NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Islamophobia

Islamophobia is a controversial^[1]^[2] though increasingly accepted^[3]^[4] term that refers to prejudice or discrimination against Islam or Muslims.^[5] The term dates back to the late 1980s,^[6] but came into common usage after the September 11, 2001 attacks.^[7] Opponents of the concept argue that it is often misused to undermine legitimate criticism of Islam.^[8] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ... For with(out) prejudice in law, see Prejudice (law). ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Criticism of Islam has existed since Islams formative stages on philosophical, scientific, ethical, political and theological grounds. ...

In 1997, the British Runnymede Trust defined Islamophobia as the "dread or hatred of Islam and therefore, to the fear and dislike of all Muslims," stating that it also refers to the behavior of excluding Muslims from the "economic, social, and public life of the nation." It includes the perception that Islam has no values in common with other cultures, is inferior to the West, is a violent political ideology rather than a religion, and that discriminatory practices against Muslims are justified.^[9] The Runnymede Trust is an independent think tank on ethnicity and cultural diversity. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ...

British Muslim writer and academic Kenan Malik has criticized the concept, calling it a "myth." Malik argues that the concept confuses discrimination against Muslims with criticism of Islam, and is used to silence critics of the religion, including Muslims who want to reform it.^[8] Novelist Salman Rushdie and others signed a manifesto entitled Together facing the new totalitarianism in March 2006 calling Islamophobia a "wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who believe in it."^[10] Kenan Malik is an Indian born British writer, lecturer and broadcaster. ... Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø±Ø´Ø¯ÛŒ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... March 2006 : â† - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- â†’ Fijian Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase announces that the 2006 Fiji general elections will be held in the second week of May 2006 from the 6th to the 13th. ...

Etymology

The term is formed of Islam, the post-classical Latin -o- connecting vowel, and the post-classical Latin combining form -phobia which is used to form nouns with the sense 'irrational fear of' or 'aversion to.' ^[11] See List of anti-ethnic and anti-national terms for other "-phobia" coinages. List of anti-ethnic and anti-national terms, where anti-ethnic refers to ethnic hatred, or sentiments of hostility towards an ethnic group and anti-national refers to sentiments of hostility towards a particular state or other national administrative entity. ...

Definitions

A number of individuals and organizations have made attempts to define the concept. Kofi Annan told a UN conference on Islamophobia in 2004: "[W]hen the world is compelled to coin a new term to take account of increasingly widespread bigotry, that is a sad and troubling development. Such is the case with Islamophobia."^[12] Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... For people named Bigot and other meanings, see Bigot (disambiguation). ...

In 1996, the Runnymede Trust established the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, chaired by Professor Gordon Conway, the vice-chancellor of the University of Sussex. Their report, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, was launched in November 1997 by the Home Secretary, Jack Straw. In this report, Islamophobia was defined by the Trust as "an outlook or world-view involving an unfounded dread and dislike of Muslims, which results in practices of exclusion and discrimination."^[13] An early documented use of the word in the United States was by Insight magazine in 1991, used to describe Russian activities in Afghanistan.^[13] The Runnymede Trust is an independent think tank on ethnicity and cultural diversity. ... The University of Sussex (also known colloquially as Sussex Uni) is an English campus university which is situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, and is four miles from Brighton. ... Jack Straw was/is the name of two famous individuals: John Whitaker Straw (born August 3, 1946), commonly known as Jack Straw, is a British Labour Party politician. ... The weekly newsmagazine Insight, now defunct, was published by The Washington Times Corporation. ...

The American writer Stephen Schwartz has defined Islamophobia as the condemnation of the entirety of Islam and its history as extremist; "denying" the existence of a moderate Muslim majority; regarding Islam as a problem for the world; treating conflicts involving Muslims as necessarily their own fault; insisting that Muslims make changes to their religion; and inciting war against Islam as a whole.^[14] Stephen Schwartz (born 1948) is an American author and foreign policy pundit. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common standards of ethics and reciprocity. ...

In Journal of Sociology, Vol. 43, No. 1, 61-86 (2007) islamophobia is defined as anti-Muslim racism and a continuation of anti-Asian and anti-Arab racism.^[15]

Perceptions

The above perceptions are seen as closed views on Islam. These are contrasted, in the report, with open views on Islam which, while founded on respect for Islam, permits legitimate disagreement, dialogue and critique.^[17] According to Benn and Jawad, The Runnymede Trust notes that anti-Muslim discourse is increasingly seen as respectable, providing examples on how hostility towards Islam and Muslims is accepted as normal, even among those who may actively challenge other prevelant forms of discrimination.^[18] A monolith is a geological or technological feature such as a mountain, consisting of a single massive stone or rock. ... Sexism is discrimination between people based on their Sex rather than their individual merits. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Cover of The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order The Clash of Civilizations is a theory, proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, that peoples cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. ... Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ...

In some societies, Islamophobia has materialized due to the portrayal of Islam and Muslims as the national "Other", where exclusion and discrimination occurs on the basis of their religion and civilization which differs with national tradition and identity. Examples include Pakistani and Algerian migrants in Britain and France respectively.^[19] This sentiment, according to Malcolm Brown and Robert Miles, significantly interacts with racism, although Islamophobia itself is not racism.^[20] The publication "Social Work and Minorities: European Perspectives" describes Islamophobia as the new form of racism in Europe,^[21] arguing that "Islamophobia is as much a form of racism as Anti-Semitism, a term more commonly encountered in Europe as a sibling of Racism, Xenophobia and Intolerance."^[22] The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in continental philosophy, opposed to the Same. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ...

Another feature of Islamophobic discourse is to amalgamate nationality (i.e. Arab), religion (Islam), and politics (terrorism, fundamentalism) — while most other religions are not associated with terrorism, or even "ethnic or national distinctiveness."^[23] Brown and Miles write that "many of the stereotypes and misinformation that contribute to the articulation of Islamophobia are rooted in a particular perception of Islam", such as the notion that Islam promotes terrorism; especially prevalent after the September 11, 2001 attacks.^[24] A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly...

Media

According to Elizabeth Poole in the Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies, the media has been criticized for perpetrating Islamophobia. She cites a case study examining a sample of articles in the British press from between 1994 and 2004, which concluded that Muslim viewpoints were underrepresented and that issues involving Muslims usually depicted them in a negative light. Such portrayals, according to Poole, include the depiction of Islam and Muslims as a threat to Western security and values.^[25] Benn and Jawad write that hostility towards Islam and Muslims are "closely linked to media portrayals of Islam as barbaric, irrational, primitive and sexist."^[18] Egorova and Tudor cite European researchers in suggesting that expressions used in the media such as "Islamic terrorism", "Islamic bombs" and "violent Islam" have resulted in a negative perception of Islam.^[26]

There have been several initiatives, based upon the sixty recommendations listed in the Runnymede Trust's report, aimed at increase Muslim participation in media and politics. Soon after the release of the Runnymede report, the Muslim Council of Britain was formed to serve as an umbrella body aiming to "represent Muslims in the public sphere, to lobby government and other institutions." The "Forum against Islamophobia and Racism" (FAIR ) was also established, designed to monitor coverage in the media and establish dialogue with media organizations. Following the attacks of September 11, the Islam Awareness Week and the "Best of British Islam Festival" were introduced to improve community relations and raise awareness about Islam.^[27] The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) is an unincorporated association founded in 1997 with the following aims: To promote co-operation, consensus and unity on Muslim affairs in the UK. To encourage and strengthen all existing efforts being made for the benefit of the Muslim community. ... The Islamic Society of Britain initiated Islam Awareness Week in 1994, to raise awareness and remove misconceptions surrounding Britain â€™s second largest faith group. ...

