to Spain, where he overthrew and united the provinces conquered by previous Umayyad Caliphs (in 712 and 712). From 756 to 929, this Umayyad domain in Spain was an independent emirate, until Abd-ar-rahman III reclaimed the title of Caliph for his dynasty. The Umayyad Emirs of Spain are not listed in the summary below because they did not claim the caliphate until 929. For a full listing of all the Umayyad rulers in Spain see the Umayyad article. Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... Events Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and establishes a new Umayyad dynasty. ... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... For indivduals with the same or similar name, see Abd-ar-Rahman Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...

See Also: History of Islam The History of Islam involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution. ...

1 How the Caliphate Came to an End
2 Contemporary Muslim Attitudes toward the Caliphate
3 Famous caliphs
4 Dynasties
5 List
6 External Links

How the Caliphate Came to an End

See the article Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate. For the last 400 years of its existence, the Caliphate was claimed by the Turkish Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. ...

The last Caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on March 3, 1924, and the title has since been inactive. Scattered attempts to revive the Caliphate elsewhere in the Muslim World were made in the years immediately following its abandonment by Turkey, but none were successful. Hussein bin Ali, a former Ottoman governor of the Hejaz who had conspired with the British during World War I and revolted against Istanbul, declared himself Caliph at Mecca two days after Turkey relinquished the title. But no one took his claim seriously, and he was soon ousted and driven out of Arabia by the Saudis, a rival clan that had no interest in the Caliphate. The last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI made a similar attempt to re-establish himself as Caliph in the Hejaz after leaving Turkey, but he was also unsuccessful. A summit was convened in Cairo in 1926 to discuss the revival of the Caliphate, but most Muslim countries did not participate and no action was taken to implement the summit’s resolutions. Though the title Ameer al-Mumineen was adopted by the King of Morocco and Mullah Mohammed Omar, former head of the now-defunct Taliban regime of Afghanistan, neither claimed any legal standing or authority over Muslims outside the borders of their respective countries. The closest thing to a Caliphate in existence today is the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), an international organization founded in 1969 consisting of the governments of most Muslim-majority countries. But the OIC has limited influence; many Muslims are not aware that the organization exists, and its resolutions are often ignored even by member nations. The Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ... Hussein bin Ali or Husayn ibn Ali (died 1931) was the Sharif of Mecca, and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself king. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz) is a region in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia; its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better-known for the holy city of Mecca. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... Shows the Location of the Province Ä°stanbul Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul; a contraction of Greek ÎµÎ¹Ï‚ Ï„Î·Î½ Ï€Î¿Î»Î¹Î½ into the city, the former Constantinople, ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î±Î½Ï„Î¹Î½Î¿ÏÏ€Î¿Î»Î¹Ï‚) is the largest city in Turkey, and arguably the most important. ... This article is about the holy city in Saudi Arabia. ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the rulers role was defined in the Quran. ... Sultan Mehmed VI Mehmed VI, original name Mehmed Vahdettin or Mehmed Vahideddin (January 14, 1861 â€“ May 16, 1926) was the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918â€“1922. ... Although technically in Giza, The Great Pyramids have become a symbol of Cairo internationally Cairo (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ù‡Ø±Ø©; romanized: al-QÄhirah) is the capital city of Egypt (and previously the United Arab Republic) and has a metropolitan area population of approximately 15. ... One of the only known photographs of Omar (date unknown) Mullah Mohammed Omar (Ù…Ù„Ø§ Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ù…Ø±; born 1959) is the reclusive leader of the Taliban of Afghanistan and was Afghanistans de facto Head of State from 1996 to 2001. ... The Taliban (Pashtun and Persian: Ø·Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø§Ù†; students), also transliterated as Taleban, is an Islamist and Pashtun nationalist movement which ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, despite having diplomatic recognition from only three countries: the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. ... The flag of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is an inter-governmental organization with a Permanent Delegation to the United Nations. ...

Contemporary Muslim Attitudes toward the Caliphate

Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the Caliphate has lain dormant and largely unclaimed for much of the past 81 years. The reasons for this are varied and complex. After World War I, most Muslim lands fell under foreign occupation. The Muslim World was subsequently reshaped along secular nationalist lines and heavily influenced by Western or socialist political philosophies. The role of mosques and the religious establishment was substantially reduced in most Muslim countries, leading to the emergence of political and military elites that viewed Islam as a personal matter and not a basis for political unity or a viable foundation for a modern state. Furthermore, the prevalence of old grudges and nationalist rivalries (particularly in the Arab world) have prevented large-scale interstate cooperation amongst Muslim states from taking place. Though Islam is still a dominant influence in most Muslim societies and many Muslims remain in favor of a Caliphate, tight restrictions on political activity in many Muslim countries coupled with the tremendous practical obstacles to uniting over fifty disparate nation-states under a single institution have prevented efforts to revive the Caliphate from garnering much active support, even amongst devout Muslims. Popular apolitical Islamic movements such as the Tablighi Jamaat identify a lack of spirituality and decline in religious observance as the root cause of the Muslim World's problems, and claim that the Caliphate cannot be successfully revived until these deficiencies are addressed. No attempts at rebuilding a power structure based on Islam were successful anywhere in the Muslim World until the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which was based on Shia principles and did not deal with the issue of a global Caliphate. Sunni & Wahabi Islamist movements have gained momentum in recent years, calling for a restoration of the Caliphate. However many such movements have as yet been unable to agree on a roadmap or a coherent model of Islamic governance, and dialog on this issue amongst Muslim intellectuals has been characterized by uncertainty and confusion amidst a broad range of viewpoints on what a modern Islamic state should look like. Many Islamic institutions in Muslim countries today have generally not made the restoration of the Caliphate a top priority and have instead focused on other issues. Most regimes have actually been hostile to such a call. The party most known to call for the restoration of a Caliphate are the transnational vanguard Hizb_ut-Tahrir, who have detailed a draft constitution for a future Caliphate or Khilafah, written books related to its funds, economic system, political system, and a method to go about its restoration.[1] The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... The Arabs (Arabic: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ Ê»arab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ... Max Barry set up Jennifer Government: NationStates, a game on the World Wide Web inspired by, and promoting, his novel Jennifer Government. ... // Roots of Tabligh Movement Originating in India in the Mewat province, Tablighi Jamaat aims to bring spiritual awakening to the world Muslims. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Wahhabism (sometimes spelled Wahabbism or Wahabism) is a movement of Islam named after Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792). ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... ... Vanguard can mean: A vanguard is the forward division in an army. ... Hizb ut-Tahrir (Arabic: ïº£ïº°ïº ïºï»Ÿïº˜ïº¤ïº®ï»³ïº®; meaning Party of Liberation) is a radical Islamist political party. ...

