Age of the Caliphs

The initial Islamic conquests (632-732) began with the death of Muhammad, were followed by a century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion, and ended with the Battle of Tours—resulting in a vast Islamic empire and area of influence that stretched from India, across the Middle East and North Africa, to the Pyrenees. Edward Gibbon writes in History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Image File history File links Middle East during the Age of the Caliphs File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Middle East during the Age of the Caliphs File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Battle of Badr on Friday, 17th Ramadhan 2 AH or January 13th 624 AD, was a seminal event in the formative days of Islam. ... The victory of Badr alerted to Islam all the hostile forces in Arabia. ... The Battle of the Trench (also Battle of the Ditch) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627 AD. Although Mecca fielded a larger army it was not successful. ... A battle in early Muslim history. ... According to Muslim history, ten thousand Muslims led by Muhammad surrounded the city of Mecca. ... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ... The Battle of Tabouk (also called the Battle of Tabuk) took place in October 630 AD, during the month of Ramadan. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Arabs Commanders Theodorus Khalid ibn al-Walid, Shurahbil, Yazid, Amr Ibn al As Strength About 10,000 15-18,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Campaignbox Muslim Conquest. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Muslim Arabs Commanders Theodore the Sacellarius Baänes Khalid ibn Walid Strength About 40,000 About 20,000 Casualties Heavy Unknown The Battle of Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmuq or Hieromyax) took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in 636. ... The Battle of Syllaeum was a naval battle between the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in 677, in coordination with a series of land battles in Anatolia and Syria. ... The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (in Arabic: معارك القادسيّة, alternate spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya) was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sāsānian Persian army during the first period of Islamic expansion which resulted in the Islamic conquest of Iran. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A battle between Ali and Muawiya Is forces. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire, Bulgarians Commanders Maslama Leo III Strength 160,000-200,000 men, 2,000 ships Unkown Casualties 130,000-170,000 men, 2,000 ships Unknown The Second Arab siege of Constantinople (717-718), was a combined land and sea effort by the Arabs to take... Combatants Visigoths Muslim forces of the Ummayad Commanders Roderic Tariq ibn Ziyad Strength 24-30,000 7,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Guadalete took place July 19, 711, at the Guadalete River (or La Janda Lake) in the southern extreme of the Iberian peninsula. ... The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Islamic Moors conquest of that country in 711. ... Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the governor (or wali) of Muslim Spain (al-Andalus), built up a strong army from North Africa, Yemen, and Syria to conquer Aquitaine, a large duchy in the southwest of modern-day France, formally under Frankish sovereignty, but in practice almost independent in the... Combatants Franks Moors Commanders Charles Martel Abd er Rahman Strength 15,000-75,000 60,000-400,000 Casualties about 1500 unknown, but reported massive, most notable-Abd er Rahman The Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers, but not to be confused with the Battle of Poitiers... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. ... This article is about the prophet. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large and heterogenous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Combatants Franks Moors Commanders Charles Martel Abd er Rahman Strength 15,000-75,000 60,000-400,000 Casualties about 1500 unknown, but reported massive, most notable-Abd er Rahman The Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers, but not to be confused with the Battle of Poitiers... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Edward Gibbon (1737-1794). ...

Under the last of the Ommiades [ Umayyad dynasty ], the Arabian empire extended two hundred days’ journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of Africa, the solid and compact dominion from Fargana to Aden, from Tarsus to Surat, will spread on every side to the measure of four or five months of the march of a caravan. We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines; but the progress of the Mahometan religion diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Koran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville: the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris.