Trends

Islamophobia has become a topic of increasing sociological and political importance.^[28] According to Benn and Jawad, Islamophobia has increased since British Muslims' denouncement of Salman Rushdie's "The Satanic Verses" and the September 11 attacks.^[29] Anthropologist Steven Vertovec writes that the purported growth in Islamophobia may be associated with increased Muslim presence in society and successes.^[30] He suggests a circular model, where increased hostility towards Islam and Muslims results in governmental countermeasures such as institutional guidelines and changes to legislation, which itself may fuel further Islamophobia due to increased accommodation for Muslims in public life. Vertovec concludes: "As the public sphere shifts to provide a more prominent place for Muslims, Islamophobic tendencies may amplify."^[30] Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø±Ø´Ø¯ÛŒ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... For the verses known as Satanic Verses, see Satanic Verses. ... See Anthropology. ... Vicious Circle is an album released in 1995 by L.A. Guns. ...

Patel, Humphries, and Naik claim that "Islamophobia has always been present in Western countries and cultures. In the last two decades, it has become accentuated, explicit and extreme."^[31] However, Vertovec states that some have observed that Islamophobia has not necessarily escalated in the past decades, but that there has been increased public scrutiny of it.^[30] According to Abduljalil Sajid, one of the members of the Runnymede Trust's Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, "Islamophobias" have existed in varying strains throughout history, with each version possessing its own distinct features as well as similarities or adaptations from others.^[32]

Despite being a sizeable minority, many Muslims in India tend to complain about substantial discrimination by Hindus.^[33] According to a recently published report to government, called the Sachar Report, Muslims are heavily under-represented in different government and social areas.^[34]^[35]^[36] Among other facts, it found that in the province of West Bengal, where Muslims make up 27% of the population, their employment in the government sector was below 3%.^[37] Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... , West Bengal (Bengali: à¦ªà¦¶à§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦— PoshchimbÃ´Å‹go) is a state in eastern India. ...

EUMC report

The largest project monitoring Islamophobia was undertaken following 9/11 by the EU watchdog, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC). Their May 2002 report "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", written Chris Allen (UK) and Jorgen S. Nielsen of the University of Birmingham, was based on 75 reports — 15 from each EU member nation.^[38]^[39] The report highlighted the regularity with which ordinary Muslims became targets for abusive and sometimes violent retaliatory attacks after 9/11. Despite localized differences within each member nation, the recurrence of attacks on recognizable and visible traits of Islam and Muslims was the report's most significant finding. Incidents consisted of verbal abuse, blaming all Muslims for terrorism, forcibly removing women's hijabs, spitting on Muslims, calling children "Usama," and random assaults. Muslims have been hospitalized and on one occasion paralyzed.^[39] Location: Vienna, Austria Formation: - Signed - Established 1994/1998 Superseding pillar: European Communities Director: Dr Beate Winkle Website: eumc. ... Chris Allen is a leading academic voice in contemporary Islamophobia and was the co-author of the Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 with Jorgen S. Nielsen in May 2002. ... Website http://www. ... The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state terrorism. ... â€œHigabâ€ redirects here. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: â€Ž; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ...

The report also discussed the portrayal of Muslims in the media. Inherent negativity, stereotypical images, fantastical representations, and exaggerated caricatures were all identified. The report concluded that "a greater receptivity towards anti-Muslim and other xenophobic ideas and sentiments has, and may well continue, to become more tolerated."^[39]

Views

The concept of Islamophobia has been criticized on several grounds. Some critics argue that it is real, but is just another form of racism and does not require its own category, while others argue that, unlike racism, Islam is a religion that people can choose to adopt, to retain or to leave or apostatize. Others argue that it is used to censor criticism and that its use threatens free speech. Image File history File linksMetadata Salman_Rushdie_by_Kubik_01. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Salman_Rushdie_by_Kubik_01. ... Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø±Ø´Ø¯ÛŒ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... Apostasy (from Greek Î±Ï€Î¿ÏƒÏ„Î±ÏƒÎ¯Î±, meaning a defection or revolt, from Î±Ï€Î¿, apo, away, apart, ÏƒÏ„Î±ÏƒÎ¹Ï‚, stasis, standing) is a term generally employed to describe the formal renunciation of ones religion, especially if the motive is deemed unworthy. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ...

British writer and academic Kenan Malik has called the concept a "myth," arguing that it confuses discrimination against Muslims with criticism of Islam, and that it is used to silence critics and Muslim reformers. He writes that the extent to which Muslims are more vulnerable to social exclusion and attacks than other groups is exaggerated, and that the concept allows politicians who may have supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq or the War on Terror to "reclaim the moral high ground" and "pitch for the Muslim vote." He argues that the result is the creation of a culture of victimhood, allowing individual Muslims to attribute low achievement to Islamophobia, and not to themselves. Islamophobia is not a form of racism, in his view, because Islam is a belief system. "I can be hateful about other beliefs, such as conservatism or communism. So why can't I be hateful about religion too?"^[8] Kenan Malik is an Indian born British writer, lecturer and broadcaster. ... This article is about the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... This article is about U.S. actions, and those of other states, after September 11, 2001. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ...

Malik's analysis of Islamophobia was criticized by Inayat Bunglawala from the Muslim Council of Britain and Abdul Wahid from the Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir.^[40] Bunglawala writes that Malik's argument is limited to overt acts of violence against Muslims. As an example of less overt prejudice, Bunglawala cites a BBC study that found applicants for jobs who had English-sounding names were more likely to secure an interview than those with Muslim names. By ignoring non-violent examples of alleged Islamophobia, Malik's commentary "makes a mockery of victims of prejudice by pretending they have not been discriminated against," according to Bunglawala. In addition, he argues that Malik did not adequately study the proposed law against the incitement of religious hatred, and that he failed to appreciate the definitions of the term "Islamophobia" according to the very sources he uses in his article.^[40] ... The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) is an unincorporated association founded in 1997 with the following aims: To promote co-operation, consensus and unity on Muslim affairs in the UK. To encourage and strengthen all existing efforts being made for the benefit of the Muslim community. ... This article is about political For the religion of Islam, see Islam. ... Hizb ut-Tahrir (Arabic: ØØ²Ø¨ Ø§Ù„ØªØØ±ÙŠØ±; English: Party of Liberation) is an international, Sunni, pan-Islamist vanguard[2] political party whose goal is to unite all Muslim countries in a unitary Islamic state or caliphate, ruled by Islamic law and headed by an elected head of state (caliph). ...

In the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, a group of 12 prominent writers signed a statement in the French weekly satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo in March 2006, warning against the use of the term Islamophobia to prevent criticism of "Islamic totalitarianism." The novelist Salman Rushdie was among these signatories. The statement alleged that "Islamism is a reactionary ideology that kills equality, freedom and secularism wherever it is present. We refuse to renounce our critical spirit out of fear of being accused of "Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who believe in it."^[10] The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ... Charlie Hebdo is a French satirical political weekly newspaper. ... Islamic totalitarianism is a term coined by Salman Rushdie and a group of other writers. ... Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø±Ø´Ø¯ÛŒ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... This article is about secularism. ...

British columnist Josie Appleton argues Runnymede Trust uses the term Islamophobia to prevent criticism of Islam. "Rather than engage Muslims in debate, non-Muslims are supposed to tiptoe around them, for fear of causing offense."^[41] Afshin Ellian, a Dutch law professor, writes that the concept is used to delegitimize criticism by characterizing it as pathological^[42] while civil-rights activist Bahram Soroush has called it "intellectual blackmail".^[43] French writer Robert Redeker argues that the history of the term demonstrates that the term Islamophobia was created by "radical islamists" to "tackle feminists".^[44] Criticism of Islam has existed since Islams formative stages on philosophical, scientific, ethical, political and theological grounds. ... Afshin Ellian (Tehran, Iran, 27 February 1966) is a Dutch professor of law, philosopher, and poet. ... A law professor is a professor at a law school. ... Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress, or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Bahram Soroush is a UK-based civil rights activist [1] and a member of the Worker-Communist Party of Iran Central Committee [2]. He has said that is very difficult to try to separate Islam from Islamic terrorist organisations.[1] In a conference held in June 2006, Bahram said that... Robert Redeker is a French writer and philosophy teacher. ...