Famous caliphs

Abu Bakr - First rightly guided caliph of the Sunnis. Subdued rebel tribes in the Ridda Wars.
Umar ibn al-Khattab - Second rightly guided caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem, and Persia.
Uthman ibn Affan - Third rightly guided caliph. The Qur'an was compiled under his direction. Killed by rebels.
Ali ibn Abi Talib - Fourth and last rightly guided caliph, and considered the first imam by Shi'a Muslims. His reign was fraught with internal conflict.
Muawiya I - First Umayyad caliph. Muawiya instituted dynastic rule by appointing his son Yazid as his successor, a trend that would continue through all subsequent caliphates.
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz - Umayyad caliph considered by some (mainly Sunnis) to be a fifth rightly guided caliph.
Haroon al-Rasheed - Abbasid caliph during whose reign Baghdad became the world's preeminent center of trade, learning, and culture. Haroon is the subject of many stories in the famous work 1001 Arabian Nights.
Suleiman the Magnificent - Early Ottoman Sultan during whose reign the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith.

Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... The Four Righteously or Rightly Guided Caliphs or Khulifa Rashidoon in Arabic refers to the first four caliphs in the Sunni tradition of Islam who are seen as being model leaders. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Jerusalem (31Â°46â€² N 35Â°14â€² E; Hebrew: ×™Ö°×¨×•Ö¼×©×Ö¸×œÖ·×™Ö´× Yerushalayim; Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¯Ø³ al-Quds; see also names of Jerusalem) is an ancient Middle Eastern city of key importance to the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: Ø¹Ø«Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø¨Ù† Ø¹ÙØ§Ù†) (c. ... The Quran (Arabic: al-qurÄn literally the recitation; also called Al QurÄn Al KarÄ«m or The Noble Quran; or transliterated Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: ) (c. ... Imam is an Arabic word meaning Leader. The ruler of a country might be called the Imam, for example. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... Muawiyah I (602 - May 6, 680), early Muslim leader and founder of the great Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... There were several notable persons named Yazid: Yazid I (born c. ... Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Harun al-Rashid (Arabic هارون الرشيد also spelled Harun ar-Rashid, Haroun al-Rashid or Haroon al Rasheed; English: Aaron the Upright; ca. ... Wikinews has news related to this article: Several hundred killed after stampede in Baghdad A street map of Baghdad Average temperature (red) and precipitations (blue) in Baghdad For other meanings see Baghdad (disambiguation) Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and the Baghdad Province. ... (Redirected from 1001 Arabian Nights) The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة in Arabic or هزار و یک شب in Persian), also known as The book of a Thousand Nights and a Night, 1001 Arabian Nights, or simply the Arabian Nights, is a piece... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 â€“ September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish SÃ¼leyman, (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was born... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (Ottoman Turkish for the Eternal State) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (Ä°stanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ...

Dynasties

The more important dynasties include:

The Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by:
The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258), and later in Cairo (under Mameluke control) (1260-1517)
The Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty in North Africa and Egypt (not universally accepted; 909-1171)
The Umayyad Emirs of Córdoba, Spain, declared themselves Caliphs (known as the Caliphs of Cordoba; not universally accepted; 929-1031)
The Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Spain (not universally accepted; 1145-1269)
The Ottomans (1453-1924; the title was not used between the time of Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century and that of Abdul-Hamid II in the late 19th)

The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially Ø¯Ù…Ø´Ù‚ Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham Ø§Ù„Ø´Ø§Ù…) is the capital city of Syria and is the oldest inhabited city in the world. ... Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø¨Ù‘Ø§Ø³Ø¯ÙŠÙ† ) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... Wikinews has news related to this article: Several hundred killed after stampede in Baghdad A street map of Baghdad Average temperature (red) and precipitations (blue) in Baghdad For other meanings see Baghdad (disambiguation) Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and the Baghdad Province. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Events= February 10 - Mongols overrun Baghdad, burning it to the ground and killing 800,000 citizens Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. ... Although technically in Giza, The Great Pyramids have become a symbol of Cairo internationally Cairo (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ù‡Ø±Ø©; romanized: al-QÄhirah) is the capital city of Egypt (and previously the United Arab Republic) and has a metropolitan area population of approximately 15. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan Emperor Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan September 3 - Mongols defeated by Mameluks at Battle of Ain Jalut Samogatians and Curonians defeats Teutonic knights in Battle of Durbe Births Maximus Planudes, Byzantine grammarian and theologian Deaths Monarchs/Presidents... Events January 22 - Battle of Ridanieh. ... The Fatimid Empire or Fatimid Caliphate ruled North Africa from A.D. 909 to 1171. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... This article is for the year 909. ... // Events Saladin abolishes the Fatimid caliphate, restoring Sunni rule in Egypt. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... See Córdoba for other places with the same name. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... Events Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba. ... The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... Events Pope Lucius II is succeeded by Pope Eugene III Nur ad-Din ascends to power in Syria Construction begins on Notre-Dame dChartres in Chartres, France Korean historian Kim Pusik compiled the historical text Samguk Sagi. ... Events Births Deaths Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Categories: 1269 ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 â€“ September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish SÃ¼leyman, (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was born... Sultan Abdul Hamid II Abd_ul_Hamid II also Abdulhamid, Abdul Hamid, Abd al_Hamid II, or Abdul_Hamid (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from August 31, 1876 – April 27, 1909. ...