The individual conquests, together with their beginning dates: The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large and heterogenous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... Tartary or Great Tartary (Latin: Tartaria or Tataria Magna) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate a great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Urinal Mountains to the Pacific Ocean inhabited by Turkic and... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... Fergana Ferghana (Uzbek: Fargona or Farghana, Russian: Фарғона, the land between two rivers ) is a city (1994 population: 191,000) and the capital of Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southern edge of the Fergana Valley in southern Central Asia, cutting across the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan, and Uzbekistan. ... The oil refinery and Tanker port of Little Aden were operated by British Petroleum (now Beyond Petroleum) It was the capital of the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen until that countrys unification with the Yemen Arab Republic when it was declared a free trade zone. ... In tetrapods, the tarsi are the cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. ... Surat (Gujarati:સુરત) is a port city in the Indian state of Gujarat and administrative headquarters of the Surat District. ... Caravans comprise land-based trading convoys, often utilising the camel as a beast of burden, and generally associated with crossing deserts in Asia or Africa. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC–19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... The Antonines most often referred to were two successive Roman Emperors who ruled between A.D. 138 and 180: Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, famous for their skilled leadership. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37° 22′38″N, 5° 59′13″W). ... Moor may refer to: A high altitude form of heathland habitat widespread in northern Britain; see heath (habitat). ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Arabic (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Tigris River in Mosul, Iraq The Tigris (Old Persian: Tigrā-, Pahlavi: Tigr, Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ; Deqlath, Arabic: دجلة; Dijla, Turkish: Dicle, Hebrew: חדקל; ḥiddeqel) is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ...

Byzantine-Arab Wars: 632-718

Main articles: Byzantine-Arab Wars, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

• The conquest of Syria, 635
• The conquest of Armenia, 639
• The conquest of Egypt, 639
• The conquest of North Africa, 642
• The Second Arab siege of Constantinople 717 - 718

Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Events Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in Northumbria, England Nestorian China Births Pippin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia (approximate date) 23 May - Chan Bahlum II, king of Palenque Deaths Categories: 635 ... Events Dagobert I succeeded by Clovis II as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy During the Islamic conquest of Persia, Susa is destroyed Births Deaths Pippin I of Landen, father of Gertrude of Nivelles Categories: 639 ... At the commencement of the Islamic conquest of Egypt, Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. ... The Islamic conquest of North Africa began early in the century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion following the death of Mohammed in 632 CE. By 640 the Arabs controlled Mesopotamia, had invaded Armenia, and were concluding their conquest of Byzantine Syria. ... Events August 5 - In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia. ... Combatants Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire, Bulgarians Commanders Maslama Leo III Strength 160,000-200,000 men, 2,000 ships Unkown Casualties 130,000-170,000 men, 2,000 ships Unknown The Second Arab siege of Constantinople (717-718), was a combined land and sea effort by the Arabs to take... Events March 25 - Leo III usurps the throne of Byzantium August 15 - Muslama begins the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ...

Conquest of Iran: 637-651

Main articles: Islamic conquest of Iran, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... Events End of Yazdegard IIIs attempts to drive out the Saracens. ... The Islamic conquest of Iran (637-651 CE) destroyed the Sassanid Empire and led to the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran. ...

Conquest of Afghanistan: 637-709

Main articles: Islamic conquest of Afghanistan, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... Events Saelred becomes king of Essex Ceolred becomes king of Mercia after his cousin Cenred abdicates to become a monk in Rome A storm separates the Channel Islands of Jethou and Herm Births Emperor Konin of Japan Deaths May 25 - Aldhelm, bishop and scholar Categories: 709 ... // The Islamic Conquest In 637, five years after the death of Muhammad (Sualallah-u-Alaihi Wasallam), Arab Muslims shattered the might of the Iranian Sassanians at the Battles of al-Qādisiyyah and Nahawand. ...

Conquest of South Asia: 664-712

Main articles: Islamic conquest of South Asia, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

Events September, Synod of Whitby Births Deaths Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk. ... Events Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Conquest of Iberia: 711—718

Main articles: Islamic conquest of Iberia, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]

See also: phone number 711. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... The Islamic Conquest of Iberia (711—718) commenced when the Moors (mostly Berbers with some Yemenis) invaded Visigothic Christian Iberia in the year 711 CE. Under their Berber leader, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and proceeded to bring most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic...

See also

• Amr ibn al-A'as
• Caliph
• Khalid ibn al-Walid
• Umayyad Caliphate

Amr ibn al-Ä€s (Arabic: عمرو بن العاص) (d. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Khālid bin WalÄ«d (in Arabic:خالد بن الوليد) ; also known as: Sayf-Allāh / Sword of God); (584 - 642) was a Muslim Arab soldier and general. ... The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish. ...

References

• Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 51
• Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests Chapter 6

External links