"Whoever coined the term 'Islamophobia' was quite shrewd," chimes in Dennis Prager. "Notice the intellectual sleight of hand here. … One can rightly or wrongly fear Islam, or more usually, aspects of Islam, and have absolutely no bias against all Muslims, let alone be a racist. The equation of Islamophobia with racism is particularly dishonest. Muslims come in every racial group, and Islam has nothing to do with race. … Even granting that there are people who fear Islam, how does that in any way correlate with racism? If fear of an ideology rendered one racist, all those who fear conservatism or liberalism should be considered racist. … However, the only religion the West permits criticism of is Christianity. People write books, give lectures and conduct seminars on the falsity of Christian claims, or on the immoral record of Christianity, and no one attacks them for racism or bigotry, let alone attacks them physically. … The fact remains that the term 'Islamophobia' has one purpose — to suppress any criticism, legitimate or not, of Islam."^[45] Prager had himself been accused of Islamophobia after he compared the Muslim sacred text, the Qur'an, with Adolf Hitlers Mein Kampf and when he suggested that US Congressman Keith Ellison's decision to take his oath of office on Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an "undermines American civilization".^[46]^[47] Dennis Prager (born August 2, 1948) is an American syndicated radio talk show host, columnist, author, ethicist, and public speaker. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... The Qurâ€™Än [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Mein Kampf (English translation: My Struggle) is a book by the German-Austrian politician Adolf Hitler, which combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers National Socialist political ideology. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... Keith Maurice Ellison (born August 4, 1963) is an American lawyer and politician who became the first Muslim[1][2] to be elected to the United States Congress when he won the vacant seat for Minnesotas 5th congressional district in the House of Representatives, one of eight congressional districts... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.â€“4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801â€“09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ...

Johann Hari of The Independent has criticized the use of the term by organizations like Islamophobia Watch, arguing that liberal Muslims interested in reform are left unsupported because people fear being accused of Islamophobia. He writes: "If Muslim women and Muslim gays are going to have any kind of decent life, the [Muslim] liberals need to receive solidarity and support – but slap-dash charges of Islamophobia intimidate people who could offer it ... While Islamophobia Watch talk about defending Muslims, they end up defending the nastiest and most right-wing part of the Muslim community – the ones who are oppressing and killing the rest."^[48] Johann Hari (born January 21, 1979) is a British journalist and writer. ... For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... . ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Critics have cited the case of British journalist Polly Toynbee, who was nominated in May 2003 for the title of "Most Islamophobic Media Personality of the Year" at the Annual Islamophobia Awards overseen by the Islamic Human Rights Commission, who has argued that there is no such thing as Islamophobia.^[49] The nomination was based on her comments in The Guardian that "[w]herever Islam either is the government or bears down upon the government, it imposes harsh regimes that deny the most basic human rights."^[49] Polly Toynbee (born Mary Louisa Toynbee on December 27, 1946) is a journalist and writer in the United Kingdom, and has been a columnist for The Guardian newspaper since 1998. ... The Annual Islamophobia Awards are awards given by the Islamic Human Rights Commission each year to politicians and journalists whom the Commission judge to have expressed the most Islamophobic opinions in the course of the past year. ... It has been suggested that Annual Islamophobia Awards be merged into this article or section. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...

Islamophobia-phobia

Writing in the New Humanist, philosopher Piers Benn suggests that people who fear the rise of Islamophobia foster an environment "not intellectually or morally healthy", to the point that what he calls "Islamophobia-phobia" can undermine "critical scrutiny of Islam as somehow impolite, or ignorant of the religion's true nature", encouraging "sentimental pretence that all claims to religious truth are somehow 'equal', or that critical scrutiny of Islam (or any belief system) is ignorant, prejudiced, or 'phobic'".^[50] New Humanist is the leading journal of atheism, secularism and freethought in the UK. It has been published for 120 years, starting out as Wattss Literary Guide in November 1885. ... Piers Benn, Ph. ...

The New Criterion editor Roger Kimball argues that the word "Islamophobia" is a misnomer. "A phobia describes an irrational fear, and it is axiomatic that fearing the effects of radical Islam is not irrational, but on the contrary very well-founded indeed, so that if you want to speak of a legitimate phobia — it’s a phobia I experience frequently — we should speak instead of Islamophobia-phobia, the fear of and revulsion towards Islamophobia."^[51] The New Criterion is a New York-based magazine, a journal of art and cultural criticism. ... Roger Kimball Roger Kimball (1953-) is a conservative U.S. art critic and social commentator. ... For other uses, see Phobia (disambiguation). ...

American writer Stephen Schwartz, director of the Center for Islamic Pluralism, has cautioned against what he sees as a tendency to accuse all opponents of Islamic radicalism of Islamophobia, but writes that it is nevertheless a real phenomenon. He defines it as the condemnation of the entirety of Islam and its history as extremist; denying the existence of a moderate Muslim majority; regarding Islam as a problem for the world; treating conflicts involving Muslims as necessarily their own fault; insisting that Muslims make changes to their religion; and inciting war against Islam as a whole.^[52] Stephen Schwartz (born 1948) is an American author and foreign policy pundit. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common standards of ethics and reciprocity. ...

Turkish writer Ali Bulaç says, We should draw a line between the concept of “Islamophobia” as reflected in Europe and in the United States. (...) The difference of views and perceptions between Europe and the United States regarding the Muslim world and the Islamophobia that breaks out in Western countries is an issue for which Muslims and their opinions should be taken into consideration.^[53]

Public discourse

Efforts against alleged Islamophobia

There have been efforts against alleged Islamophobia by many organizations in many countries; some of these are detailed below.

The flag of the Organ of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Membership in the OIC: Member Members once temporarily suspended Withdrew Observer Attempted to join but blocked OIC redirects here. ... For other uses, see Talk Radio. ... WMAL is one of the oldest radio stations in Washington, D.C.. The Citadel Broadcasting-owned outlet is a news-talk formatted station, broadcasting on 630 kHz in the AM band. ... Jerry Klein of WMAL 630 AM Radio On Nov. ... The Prime Minister of the Netherlands (Minister-President in Dutch) is the chairman of the council of ministers and active executive authority of the Dutch government. ... Jan Peter Balkenende (pronounced IPA: ) (born May 7, 1956) has been the Prime Minister of the Netherlands since July 22, 2002. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... â€œChiracâ€ redirects here. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough to the east of the City of London and north of the River Thames in East London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The National Union of Teachers (NUT) is a trade union of school teachers in England and Wales. ... Al Ghurabaa (from Arabic Ø§Ù„ØºØ±Ø¨Ø§Ø¡ the strangers) is an Islamist group operating in the United Kingdom, which is widely believed, along with The Saviour Sect, to be the reformed Al-Muhajiroun after it disbanded in 2004 by order of Omar Bakri Muhammad. ... The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ... MAB logo The Muslim Association of Britain (MAB) is an Islamist group in the United Kingdom established in 1997. ... Trafalgar Square viewed from the northeast corner. ... T-Shirt A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a shirt with short or long sleeves, a round neck, put on over the head, without pockets. ... On Thursday 7 July 2005 a series of four bomb attacks struck Londons public transport system during the morning rush hour. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in... Motto: Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ØŒ Ø§Ù„ÙˆØ·Ù†ØŒ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„Ùƒ (Transliteration: Allah Al-Watan Al-Malek) (Translation: God, the Homeland, the King) Anthem: Ø¹Ø§Ø´ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„ÙŠÙƒ (Long Live the King) Capital Amman Largest city Amman Official language(s) Arabic Government King Constitutional Monarchy Abdullah II Independence From the League of Nations mandate administered by the United Kingdom - 25 May 1946 Area... A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the foreign policy of a sovereign nation. ... Banners of the international community at the United Nations in Geneva The term international community is a political phrase that can refer to either: All the lands represented within the United Nations. ... The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) is an unincorporated association founded in 1997 with the following aims: To promote co-operation, consensus and unity on Muslim affairs in the UK. To encourage and strengthen all existing efforts being made for the benefit of the Muslim community. ... MCB is an abbreviation for: Miniature Circuit breaker: a relatively small circuit breaker fitted in consumer units and small distribution boards. ... Image:TradeUnionsCongress20050108 CopyrightKaihsuTai. ... Trades Union Congress headquarters at Congress House in Great Russell Street near Tottenham Court Road, Camden, London. ...