List

The Rashidun ("Righteously Guided")

Abu Bakr - 632 - 634
Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634 - 644
Uthman ibn Affan - 644 - 656
Ali ibn Abi Talib - 656 - 661

The Umayyads of Damascus

Muawiyah I - 661 - 680
Yazid I - 680 - 683
Muawiya II - 683 - 684
Marwan I - 684 - 685
Abd al-Malik - 685 - 705
al-Walid I - 705 - 715
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik - 715 - 717
Umar II - 717 - 720
Yazid II - 720 - 724
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik - 724 - 743
Al-Walid II - 743 - 744
Yazid III - 744
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid - 744
Marwan II - 744 - 750

The Abbasids of Baghdad

(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Iberian peninsula and parts of North Africa) Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events The Arabs invade Palestine. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Events The Arabs invade Palestine. ... Events Births Deaths Paulinus of York, bishop of Northumbria November: Omar, Second caliph of Islam by assassination. ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: Ø¹Ø«Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø¨Ù† Ø¹ÙØ§Ù†) (c. ... Events Births Deaths Paulinus of York, bishop of Northumbria November: Omar, Second caliph of Islam by assassination. ... Events Ali succeeds Uthman as Caliph Battle of Basrah (also known as Battle of the Camel) Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Births Deaths Uthman ibn Affan, Caliph (murdered) Peada, king of Mercia (murdered) Categories: 656 ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: ) (c. ... Events Ali succeeds Uthman as Caliph Battle of Basrah (also known as Battle of the Camel) Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Births Deaths Uthman ibn Affan, Caliph (murdered) Peada, king of Mercia (murdered) Categories: 656 ... Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. ... Muawiyah I (602 - May 6, 680) was an early Muslim leader, one of the sahaba (Companions) of Muhammad, and founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs. ... Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Yazid bin Muawiyah (Arabic: ÙŠØ²ÙŠØ¯ Ø¨Ù† Ù…Ø¹Ø§ÙˆÙŠÙ‡) (c. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Events Umayyad caliph Yazid I (680 - 683) succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683 - 684) End of the reign of Pacal the Great, ruler of Maya state of Palenque Births Emperor Mommu of Japan Bilge Khan, emperor of the Gokturks I Sin, Chinese astronomer Deaths Pope Leo II Tang Gao... Muawiya II or Muawiya ibn Yazid (661 - 684) was an Umayyad caliph for about four months after the death of his father Yazid I. The empire he inherited was in a state of disarray with Abdullah bin Zubayr claiming to be the true caliph and holding the Hejaz as well... Events Umayyad caliph Yazid I (680 - 683) succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683 - 684) End of the reign of Pacal the Great, ruler of Maya state of Palenque Births Emperor Mommu of Japan Bilge Khan, emperor of the Gokturks I Sin, Chinese astronomer Deaths Pope Leo II Tang Gao... Events Wu Ze Tian took power in China. ... Marwan ibn Hakam (623 - 685) was an Umayyad caliph who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II gave up the title in 684. ... Events Wu Ze Tian took power in China. ... Events Umayyad caliph Marwan I (684-685) succeeded by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705) Justinian II succeeds Constantine IV as emperor of the Byzantine Empire Sussex attacks Kent, supporting Eadrics claim to the throne held by Hlothhere Pope Benedict II succeeded by Pope John V Cuthbert consecrated... Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646 - 705) was an Umayyad caliph. ... Events Umayyad caliph Marwan I (684-685) succeeded by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705) Justinian II succeeds Constantine IV as emperor of the Byzantine Empire Sussex attacks Kent, supporting Eadrics claim to the throne held by Hlothhere Pope Benedict II succeeded by Pope John V Cuthbert consecrated... Alternate meaning: Area code 705 Events End of the short-lived Zhou Dynasty in China Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik succeeded by al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik. ... Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Al-Walid I (668 - 715) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 705 - 715. ... Alternate meaning: Area code 705 Events End of the short-lived Zhou Dynasty in China Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik succeeded by al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik. ... Events August 11 - Germanus is translated from the bishopric of Cyzicus to the Patriarch of Constantinople Umayyad caliph al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik End of the reign of Empress Gemmei of Japan, she is succeeded by Empress Gensho. ... Suleiman bin Abd al-Malik (c. ... Events August 11 - Germanus is translated from the bishopric of Cyzicus to the Patriarch of Constantinople Umayyad caliph al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik End of the reign of Empress Gemmei of Japan, she is succeeded by Empress Gensho. ... Events March 25 - Leo III usurps the throne of Byzantium August 15 - Muslama begins the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. ... Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c. ... Events March 25 - Leo III usurps the throne of Byzantium August 15 - Muslama begins the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. ... For other uses, see number 720. ... Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II (687 - 724) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724. ... For other uses, see number 720. ... Events End of the reign of Empress Gensho of Japan Emperor Shomu succeeds to the throne of Japan. ... Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (691â€“743) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743. ... Events End of the reign of Empress Gensho of Japan Emperor Shomu succeeds to the throne of Japan. ... Events Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724-743) succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik (743-744). ... Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II (d. ... Events Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724-743) succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik (743-744). ... Events February - Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand as king of the Lombards. ... Yazid ibn Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Yazid III (701 - 744) (Arabic: ÙŠØ²ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„ÙˆÙ„ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„Ùƒ) was an Umayyad caliph. ... Events February - Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand as king of the Lombards. ... Ibrahim ibn Al-Walid (Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù‡ÙŠÙ… Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„ÙˆÙ„ÙŠØ¯) was an Umayyad caliph. ... Events February - Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand as king of the Lombards. ... Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II (750-688) (Arabic: Ù…Ø±ÙˆØ§Ù† Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ù…Ø±ÙˆØ§Ù†) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 744 until 750 when he was killed. ... Events February - Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand as king of the Lombards. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ...