Alleged acts of Islamophobia

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 523 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1488 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 317 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This work was previously under Public Domain. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 523 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1488 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 317 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This work was previously under Public Domain. ... Memorial of a fallen Marine brought to the White House Protesters marching down Pennsylvania Avenue toward the Capitol Wikimedia Commons has media related to: September 15, 2007 anti-war protest The September 15, 2007 anti-war protest was a march from the White House to the United States Capitol. ... Police observing crowds prior to confrontations The 2005 Cronulla riots were a series of ethnically motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around Cronulla, a beachfront suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. ... Vandalism is the conspicuous defacement or destruction of a structure, a symbol or anything else that goes against the will of the owner/governing body. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... Capital Ceuta City Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 28 kmÂ² Population â€“ Total (2006) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 75,861 2,709. ... â€œHigabâ€ redirects here. ... Doudou DiÃ¨ne is a Special Rapporteur (to the United Nations) on Racism. ... The United Nations Commission on Human Rights, a commission supervised by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, is composed of representatives from 53 member states, and meets each year in regular session in March/April for six weeks in Geneva. ... The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ... It has been suggested that Annual Islamophobia Awards be merged into this article or section. ... // The raid Early on Friday, June 2, 2006, police raided two houses on Landsdown Road, Forest Gate, London, acting on intelligence that there was a chemical weapon located at the premises[1]. Under the authority of the Terrorism Act, they arrested Mohammed Abdul Kahar, 23 and Abdul Koyair, 20, who... Location Coordinates , , Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE1 Capital Stuttgart Minister-President GÃ¼nther Oettinger (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 35,752 kmÂ² (13,804 sq mi) Population 10,741,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density... The flag of the Organ of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Membership in the OIC: Member Members once temporarily suspended Withdrew Observer Attempted to join but blocked OIC redirects here. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... â€œDomestic disturbanceâ€ redirects here. ... The tughra (stylized signature) of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire. ... The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) is an unincorporated association founded in 1997 with the following aims: To promote co-operation, consensus and unity on Muslim affairs in the UK. To encourage and strengthen all existing efforts being made for the benefit of the Muslim community. ... ICM is a public opinion researcher based in the UK. It conducts surveys for, in particular, The Guardian, the News of the world, The Scotsman and the Sunday Telegraph. ... London, England, July 7, 2005. ... The Open Society Institute (OSI) is a coordinating body, started in early 1994, of the national Soros Foundations, especially in Eastern Europe, which spends money donated by billionaire philanthropist George Soros. ... Constantines Conversion, depicting the conversion of Emperor Constantine the Great to Christianity, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (i. ... Religious symbolism is the use of symbols, including archetypes, acts, artwork, events, or natural phenomena, by a religion. ... This article is about a Jewish symbol. ... Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. ... Hand of Fatima used as a pendant The symbol or design known in Islamic societies as the Hand of Fatima and in Jewish lore as the Hand of Miriam, or in both as Khamsa, from the Hebrew and Arabic words for five, serves as an ancient talismanic way of averting... February 10, 2004 Same-sex marriage in the United States : A majority of Americans (2 to 1 margin) respond they do not want laws in their states that would legalize same-sex marriages. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ... The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (i. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Filip Dewinter (official spelling: Philip Dewinter, born September 11, 1962, Bruges) is a Flemish politician in Belgium. ... Vlaams Belang (English: Flemish Interest) is a political party in Belgium that supports Flemish independence and strict limits on non-European and non-Christian immigration, whereby immigrants need to adopt to the Western culture. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø±Ø´Ø¯ÛŒ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... In mid-June 2007 Salman Rushdie was given the title of knight by the British Queen Elizabeth II. This action brought much criticism around the world in many countries with Muslim majority populations. ... The honours system of the United Kingdom is a means of rewarding personal bravery, achievement or service to the country. ... A foreign minister is a cabinet minister that helps to form foreign policy for sovereign nations. ... Apostasy (Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is the formal renunciation of ones religion. ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... For the Australian soccer club see Newcastle United (Australia). ... Middlesbrough Football Club (commonly known as Boro) are an English football club based in Middlesbrough. ... Mido may refer to: Mido (footballer), an Egyptian footballer. ... The Football Association (The FA) is the governing body of football in England and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. ... Richard Reid, in a prison photograph Richard Colvin Reid (born August 12, 1973), also known as the shoe bomber, is a British citizen born in Bromley, South London and a Muslim allegedly working for Al Qaeda who was arrested on December 22, 2001 for attempting to destroy a passenger airliner...

Views labeled Islamophobic

ABC News has reported that "[p]ublic views of Islam are one casualty of the post-Sept. 11, 2001 conflict: Nearly six in 10 Americans think the religion is prone to violent extremism, nearly half regard it unfavorably, and a remarkable one in four admits to prejudicial feelings against Muslims and Arabs alike."^[108] They also report that 27 percent of Americans admit feelings of prejudice against Muslims.^[108] According to Gallup polls, 40 percent of Americans admit to prejudice against Muslims, and 39 percent believe Muslims should carry special identification. ^[109] Carl W. Ernst is a scholar of Islamic studies. ... Islamic Studies is the academic discipline which focuses on Islamic issues. ... The Council for an American Islamic Republic(CAIR) is an Islamic advocacy group in North America, funded by American Muslims and also in significant part by sources with connections to Arab Middle Eastern governments. ... Robert Bruce Spencer (born 1962) is an American writer on Islam. ... Ann Hart Coulter (born December 8, 1961)[1] is an American best-selling author, columnist and political commentator. ... For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... The British National Party (BNP) is a white nationalist political party in the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... Oriana Fallaci Oriana Fallaci (born July 29, 1930) is an Italian journalist , author, and political interviewer. ... The Force of Reason (La forza della ragione) is a book by renowned Italian author Oriana Fallaci. ... It has been suggested that Annual Islamophobia Awards be merged into this article or section. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. ... It has been suggested that Annual Islamophobia Awards be merged into this article or section. ... Daniel Pipes in Copenhagen Daniel Pipes (born September 9, 1949) is an American historian and analyst who specializes in the Middle East. ... Vlaams Belang (English: Flemish Interest) is a political party in Belgium that supports Flemish independence and strict limits on non-European and non-Christian immigration, whereby immigrants need to adopt to the Western culture. ... Filip Dewinter (official spelling: Philip Dewinter, born September 11, 1962, Bruges) is a Flemish politician in Belgium. ... The Jewish Week is an independent community weekly newspaper serving the Jewish community of the metropolitan New York City area. ... (born September 29, 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... The Daily Express launched what it called a Crusade against the veil. The United Kingdom debate over veils began in October 2006 when the MP and government minister Jack Straw wrote in a local newspaper that, while he did not want to be prescriptive, he preferred talking to women who... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Virgil Hamlin Goode, Jr. ... Keith Maurice Ellison (born August 4, 1963) is an American lawyer and politician who became the first Muslim[1][2] to be elected to the United States Congress when he won the vacant seat for Minnesotas 5th congressional district in the House of Representatives, one of eight congressional districts... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (901 km) - % water 9. ... Syidah Mateen ACLU of N.C. & Syidah Matteen v. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... William Franklin Graham III (born July 14, 1952), known publicly as Franklin Graham, is an American Christian evangelist and missionary. ... Marion Gordon Pat Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is a televangelist from the United States. ... Tofik Benedictus Benny Hinn (born December 3, 1952) is a controversial televangelist, best known for his regular Miracle Crusades â€“ revival meeting/faith healing summits that are usually held in large stadiums in major cities. ... For the pianist named John Esposito, see John Esposito (pianist). ...

Incidents on aircraft

Some incidents with Muslim passengers on aircraft have given rise to the expression "Flying while Muslim".^[110] Flying while Muslim, or Muslim while flying, is an expression referring to the problems Muslim passengers on airplanes can face on account of their religion. ...

is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Civil Guard logo For the Spanish Civil Guard, see Guardia Civil. ... A foreign language is a language not spoken by the indigenous people of a certain place: for example, English is a foreign language in Japan. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Monarch Airlines Boeing 757-200 in the old livery, Alicante Airport, Spain. ... A Ryanair Boeing 737 takes off from Bristol International Airport, England Takeoff is the phase of flight where an aircraft transitions from moving along the ground (taxiing) to flying in the air (see flight), usually on a runway. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Imam is an Arabic word meaning Leader. The ruler of a country might be called the Imam, for example. ... US Airways is an American low-cost airline[1] headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, owned by US Airways Group, Inc. ... Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (IATA: MSP, ICAO: KMSP) is the largest and busiest airport in the five-state upper Midwestern region of Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota, Wisconsin and North Dakota. ... This article is about the safety device. ... It has been suggested that Flying while Muslim be merged into this article or section. ...

See also

Anti-Arabism is a term that refers to prejudice or hostility against people from Arabic origin. ... Conflicts between Muslims and non-Muslims made the persecution of both Muslims and non-Muslims a recurring phenomenon during the history of Islam. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Criticism of Islam has existed since Islams formative stages on philosophical, scientific, ethical, political and theological grounds. ... The Alliance of Civilizations is a United Nations Secretary-General initiative intended to galvanize collective action across diverse societies in order to combat extremism, and overcome cultural and social barriers between mainly the Western and predominantly Muslim worlds. ... Cover of The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order The Clash of Civilizations is a theory, proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, that peoples cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. ... . ... Religious intolerance is either intolerance motivated by ones own religious beliefs or intolerance against anothers religious beliefs or practices. ... This article is about the term Islamofascism; See the broader treatment of possible relations between religion and fascism in Clerical fascism and Neofascism and religion. ...