Abu'l Abbas As-Saffah - 750 - 754
Al-Mansur - 754 - 775
Al-Mahdi - 775 - 785
Al-Hadi- 785 - 786
Harun al-Rashid - 786 - 809
Al-Amin - 809 - 813
Al-Ma'mun - 813 - 833
Al-Mu'tasim - 833 - 842
Al-Wathiq - 842 - 847
Al-Mutawakkil - 847 - 861
Al-Muntasir - 861 - 862
Al-Musta'in - 862 - 866
Al-Mu'tazz - 866 - 869
Al-Muhtadi - 869 - 870
Al-Mu'tamid - 870 - 892
Al-Mu'tadid - 892 - 902
Al-Muktafi - 902 - 908

Al-Muqtadir - 908 - 932
Al-Qahir - 932 - 934
Ar-Radi - 934 - 940
Al-Muttaqi - 940 - 944
Al-Mustakfi - 944 - 946
Al-Muti - 946 - 974
At-Ta'i - 974 - 991
Al-Qadir - 991 - 1031

The Umayyads of Cordoba

(Not universally accepted) Abu al-Abbas Abdullah ibn Muhammad as-Saffah (721 - 754) Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø¨Ø§Ø³ Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø¨Ù† Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙØ§Ø was the first Abbasid caliph. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Events Pope Stephen III crowns Pepin the short King of the Franks at St. ... Abu Jafar Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (712 - 775) (Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ Ø¬Ø¹ÙØ± Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ±) was the Abbasid Caliph who founded Baghdad in 762. ... Events Pope Stephen III crowns Pepin the short King of the Franks at St. ... Events Leo IV succeeds Constantine V as Byzantine Emperor. ... Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi (ruled 775–785), was the third Abbasid Caliph. ... Events Leo IV succeeds Constantine V as Byzantine Emperor. ... Events Widukind and many other Saxons are baptized. ... Abu Abdullah Musa ibn Mahdi al-Hadi (d. ... Events Widukind and many other Saxons are baptized. ... Events A council is organized in Constantinople, but disturbed by soldiers Beatus of LiÃ©bana, Spanish monk, publishes his Births Emperor Saga of Japan Emperor Junna of Japan Deaths Other 786 is the total value of the letters of Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim. In Arabic there are two methods... Harun al-Rashid (Arabic Ù‡Ø§Ø±ÙˆÙ† Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø´ÙŠØ¯ also spelled Harun ar-Rashid, Haroun al-Rashid or Haroon al Rasheed; English: Aaron the Upright; ca. ... Events A council is organized in Constantinople, but disturbed by soldiers Beatus of LiÃ©bana, Spanish monk, publishes his Births Emperor Saga of Japan Emperor Junna of Japan Deaths Other 786 is the total value of the letters of Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim. In Arabic there are two methods... Events Saga succeeds Heizei as emperor of Japan. ... Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin (787 - 813), Abbasid Caliph. ... Events Saga succeeds Heizei as emperor of Japan. ... Events June 22 - Byzantine Emperor Michael I is defeated in a war against the Bulgarians. ... Abu Jafar al-Mamun ibn Harun (786 - October 10, 833) (Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø£Ù…ÙˆÙ†) was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. ... Events June 22 - Byzantine Emperor Michael I is defeated in a war against the Bulgarians. ... Events End of the reign of caliph Al-Mamun Nimmyo succeeds Junna as emperor of Japan Creation of Great Moravia Births Deaths October 10 - al-Mamun, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad Categories: 833 ... Abu Ishaq al-Mutasim ibn Harun (794 - January 5, 842) was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 833 until 842). ... Events End of the reign of caliph Al-Mamun Nimmyo succeeds Junna as emperor of Japan Creation of Great Moravia Births Deaths October 10 - al-Mamun, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad Categories: 833 ... Events Oath of Strasbourg - alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar - sworn and recorded in vernacular languages. ... Al-Wathiq ibn Mutasim (d. ... Events Oath of Strasbourg - alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar - sworn and recorded in vernacular languages. ... Events Succession of Pope Leo IV, (847 - 855) Births Alfred the Great Deaths Pope Sergius II, (844 - 847) Categories: 847 ... Al-Mutawakkil Ala Allah Jafar bin al-Mutasim (821 - 861) was an Abbasid caliph who reigned (in Samarra) from 847 until 861. ... Events Succession of Pope Leo IV, (847 - 855) Births Alfred the Great Deaths Pope Sergius II, (844 - 847) Categories: 847 ... Events Carloman revolts against his father Louis the German. ... Al-Muntasir ( d. ... Events Carloman revolts against his father Louis the German. ... Events Rurik gained control of Novgorod. ... Al-Mustain (d. ... Events Rurik gained control of Novgorod. ... Events Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship. ... Al-Mutazz (d. ... Events Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship. ... Events Western Emperor Louis II allies with eastern Emperor Basil I against the Saracens. ... Al-Muhtadi (d. ... Events Western Emperor Louis II allies with eastern Emperor Basil I against the Saracens. ... Events February 28 - End of the Fourth Council of Constantinople. ... Al-Mutamid (d. ... Events February 28 - End of the Fourth Council of Constantinople. ... Events Poppo of Thuringia, count of the march in Thuringia,is deposed by the German Carolingian king Arnulf of Carinthia Arnulf of Carinthia invades Great Moravia Duke Guido of Spoleto crowned Roman Emperor in April The former Silla general Gyeonhwon attacks the city of Gwangju and declares himself king. ... Al-Mutadid (d. ... Events Poppo of Thuringia, count of the march in Thuringia,is deposed by the German Carolingian king Arnulf of Carinthia Arnulf of Carinthia invades Great Moravia Duke Guido of Spoleto crowned Roman Emperor in April The former Silla general Gyeonhwon attacks the city of Gwangju and declares himself king. ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 902 ... Al-Muktafi (d. ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 902 ... Events Battle of Belach Mugna Births Deaths Categories: 908 ... Al-Muqtadir (d. ... Events Battle of Belach Mugna Births Deaths Categories: 908 ... Events Foundation of the St. ... Al-Qahir was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 932 to 934. ... Events Foundation of the St. ... Events The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County. ... Ar-Radi (d. ... Events The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County. ... Events Births Brian Boru, high king of Ireland Abul-Wafa, iranian mathematician Deaths ar-Radi (Caliph of Baghdad) Athelstan, who was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund Categories: 940 ... Al-Muttaqi was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 940 to 944. ... Events Births Brian Boru, high king of Ireland Abul-Wafa, iranian mathematician Deaths ar-Radi (Caliph of Baghdad) Athelstan, who was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund Categories: 940 ... Events City of Algiers (re)founded by the Zirid king Buluggin ibn Ziri Abu Yazid launches a rebellion against the Fatimids in the Aures mountains. ... Al-Mustakfi was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 944 to 946. ... Events City of Algiers (re)founded by the Zirid king Buluggin ibn Ziri Abu Yazid launches a rebellion against the Fatimids in the Aures mountains. ... Events Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England End of the reign of Emperor Suzaku of Japan Emperor Murakami ascends the throne of Japan Births Deaths May 26 - King Edmund I of England Abu-Bakr Muhammad ben Yahya as-Suli Categories: 946 ... Al-Muti (or Obedient to the Lord) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 946 to 974. ... Events Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England End of the reign of Emperor Suzaku of Japan Emperor Murakami ascends the throne of Japan Births Deaths May 26 - King Edmund I of England Abu-Bakr Muhammad ben Yahya as-Suli Categories: 946 ... Events Antipope Boniface VII succeeds Pope Benedict VI. The Byzantine Empire retakes Syria including Aleppo from the Abbasids. ... Al-Tai was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 974 to 991. ... Events Antipope Boniface VII succeeds Pope Benedict VI. The Byzantine Empire retakes Syria including Aleppo from the Abbasids. ... Events Battle of Maldon Sweyn I of Denmark recovers his throne Births Deaths Theophanu, empress, mother of Otto III Emperor Enyu of Japan Categories: 991 ... Al-Qadir (d. ... Events Battle of Maldon Sweyn I of Denmark recovers his throne Births Deaths Theophanu, empress, mother of Otto III Emperor Enyu of Japan Categories: 991 ... Events Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ...