Notes

^ "Islamophobia...A Term Criticized in UN Seminar": "Addressing the opening session of “Confronting Islamophobia: Education for Tolerance and Understanding”, prominent Muslim thinker <Ahmad Kamal Abul Magd> criticized as derogatory the use of the two terms “Islamophobia” and “tolerance” when speaking about one of the three monotheistic religions" ... "Opening the seminar, Annan said that seeing Islam as a “monolith,” and distorting its tenets are among the many practices that now make up the term “Islamophobia”."
^
- "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0895260131, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
- "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0895260131, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199
- "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam, Oliver Kamm
- "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI
- "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth", Prospect, February 2005.
- "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
^ Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective By Mary C. Waters, Fiona Devine, pg. 106
^ Muslims in Western Europe By Jørgen S. Nielsen, pg. 169
^
- Sandra Fredman, Discrimination and Human Rights, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199246033, p.121.
- Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195148061, p.19
- Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60. ISBN 075464233X. Early in 1997, the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, at that time part of the Runnymede Trust, issued a consultative document on Islamophobia under the chairmanship of Professor Gordon Conway, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sussex. The final report, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, was launched in November 1997 by Home Secretary Jack Straw.
- Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521826926 p.429.
- Abduljalil Sajid. "Islamophobia: A New Word for an Old Fear" in Islamophobia and Antisemitism, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, p. 1: defines the term as "anti-Muslim prejudice."
^ Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60; Annan, Kofi. "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar on confronting Islamophobia", United Nations press release, December 7, 2004.
^
- Casciani, Dominic. "Islamophobia pervades UK - report", BBC News, June 2, 2004.
- Rima Berns McGowan writes in Muslims in the Diaspora (University of Toronto Press, 1991, p. 268) that the term "Islamophobia" was first used in an unnamed American periodical in 1991.
^ ^a ^b ^c Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth", Prospect, February 2005.
^ Runnymede 1997, p. 5, cited in Quraishi 2005, p. 60.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
^ "Islamophobia". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Draft Entry Sept. 2006.
^ Annan, Kofi. "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar on confronting Islamophobia", United Nations press release, December 7, 2004.
^ ^a ^b Encyclopedia of Race and Ethics, p. 215
^ "The 'Islamophobes' That Aren't", FrontPage Magazine, April 28, 2005.
^ Journal of Sociology, Vol. 43, No. 1, 61-86 (2007)[1]
^ "Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All"PDF (69.7 KiB), Runnymede Trust, 1997.
^ Benn; Jawad (2004) p. 162
^ ^a ^b Benn; Jawad (2004) p. 165
^ See:
- Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies, p. 216
- Miles; Brown (2003) p. 163
^ Miles; Brown (2003) p. 163, 164
^ Johnson; Soydan; Williams (1998) p. 182
^ Johnson; Soydan; Williams (1998) p. xxii
^ Miles; Brown (2003) p. 163
^ Miles; Brown (2003) p. 166
^ Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies, p. 217
^ See Egorova; Tudor (2003) pp. 2-3, which cites the conclusions of Marquina and Rebolledo in: "A. Marquina, V. G. Rebolledo, ‘The Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic World’ in Interreligious Dialogues: Christians, Jews, Muslims, Annals of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, v. 24, no. 10, Austria, 2000, pp. 166-8. "
^ Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies, p. 218
^ Miles; Brown (2003) p. 163
^ Benn; Jawad (2004) p. 111
^ ^a ^b ^c Steven Vertovec, "Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain"; in Haddad (2002) pp. 32-33
^ Naina Patel, Beth Humphries and Don Naik, "The 3 Rs in social work; Religion,‘race’ and racism in Europe", in Johnson; Soydan; Williams (1998) pp. 197-198
^ Imam Dr Abduljalil Sajid. Islamophobia: A new word for an old fear. Retrieved on 2007-08-17.
^ Grant Bangladeshi Hindu migrants refugee status, but deport Bangladeshi Muslims: Rajnath Singh
^ Summarised Sachar Report on Status of Indian Muslims
^ Sachar report to be implemented in full
^ The Missing Muslim, the Sunday Express. Full coverage on Sachar Report
^ Fearful Muslims adopt Hindu IDs, The Toronto Star, August 15, 2007
^ ""EUMC presents reports on Discrimination and Islamophobia in the EU"", "European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia media release", 2006-12-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c Allen, Chris and Nielsen, Jorgen S. "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", EUMC, May, 2002.
^ ^a ^b Bunglawala, Inayat & Wahid, Abdul. "Is Islamophobia a Myth?", Prospect Magazine, March 2005.
^ Appleton, Josie. "Who's afraid of Islamophobia", Spiked Online, July 2, 2004.
^ Ellian, Afshin. "Stop Capitulating to Threats", February 2006
^ "The term Islamophobia is being used for scaremongering" - International TV interview with Bahram Soroush, June 7, 2004.
^ [2]" L'islamophobie, l'arme des islamistes contre la laïcité."
^ Why "Islamophobia" Is a Brilliant Term by Dennis Prager, July 31, 2007
^ A response to my critics – and a solution - Dennis Prager - December 5, 2006
^ Quran controversy continues: Prager catching flak - USA Today Blog - December 04, 2006
^ Hari, Johann. "Don't call me an Islamophobe", June 6, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Toynbee, Polly. "Behind the burka", The Guardian, September 28, 2001.
^ "On Islamophobia-phobia".
^ Kimball, Roger. "After the suicide of the West", January 2006.
^ Schwartz, Stephen. "The 'Islamophobes' That Aren't", FrontPage Magazine, April 28, 2005.
^ Bulac, Ali Two versions of phobia, Zaman (newspaper), September 27, 2007.
^ "OIC set up observatory on Islamophobia" IslamOnline, May 9, 2006.
^ Bernd Debusmann. "In U.S., fear and distrust of Muslims runs deep", Reuters, Dec 1, 9:05. Retrieved on Dec. 16, 2006
^ Islam 'must not cloud Turkey bid' BBC -Wednesday, 21 July, 2004
^ FRANCE: 50,000 SIGN UP AGAINST ISLAMOPHOBIA - ADN Kronos - June 2, 2006
^ Scheme to fight faith hate crimes BBC - Wednesday, 17 November, 2004
^ Teaching tolerance amid tension BBC - Friday, 15 July, 2005
^ Prayer mats lined the pavements BBC - Saturday, 11 February 2006
^ Muslims fly flag for peaceful protest against cartoons The Guardian - Sunday February 12, 2006
^ Call for Muslim scholars to tour BBC - Thursday, 10 November 2005
^ Racial and Religious Hatred Bill BBC - Friday, 27 January 2006
^ Religious hatred: How MPs voted BBC - Wednesday, 1 February 2006
^ Jordan: Stop attacking Islam BBC - Tuesday, September 21, 1999
^ Kuwait News Agency: Drive to combat Islamophobia
^ Racial unrest offers opportunity for discussion, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, December 20, 2005
^ The Rise of Islamophobia in ‘White Australia’, Global Research, December 14, 2005
^ Vandals target Paris mosque The Guardian - Tuesday February 22, 2005
^ Burning of sanctuary stokes fears of Islamophobia in Spain, The Guardian, April 18, 2006
^ Muslim groups want action from U of T, University of Toronto News, March 16, 2006
^ Racism and racial discrimination on rise around the world, UN expert warns, UN NEWS CENTRE, March 7, 2006
^ Islamophobia in Prisons stretches far beyond Belmarsh, Islamic Human Rights Commission, March 8, 2006
^ EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism CNN - May 24, 2002
^ Appalling Desecration of Muslim Graves in Plumstead Mulsim Council of Britain - 19 Mar 2004
^ MAB Horrified at Forest Gate Security Blunder, The Muslim Association of Britain, June 7, 2006
^ ‘German loyalty tests are Islamophobic’ - The Muslim News - Friday 27 January 2006
^ Five Live survey suggests ethnic minority applicants still discriminated against in UK job market - BBC News Press Office. July 12, 2004.
^ Is Islamophobia a myth? - Prospect (magazine). January 2005.
^ Two-thirds of Muslims consider leaving UK The Guardian - Tuesday July 26, 2005
^ ICM-Guardian poll Poll of Muslims in the UK. The Guardian - Tuesday July 26, 2005
^ Spiraling Islamophobia Alienating British Muslims: Report Islam Online - Nov 22 2004
^ ... And why we urgently need new answers Sarfraz Manzoor - The Guardian - November 30, 2004
^ France to Ban Pupils' Religious Dress, YaleGlobal, December 12, 2003
^ http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r1381.asp Assemblee.nationale.fr Retrieved on 05-24-07
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/news/indepth/france/ BBC.co.uk Retrieved on 05-24-07
^ French parliament approves hijab ban, Al Jazeera, February 10, 2004
^ Madell, Mark. "Dutch MPs to decide on burqa ban", BBC News, January 16, 2006.
^ "Belgian Establishment Fears Crack-Up", The Flemish Republic.org newsletter, April-June 2006.
^ "New York is hell for young Osama", Reuters, June 8 2007.
^ British knighthood for Rushdie, clear sign of Islamophobia. Iranian Foreign Ministry / IRNA. Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
^ CA Synagogue That Hosted Islamophobe Urged to Invite Muslim Speaker, CAIR News Releases, November 08, 2005
^ Notes on the Ideological Patrons of an Islamophobe, Robert Spencer by Carl W. Ernst - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004
^ [3], An open letter to Carl Ernst, August 27, 2006
^ Ann Coulter says Muslims 'Smell Bad', Council on American-Islamic Relations, March 10, 2004
^ Rising Islamophobia makes Birmingham fertile ground for BNP, The Independent, April 8, 2006
^ Obituary of Oriana Fallaci - The Guardian, 16 September 2006. "Controversial Italian journalist famed for her interviews and war reports but notorious for her Islamaphobia"
^ Annual Islamophobia Awards, 2003
^ "The gospel according to John (Ashcroft)" San Francisco Chronicle
^ Winners of Islamophobia Awards 2004, Islamic Human Rights Commission, June 26, 2004. *Winners of the Islamophobia Awards 2005, Islamic Human Rights Commission, December 17, 2005.
^ Filip Dewinter interview, Jewish Week, December 9, 2006
^ Who's afraid of Islamophobia?, Spiked, July 2, 2002
^ See, e.g., "Wave of Islamophobia", a blog post by John McDonnell MP from October 6, 2006.
^ Erika Howsare. "Anti-Muslim letter goes out to hundreds - not all are amused", 12/19/2006. Retrieved Dec. 20, 2006
^ "Congressman Will Not Apologize for IslamophobiaBy The Associated Press", Associated Press, 2006-12-21. Retrieved on Dec. 21, 2006
^ Patrik Jonsson. "Raise your right hand and swear to tell the truth... on the Koran?", The Christian Science Monitor, 2005-07-20. Retrieved on Jan. 22, 2007
^ "Unlearning Intolerance", UN Chronicle Online Edition, 2004-7-12.
^ ^a ^b "Poll: Americans Skeptical of Islam and Arabs", ”ABC News”, March 8, 2006.
^ "Islamophobia Felt 5 Years after 9/11", Good Morning America, September 9, 2006.
^ Airline checks claim of 'Muslim while flying' discrimination CNN November 21, 2006.
^ Mutiny as passengers refuse to fly until Asians are removed - Mail on Sunday. 20 August 2006
^ Exclusive: Malaga Jet mutiny pair's shock at plane ejection - The Daily Mirror. 23 August 2006.
^ Removal of men from holiday flight condemnedThe Guardian. 21 August 2006
^ Muslim pilot kicked off jet in terror alert - Manchester Evening News. 11 August 2006
^ Muslim pilot reveals shock at being ordered off flight - The Independent. 22 August 2006
^ "U.S. Muslims outraged after imams kicked off plane", The Washington Post, 22 November 2006.

Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... Oliver Kamm (born 1963) is a British newspaper columnist, author and blogger. ... Dave Green is a journalist, broadcaster and snack food expert. ... Kenan Malik is an Indian born British writer, lecturer and broadcaster. ... February 2005 : â† - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December - â†’ Pope John Paul II is taken to a hospital suffering from a serious case of influenza. ... Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø±Ø´Ø¯ÛŒ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... The Runnymede Trust is an independent think tank on ethnicity and cultural diversity. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 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Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 2005 : â† - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December - â†’ Pope John Paul II is taken to a hospital suffering from a serious case of influenza. ... Ahmed Salman Rushdie KBE (Hindi: Urdu: Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø±Ø´Ø¯ÛŒ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. ... 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References

For other uses of the word Brill see Brill (disambiguation) Brill is a village in Buckinghamshire, England, close to the border with Oxfordshire. ...