Abd-ar-rahman III, as caliph, 929-961
Al-Hakam II, 961-976
Hisham II, 976-1008
Mohammed II, 1008-1009
Suleiman, 1009-1010
Hisham II, restored, 1010-1012
Suleiman, restored, 1012-1017
Abd-ar-Rahman IV, 1021-1022
Abd-ar-Rahman V, 1022-1023
Muhammad III, 1023-1024
Hisham III, 1027-1031

Al-Qa'im - 1031 - 1075
Al-Muqtadi - 1075 - 1094
Al-Mustazhir - 1094 - 1118
Al-Mustarshid - 1118 - 1135
Ar-Rashid - 1135 - 1136
Al-Muqtafi - 1136 - 1160

The Almohads of Spain and Morroco

(Not universally accepted) For indivduals with the same or similar name, see Abd-ar-Rahman Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... Events Byzantine Empire recaptures Crete from Muslim control Harald I of Norway squashed the rebelling forces of Eric Bloodaxes sons but was killed in the Battle of Fitje. ... Al-Hakam II was Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd_ar_rahman III (al_Nasir). ... Events Byzantine Empire recaptures Crete from Muslim control Harald I of Norway squashed the rebelling forces of Eric Bloodaxes sons but was killed in the Battle of Fitje. ... Events January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors. ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Events January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Events February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Events February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg. ... Events The Ly Dynasty in Vietnam is established (or 1009). ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Events The Ly Dynasty in Vietnam is established (or 1009). ... Events Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Events Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf. ... Events Canute the Great is acclaimed king of England. ... In the agony of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain, two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Cordoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada (1017), and Abd-ar-Rahman V Mostadir (1023-1024). ... // Events Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, sixth Fatimid Caliph of Egypt disappears on a trip to al-Muqattam hills. ... Events Several Catharist heretics are killed in Toulouse. ... In the agony of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain, two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Cordoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada (1017), and Abd-ar-Rahman V Mostadir (1023-1024). ... Events Several Catharist heretics are killed in Toulouse. ... Events The Judge-Governor of Sevilla takes advantage of the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, thus founded the Abbadid dynasty. ... Muhammad III was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba. ... Events The Judge-Governor of Sevilla takes advantage of the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, thus founded the Abbadid dynasty. ... This article is about the year. ... Hisham III was the last Umayyad ruler in Spain, and the last person to hold the title Caliph of Cordoba. ... Events March 26 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba. ... Al-Qaim (d. ... Events Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba. ... Events Revolt of the Earls. ... Al-Muqtadi (d. ... Events Revolt of the Earls. ... Events May - the siege of Valencia ends Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see. ... Al-Mustazhir (d. ... Events May - the siege of Valencia ends Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see. ... Events Knights Templar founded Baldwin of Le Bourg succeeds his cousin Baldwin I as king of Jerusalem John II Comnenus succeeds Alexius I as Byzantine emperor Gelasius II succeeds Paschal II as pope Births December 21 - Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese general Deaths January 21 - Pope... Al-Mustarshid (d. ... Events Knights Templar founded Baldwin of Le Bourg succeeds his cousin Baldwin I as king of Jerusalem John II Comnenus succeeds Alexius I as Byzantine emperor Gelasius II succeeds Paschal II as pope Births December 21 - Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese general Deaths January 21 - Pope... Events January - Byland Abbey founded Stephen of Blois succeeds King Henry I. Empress Maud, daughter of Henry I and widow of Henry V opposed Stephen and claims the throne as her own Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr. ... Al-Rashid was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1135 to 1136. ... Events January - Byland Abbey founded Stephen of Blois succeeds King Henry I. Empress Maud, daughter of Henry I and widow of Henry V opposed Stephen and claims the throne as her own Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise Births William of Newburgh, British historian and author of the Historia rerum Anglicarum Deaths November 15 - Leopold III of Austria, Patron saint of Austria Categories: 1136 ... Al-Muqtafi (d. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise Births William of Newburgh, British historian and author of the Historia rerum Anglicarum Deaths November 15 - Leopold III of Austria, Patron saint of Austria Categories: 1136 ... Events Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson. ... The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ... The Kingdom of Morocco is a country in northwest Africa. ...

Abd al-Mu'min 1145-1163
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163-1184
Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 1184-1199
Muhammad an-Nasir 1199-1213
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 1213-1224
Abd al-Wahid I 1224
Abdallah 1224-1227
Yahya 1227-1235
Idris I 1227-1232
Abdul-Wahid II 1232-1242
Ali 1242-1248
Umar 1248-1266
Idris II 1266-1269

Al-Mustanjid - 1160 - 1170
Al-Mustadi - 1170 - 1180
An-Nasir - 1180 - 1225
Az-Zahir - 1225 - 1226
Al-Mustansir - 1226 - 1242
Al-Musta'sim - 1242 - 1258

The Abbasids of Cairo

Al-Mustansir - 1261
Al-Hakim I - 1262 - 1302
Al-Mustakfi I - 1302 - 1340
Al-Wathiq I - 1340 - 1341
Al-Hakim II - 1341 - 1352
Al-Mu'tadid I - 1352 - 1362
Al-Mutawakkil I - 1362 - 1383
Al-Wathiq II - 1383 - 1386
Al-Mu'tasim - 1386 - 1389
Al-Mutawakkil I (restored) - 1389 - 1406
Al-Musta'in - 1406 - 1414
Al-Mu'tadid II - 1414 - 1441
Al-Mustakfi II - 1441 - 1451

Al-Qa'im - 1451 - 1455
Al-Mustanjid - 1455 - 1479
Al-Mutawakkil II - 1479 - 1497
Al-Mustamsik - 1497 - 1508
Al-Mutawakkil III - 1508 - 1517

The Ottomans

Mehmed (Muhammed) II (the Conqueror) - 1451 - 1481 (actively used title of Caliph and Caesar )
Beyazid II - 1481 - 1512
Selim I - 1512 - 1520 (actively used title of Caliph )
Suleiman the Magnificent - 1520 - 1566
Selim II - 1566 - 1574
Murad III - 1574 - 1595
Mehmed(Muhammed) III - 1595 - 1603
Ahmed I - 1603 - 1617
Mustafa I (First Reign) - 1617 - 1618
Osman II - 1618 - 1622
Mustafa I (Second Reign) - 1622 - 1623
Murad IV - 1623 - 1640
Ibrahim I - 1640 - 1648
Mehmed (Muhammed) IV - 1648 - 1687
Suleiman II - 1687 - 1691
Ahmed II - 1691 - 1695
Mustafa II - 1695 - 1703
Ahmed III - 1703 - 1730
Mahmud I - 1730 - 1754
Osman III - 1754 - 1757
Mustafa III - 1757 - 1774
Abd-ul-Hamid I - 1774 - 1789
Selim III - 1789 - 1807
Mustafa IV - 1807 - 1808
Mahmud II - 1808 - 1839
Abd-ul-Mejid I - 1839 - 1861
Abd-ul-Aziz - 1861 - 1876
Murad V - 1876
Abd-ul-Hamid II - 1876 - 1909 (actively used title of Caliph)

Note: From 1908 onwards constitutional monarch without executive powers, with parliament consisting of chosen representatives. Abd al-Mumin (1094-1163) was the first Caliph of the Almohad Empire. ... Abu Yaqub Yusuf or Yusuf I (died on July 29, 1184), was the second Almohad caliph. ... Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur (c. ... Muhammad an-Nâsir (الناصر لدين الله محمد بن المنصور an-nāṣir li-dīn allah muḥammad ben al-manṣūr), date of birth unknown. ... Al-Mustanjid (d. ... Events Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson. ... Events December 29: Assassination of Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Canterbury cathedral Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the court of Henry II because of a string of infidelities. ... Al-Mustadi (d. ... Events December 29: Assassination of Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Canterbury cathedral Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the court of Henry II because of a string of infidelities. ... Events April 13 - Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter November 18 - France Emperor Antoku succeds Emperor Takakura as emperor of Japan Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon Artois is annexed by France Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between... An-Nasir (d. ... Events April 13 - Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter November 18 - France Emperor Antoku succeds Emperor Takakura as emperor of Japan Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon Artois is annexed by France Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... Az-Zahir was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1225 to 1226. ... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... Events Carmelite Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II calls Imperial Diet of Cremona Births Deaths October 3 Saint Francis of Assisi founder of the Franciscan Order and patron Saint of animals and the environment Canonized by Pope Gregory IX in 1228 November 8 King Louis VIII of France... Al-Mustansir was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1226 to 1242. ... Events Carmelite Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II calls Imperial Diet of Cremona Births Deaths October 3 Saint Francis of Assisi founder of the Franciscan Order and patron Saint of animals and the environment Canonized by Pope Gregory IX in 1228 November 8 King Louis VIII of France... // Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Chudskoye Lake, Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... Al-Mustasim (d. ... // Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Chudskoye Lake, Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... Events= February 10 - Mongols overrun Baghdad, burning it to the ground and killing 800,000 citizens Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. ... Al-Mustansir (July 2, 1029 - January 10, 1094), was born in Cairo on 16th Jamada II, 420/ and eight months afterwards was declared to succeed his father. ... Events July 25 - Constantinople re-captured by Nicaean forces under the command of Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Empire re-formed August 29 - Urban IV becomes Pope, the last man to do so without being a Cardinal first Bela IV of Hungary repels Tatar invasion Charles of Anjou given rule of... Ayatollah Sayed Mohamad Baqir Al-Hakim (1939-2003) was a Shiite politician in Iraq. ... Events Strasbourg becomes a Free City of the Holy Roman Empire First Visconti become the lord of Iceland swear fealty to the king of Norway, bringing an end to the Icelandic Commonwealth Births Ladislaus IV of Hungary Deaths Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona... Events July 11 - Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French occupier. ... Al-Mustakfi was an Abbasid caliph from (944 - 946 ) The text below comes from Quick Facts about: William Muir Quick Summary not found for this subjectWilliam Muirs public domain, THE CALIPHATE: ITS RISE, DECLINE, AND FALL . ... Events July 11 - Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French occupier. ... Events January 26 - King France June 24 - The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. ... Events January 26 - King France June 24 - The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. ... Events Petrarch becomes famous Beginning of the Breton War of Succession over the control of the Duchy of Brittany Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expells her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. ... Al-Hakim II (died 1352) was the Abbasid Caliph in Cairo from 1341 to 1352. ... Events Petrarch becomes famous Beginning of the Breton War of Succession over the control of the Duchy of Brittany Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expells her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. ... Events June 4 - Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation. ... Events June 4 - Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 - 1362 - 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 See also: 1362 state leaders Events Under Edward III, French as Englands national language, for the first time... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 - 1362 - 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 See also: 1362 state leaders Events Under Edward III, French as Englands national language, for the first time... Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. ... Events Battle of Sempach: Swiss safeguard independence from Hapsburg rule End of reign of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events Battle of Sempach: Swiss safeguard independence from Hapsburg rule End of reign of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events February 24 - Margaret I seizes Albert, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 28 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. ... Events February 24 - Margaret I seizes Albert, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 28 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. ... Events Construction of Forbidden City begins in Beijing. ... Events Construction of Forbidden City begins in Beijing. ... Events Council of Constance begins. ... Events Council of Constance begins. ... This page is about the year 1441. ... This page is about the year 1441. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... Events February 9 - Wars of the Roses: Richard, Duke of York dismissed as Protector February 23 - Johannes Gutenberg prints the first Bible on a printing press May 22 - Wars of the Roses: First Battle of St Albans - Richard, Duke of York and his ally, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick defeat... Events February 9 - Wars of the Roses: Richard, Duke of York dismissed as Protector February 23 - Johannes Gutenberg prints the first Bible on a printing press May 22 - Wars of the Roses: First Battle of St Albans - Richard, Duke of York and his ally, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick defeat... Events January 20 - Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula. ... Events January 20 - Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula. ... Events May 10 - Amerigo Vespucci allegedly leaves Cádiz for his first voyage to the New World. ... Events May 10 - Amerigo Vespucci allegedly leaves Cádiz for his first voyage to the New World. ... Events February - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice June 6 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three year truce and cede several territories to Venice December 10 - League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between... Al-Mutawakkil III, reigned 1508 to 1516, and 1517, was the last caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. ... Events February - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice June 6 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three year truce and cede several territories to Venice December 10 - League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between... Events January 22 - Battle of Ridanieh. ... Mehmed II Mehmed II, also known as Muhammed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; also known as el-Fatih, the Conqueror) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... Events May 3 - Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Beyazid II. May 21 - Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481-1513) With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou was reverted... Caesar (p. ... Sultan Beyazid II Beyazid II (1447/48 â€“ May 26, 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. ... Events May 3 - Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Beyazid II. May 21 - Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481-1513) With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou was reverted... Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. ... Selim I Selim I (1465 â€“ September 22, 1520; also known as the Grim, nicknamed Yavuz, the Brave in Turkish) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ... Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. ... Events January 18 - King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde. ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 â€“ September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish SÃ¼leyman, (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was born... Events January 18 - King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde. ... Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. ... Selim II Selim II (May 28, 1524 – December 12, 1574) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death. ... Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. ... Events April 14 - Battle of Mookerheyde. ... Murad III Murad III (July 4, 1546 – January 15, 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death. ... Events April 14 - Battle of Mookerheyde. ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time. ... Mehmed III Mehmed III (May 26, 1566 â€“ December 22, 1603) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death. ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time. ... King James I of England/VII of Scotland, the first monarch to rule the Kingdoms of England and Scotland at the same time Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April... Sultan Ahmed I Ahmed I (April 18, 1590 – November 22, 1617) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death. ... King James I of England/VII of Scotland, the first monarch to rule the Kingdoms of England and Scotland at the same time Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ... Mustafa I Mustafa I (1592 – January 20, 1639) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ... Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). ... Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Mustafa I Mustafa I (1592 – January 20, 1639) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. ... Sultan Murad IV Murad IV (June 16, 1612 â€“ February 9, 1640) (nicknamed Cruel, in Turkish Zalim) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. ... Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and JoÃ£o IV of Portugal becomes king. ... Sultan Ibrahim I Ibrahim I (November 5, 1615 – August 12, 1648) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640–1648. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and JoÃ£o IV of Portugal becomes king. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... Sultan Mehmed IV Mehmed IV (January 2, 1642â€“1693), also known as DÃ¶rdÃ¼ncÃ¼ (fourth) and Avci (hunter), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... Suleiman II (April 15, 1642 – 1691) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the cityâ€™s surrender October 3 - Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to catholics was signed. ... Sultan Ahmed II Ahmed II (February 25, 1643 – 1695) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the cityâ€™s surrender October 3 - Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to catholics was signed. ... Events January 27 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II to Mustafa II (1695-1703) July 17 - The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... Sultan Mustafa II Mustafa II (February 6, 1664 â€“ December 28, 1703) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703. ... Events January 27 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II to Mustafa II (1695-1703) July 17 - The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy May 27 - Founding of St Petersburg in Russia May 26 - Portugal joins Grand Alliance July 29-31 - Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the... Sultan Ahmed III Köçeks at a fair Köçek troupe dancing at Sultan Ahmed IIIs 14-day celebration of his sons circumcision in 1720. ... Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy May 27 - Founding of St Petersburg in Russia May 26 - Portugal joins Grand Alliance July 29-31 - Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births May 13 - Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. ... Sultan Mahmud I Mahmud I (August 2, 1696 â€“ December 13, 1754) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1730 to 1754. ... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births May 13 - Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan Osman III Osman III (January 2, 1699 â€“ October 30, 1757) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1754 to 1757. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1757 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan Mustafa III Mustafa III (January 28, 1717 – January 21, 1774) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1757 to 1774. ... 1757 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan Abdul Hamid I Abd-ul-Hamid I (March 20, 1725 – April 7, 1789), also known as Abdulhamid, Abdul Hamid or Abdul-Hamid, was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 â€“ July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789â€“1807). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan Mustafa IV Mustafa IV (September 8, 1779 – November 15, 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808. ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan Mahmud II Mahmud II (July 20, 1785–July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan Abdul Mejid I Abd-ul-Mejid (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¬ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ø£ÙˆÙ„ ) (April 23, 1823 â€“ June 25, 1861) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz Abd-ul-aziz (February 9, 1830 – 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1861 to May 30, 1876. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Sultan Murad V Sultan Mehmed Murad V (September 21, 1840 – August 29, 1904) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire who reigned from May 30, 1876 to August 31 of the same year. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Sultan Abdul Hamid II Abd_ul_Hamid II also Abdulhamid, Abdul Hamid, Abd al_Hamid II, or Abdul_Hamid (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from August 31, 1876 – April 27, 1909. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Mehmed(Muhammed) V - 1909 - 1918 (constitutional monarch/Caliph without executive powers, parliament consisting of chosen representatives)
Mehmed (Muhammed)VI - 1918 - 1922 (constitutional monarch/Caliph without executive powers, parliament consisting of chosen representatives)