Further reading

External links

Categories: NPOV disputes | Discrimination | Islamic politics and Islamic world studies | Islam-related controversies | Islamophobia | Political neologisms Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... Chris Allen is a leading academic voice in contemporary Islamophobia and was the co-author of the Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 with Jorgen S. Nielsen in May 2002. ... Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl (born 1963 in Kuwait) is a controversial professor of law at the UCLA School of Law where he teaches Islamic law, immigration, human rights, international and national security law. ... Muriel Gray (born 1959 in East Kilbride) is a Scottish journalist and broadcaster. ... Norman Stewart Hughson Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick, PC (born 8 May 1942) was Conservative Member of Parliament for Kingston-upon-Thames, England from 1972 until 1997. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Daniel Pipes in Copenhagen Daniel Pipes (born September 9, 1949) is an American historian and analyst who specializes in the Middle East. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Walter Laqueur (born 1921) is an American historian and political commentator. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... This article lists various controversies related to Islam and Muslims. ... Criticism of Islam has existed since Islams formative stages on philosophical, scientific, ethical, political and theological grounds. ... This is a sub-article to Criticism of Islam. ... Muslims believe that the Quran is the literal word of God (Allah) as recited to Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel. ... Apostasy in Islam (Arabic: Ø§Ø±ØªØ¯Ø§Ø¯, irtidÄd or ridda) is commonly defined as the rejection of Islam in word or deed by a person who has been a Muslim. ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ... Cover of The Economist magazine, June 24-30, 2006 edition Eurabia is a neologism that denotes a scenario where Europe allies itself and eventually merges with the Arab world. ... This article is about the relationship between Islam and antisemitism. ... This article is about political For the religion of Islam, see Islam. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Qutbism (also Kotebism, Qutbiyya, or Qutbiyyah) is the radical strain of Islamic ideology and activism, based on the thought and writings of Sayyid Qutb, a celebrated Islamist and former leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood who was executed in 1966. ... Conflicts between Muslims and non-Muslims made the persecution of both Muslims and non-Muslims a recurring phenomenon during the history of Islam. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Afshin Ellian (Tehran, Iran, 27 February 1966) is a Dutch professor of law, philosopher, and poet. ... Ayaan Hirsi Ali, MA ( ; Somali: ; born Ayaan Hirsi Magan 13 November 1969[2] in Mogadishu, Somalia) is a Dutch feminist and political writer, daughter of the Somali scholar, politician, and revolutionary opposition leader Hirsi Magan Isse. ... Ahmad Kasravi Tabrizi (b. ... Daniel Pipes in Copenhagen Daniel Pipes (born September 9, 1949) is an American historian and analyst who specializes in the Middle East. ... Ibn Warraq is the pen name of an author of several books on Islam. ... Philippe de Villiers in Toulouse in April 2007 Philippe de Villiers (born Viscount Philippe Le Jolis de Villiers de Saintignon on March 25, 1949) was the Mouvement pour la France nominee for the French presidential election of 2007. ... Robert Bruce Spencer (born 1962) is an American writer on Islam. ... Theo van Gogh (IPA: ) (July 23, 1957â€“November 2, 2004) was a Dutch film director, television producer, publicist and actor. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Wikisource has original text related to this article: Guantanamo Detainees (02/13/2004) This list of GuantÃ¡namo detainees is compiled from various sources. ... Moazzam Begg before speaking at a meeting about civil liberties Moazzam Begg (born 1968) is one of nine British Muslims who were held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, in Cuba, by the government of the United States of America. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: â€Ž; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Wikisource has original text related to this article: Statement of Alberto J Mora on interrogation abuse, July 7, 2004 Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a joint military prison and... The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after twelve editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. ... Protests in Islamabad, Pakistan, following allegations that U.S. military personnel had desecrated the Quran The Quran desecration controversy of 2005 captured international attention in April 2005 when Newsweek published an article containing allegations that U.S. personnel at the GuantÃ¡namo Bay prison camp had deliberately damaged... On October 30, 2005, Theresia Morangke (15), Alfita Poliwo (17) and Yarni Sambue (17) were beheaded by Muslim militants [1] as Ramadan trophies [2] in the Poso region of the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. ... Norman Kember and Harmeet Singh Sooden were held hostage, as depicted here on Al Jazeera television. ... Screenshot of Olaf Wiig (left) and Steve Centanni (right) in tape released after capture Fox News Channel journalists Olaf Wiig, a New Zealander photojournalist, and Steve Centanni, an American reporter, were kidnapped in the Gaza Strip by the Holy Jihad Brigades, a previously unknown group of Palestinian militants, from their... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse Beginning in 2004, accounts of abuse, torture, rape[1] and homicide[2][3] of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (also known as Baghdad Correctional Facility) came to public attention. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Flying while Muslim be merged into this article or section. ... Police observing crowds prior to confrontations The 2005 Cronulla riots were a series of ethnically motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around Cronulla, a beachfront suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. ... The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (i. ... Immage from the CIAs surveillance of Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr recovered during investigations by the prosecuting authority of Milan [1] The Abu Omar Case (or Imam Rapito affair - Kidnapped Imam affair) refers to the abduction and transfer in Egypt of the Imam of Milan Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr, also... In mid-June 2007 Salman Rushdie was given the title of knight by the British Queen Elizabeth II. This action brought much criticism around the world in many countries with Muslim majority populations. ... Pope Benedict XVI, January 2006 The Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy arose from a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany. ... One of Vilkss original three drawings, depicting Muhammad as a roundabout dog. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Aqidah (sometimes spelled as Aqeeda, Aqida or Aqeedah) (Arabic: Ø¹Ù‚ÙŠØ¯Ø©) is an Islamic term meaning creed. ... Allah is the Arabic language word for God. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Islam reveres the One and Only God, known as Allah (Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡) in Arabic. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Prophets of Islam are male human beings who are regarded by Muslims to be prophets chosen by God. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic: Ø£Ø±ÙƒØ§Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…) is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. ... White flag featuring the Shahada text as used by the Taliban. ... Salat redirects here. ... Sawm (Arabic: ØµÙˆÙ…) is an Arabic word for fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. ... This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. ... A supplicating pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram, the mosque which was built around the Kaaba (the cubical building at center). ... Muslim history began in Arabia with Muhammads first recitations of the Quran in the 7th century. ... Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been persons who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. ... There is much more to Muslim history than military and political history; this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political history. ... Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: ) is a phrase meaning People of the House, or family. ... In Islam, the SÌ£ahÌ£Äbah (Arabic: â€Ž companions) were the companions of Muhammad. ... The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( transliteration: ) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs. ... This article is about the Shia concept, for the more general Islamic term, see Imam. ... The Qurâ€™Än [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... Sunnah(t) () literally means â€œtrodden pathâ€, and therefore, the sunnah of the prophet means â€œthe way of the prophetâ€. Terminologically, the word â€˜Sunnahâ€™ in Sunni Islam means those religious actions that were instituted by Muhammad(PBUH) during the 23 years of his ministry and which Muslims initially received through consensus... Hadith ( transliteration: ) are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad. ... This article is about Islamic religious law. ... The religion of Islam has many divisions, sects, schools, traditions, and related faiths. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam that encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to divine love and the cultivation of the heart. ... Al-IbÄá¸iyyah (Arabic Ø§Ù„Ø§Ø¨Ø§Ø¶ÙŠØ©) is a form of Islam distinct from the Shiite and Sunni denominations. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Jainism and Islam came in close contact with each other following the Islamic Conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh to the twelfth centuries when much of north and central India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, and later the Mughal dynasty. ... This article is about the historical interaction between Islam and Judaism. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Muslim culture is a term primarily used in secular academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples. ... Nations with a Muslim majority appear in green, while nations that are approximately 50% Muslim appear yellow. ... Islamic Studies is the academic discipline which focuses on Islamic issues. ... This article is about the attitudes of Islam regarding animals. ... The Taj Mahal, Agra. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØªÙ‚ÙˆÙŠÙ… Ø§Ù„Ù‡Ø¬Ø±ÙŠ; at-taqwÄ«m al-hijrÄ«; Persian: ØªÙ‚ÙˆÛŒÙ… Ù‡Ø¬Ø±ÙŠ Ù‚Ù…Ø±ÛŒ â€Ž taqwÄ«m-e hejri-ye qamari; also called the Hijri calendar) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate... This article discusses childrens rights given by Islam, childrens duties towards their parents, parents treatment of their children, both males and females, biological and foster children, also discussed are some of the differences regarding rights with respect to different schools of thoughts. ... Muslim percentage of population by country Distribution of Islam per country. ... Muslim holidays generally celebrate the events of the life of Islams main prophet, Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Kuran. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Islamic philosophy (Ø§Ù„ÙÙ„Ø³ÙØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ©) is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between philosophy (reason) and the religious teachings of Islam (faith). ... Islam as a political movement has a diverse character that has at different times incorporated elements of many other political movements, while simultaneously adapting the religious views of Islamic fundamentalism, particularly the view of Islam as a political religion. ... In the history of science, Islamic science refers to the science developed under the Islamic civilisation between the 8th and 15th centuries (the Islamic Golden Age). ... The complex relationship between women and Islam is defined by both Islamic texts and the history and culture of the Muslim world. ... This article lists various controversies related to Islam and Muslims. ... Criticism of Islam has existed since Islams formative stages on philosophical, scientific, ethical, political and theological grounds. ... This is a sub-article to Criticism of Islam. ... Muslims believe that the Quran is the literal word of God (Allah) as recited to Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel. ... This is a sub-article to Quran and Islamic view of miracles. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Apostasy in Islam (Arabic: Ø§Ø±ØªØ¯Ø§Ø¯, irtidÄd or ridda) is commonly defined as the rejection of Islam in word or deed by a person who has been a Muslim. ... This article is about the relationship between Islam and antisemitism. ... The extent to which domestic violence is sanctioned or opposed by Islam is a matter of debate. ... This article is about political For the religion of Islam, see Islam. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Conflicts between Muslims and non-Muslims made the persecution of both Muslims and non-Muslims a recurring phenomenon during the history of Islam. ... Qutbism (also Kotebism, Qutbiyya, or Qutbiyyah) is the radical strain of Islamic ideology and activism, based on the thought and writings of Sayyid Qutb, a celebrated Islamist and former leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood who was executed in 1966. ... This article is about Islamic religious law. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a sub-article of fiqh and Law and economics. ... Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with Islamic law (Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics. ... Riba is the (Arabic: Ø±Ø¨Ø§ ) term for intrest, the charging of which is forbidden by the Quran here, among other places: And that which you give in gift (loan) (to others), in order that it may increase (your wealth by expecting to get a better one in return) from other... Murabaha is defined as a particular kind of sale, compliant with shariah, where the seller expressly mentions the cost he has incurred on the commodities to be sold and sells it to another person by adding some profit or mark-up thereon which is known to the buyer. ... Takaful - Islamic Insurance ==]] â€œThe basic fundamentals underlying the Takaful concept are very similar to cooperative and mutual principles, to the extent that the cooperative and mutual model is one that is accepted under Islamic Law. ... Sukuk is the Arabic name for a financial certificate but can be seen as an Islamic equivalent of bond. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic economical jurisprudence and inheritance. ... Islamic politics is the profession of Muslim politicians. ... Islamic leadership is what a Muslim leader is supposed to show, in order to lead in accordance to Islamic principles. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Marriage. ... When a couple decides to marry, they draw up a Marriage contract. ... A dowry is a gift of money or valuables given by the brides family to that of the groom to permit their marriage. ... Nikah or nikkah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù†ÙƒØ§Ø ), is the contract between a bride and bridegroom and part of an Islamic marriage, a strong covenant (mithaqun Ghalithun) as expressed in Quran 4:21). ... NikÄhÌ£uâ€™l-Mutâ€˜ah, Nikah el Muta (Arabic: , also Nikah Mutâ€˜ah literally, marriage[1] for pleasure[2]), or sigheh, is a fixed-time marriage which, according to the Usuli Shia schools of Shariâ€˜a (Islamic law), is a marriage with a preset duration, after which the... Sexuality in Islam is largely described by the Quran, Islamic tradition, and religious leaders both past and present as being confined to marital relationships between men and women. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Istimna (Ø§Ø³ØªÙ…Ù†Ø§Ø¡) is the Arabic term for masturbation. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Islamic criminal jurisprudence is the Islamic criminal law. ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ... In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: Ø¬Ø²Ù’ÙŠØ©; Ottoman Turkish cizye) is a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age. ... Zina (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø²Ù†Ø§Ø¡) is extramarital sex in Islam. ... Hudud ( Arabic , also transliterated hadud, hudood; plural for hadd, , limit, or restriction) is the word often used in Islamic social and legal literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour and the punishments for serious crimes. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and etiquette. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Sex segregation Islam discourages social interaction between men and women when they are alone but not all interaction between men and women. ... In Islamic sharia legal terminology, a mahram (Arabic Ù…ØØ±Ù…, also transcribed mahrim or maharem) is an unmarriageable kin with whom sexual intercourse would be considered incestuous, a punishable taboo. ... Many muslims when praying their daily prayers have to say the The Salat Ibrahimiya goes like this This translates to Oh God exalt Mohammad and his progeny as you have exalted Ibrahim and his progeny in these worlds as You are All Praiseworthy All Glorious. ... Islamic theological jurisprudence is the filed of Islamic jurisprudence specialized in theological issues. ... In Islamic legal terminology, Baligh or Bulugh refers to a person who has reached maturity or puberty and has full responsibility under Islamic law. ... This is a sub-article to fiqh and Hygiene Hygiene in Islam is a prominent topic but one which non-Muslims are not very familiar with. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic hygienical jurisprudence and cleanliness. ... This article is about Hygiene in Islam. ... Ghusl (ØºØ³Ù„) is an Arabic term referring to the full Ablution in Islam. ... This article is about Hygiene in Islam. ... The miswak (miswaak, siwak) is a natural toothbrush made from the twigs of the Salvadora persica tree. ... This is a sub-article to Hygiene in Islam, Healthy diet and Food and cooking hygiene. ... DhabiÄ¥a (Ø°ÙŽØ¨ÙÙŠÙ’ØÙŽØ©, dhabiha, zabiha) is the prescribed method of slaughtering all animals excluding fish and most sea-life as per Islam. ... In Islam, Alcohol is forbiden to drink, but is allowed to be used for medical and other purposes. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Haraam. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ... The rules and regulations concerning prisoners of war in Islam are covered in manuals of Islamic jurisprudence, based upon Islamic teachings, in both the Quran and hadith. ... Islamic Studies is the academic discipline which focuses on Islamic issues. ... The historiography of early Islam is the study of how various historians have treated the events of the first two centuries of Islamic history. ... Islamic philosophy (Ø§Ù„ÙÙ„Ø³ÙØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ©) is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between philosophy (reason) and the religious teachings of Islam (faith). ... Early Muslim philosophy is considered influential in the rise of modern philosophy. ... There are many new trends in Islamic Philosophy and meanwhile some traditional schools are still very alive and active. ... Islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of Islam with various fields of modern thought. ... Islamic eschatology is concerned with the Qiyamah (end of the world; Last Judgement) and the final judgement of humanity. ... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek Î¸ÎµÎ¿Ï‚, theos, God, + Î»Î¿Î³Î¿Ï‚, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... This article is about the relationship between Islam and science. ... Islamic mathematics is the profession of Muslim Mathematicians. ... Umar Naeem SUCKS. In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilisation. ... Main articles: Islamic science and astrology Islamic astrology, in Arabic ilm al-nujum or ilm al-falak is the study of the heavens by early Muslims. ... This is a sub-article of Islamic science and astronomy. ... A significant number of inventions were produced in the Muslim world, many of them with direct implications for Fiqh related issues. ... Islamic pottery era started around 622. ... Islamic creationism is the belief that the universe (including humanity) was directly created by God as explained in the Quran or Genesis. ... The stylized signature (tughra) of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire was written in an expressive calligraphy. ... Islamic music is Muslim religious music, as sung or played in public services or private devotions. ... Islamic poetry is poetry written by Muslims on the topic of Islam. ... Islamic literature is a field that includes the study of modern and classical Arabic and the litarature written in those languages. ... Hagia Sophia, an Eastern Orthodox church converted into a mosque on the day of the Fall of Constantinople Conversion of non-Muslim houses of worship into mosques began during the life of Muhammad and continued during subsequent Islamic conquests and under the Muslim rule. ... Islamic sociology is a discipline of Islamic studies. ... Early Muslim sociology responded to the challenges of social organization of diverse peoples all under common religious organization in the Islamic caliphate, the Abbasid and later Mamluk period in Egypt. ... It has been suggested that Shuubiya be merged into this article or section. ... The interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. ... Kalam (Ø¹Ù„Ù… Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„Ù…)is one of the religious sciences of Islam. ...

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