The Republic of Turkey

Abdul Mejid II - 1922 - 1924; only as Caliph (Head of state: Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha)
Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) 1924-1937

Although the title of Caliph is currently unused, it could conceivably be used again if the Turkish parliament were to decide to reactivate it. Sultan Mehmed V Mehmed V (sometimes also Mahommed V; known as Mehmed V ReÅŸad (or ReÅŸat) or Reshid Effendi) (November 2, 1844 â€“ July 3, 1918) was the 39th Ottoman Sultan. ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Sultan Mehmed VI Mehmed VI, original name Mehmed Vahdettin or Mehmed Vahideddin (January 14, 1861 â€“ May 16, 1926) was the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918â€“1922. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Abd-ul-Mejid II (lived May 29, 1868 â€“ August 23, 1944, reigned November 19, 1922 â€“ March 3, 1924). ... 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk (1881â€“10 November 1938), until 1934 Mustafa Kemal, Turkish army officer and nationalist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... The Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

External Links

History of the Indian Khilafat Movement
A vision of a 21st Century Khilafah
List of articles on the nature of a new Khilafah
Page dedicated to having a Khilafah in Indonesia
Caliphate Blog
The Political Framework of Islam & Khilafah by Prof. Kurshid Ahmad
Prof Yusuf al-Qaradawi on The politics of Islam
Political Islam: Beyond the Green Menace, by John Esposito, Journal of Current History

Categories: Caliphate | Titles | Arabic words

Results from FactBites:

Armed Islamic Group - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1345 words)
	The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallah) is a militant Islamist group with the declared aim of overthrowing the Algerian government and replacing it with an Islamic state.
	On August 26, it declared a "Caliphate", or Islamic government for Algeria, with Gousmi as Commander of the Faithful, Mohammed Said as head of government, the US-based Haddam as foreign minister, and Mekhloufi as provisional interior minister.
	Under the leadership of Antar Zouabri, its longest serving "emir" (1996-2002), the GIA became a "takfirist" group, considering Algerian society to be in violation of Islamic precepts, therefore justifying the killing of members of that society as a form of purification of heretical elements.

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