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Ismail Enver (November 22, 1881 in Istanbul - August 4, 1922), known to Europeans during his political career as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa) or Enver Bey was a Turkish military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution. He was the main leader of the Ottoman Empire in both Balkan Wars and World War I. Download high resolution version (537x762, 116 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Download high resolution version (537x762, 116 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
Satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) is Turkeys largest city, and its cultural and economic center. ...
August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ...
1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
The Young Turks were a Turkish nationalist reform party, officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) — in Turkish the Ittihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti — whose leaders led a rebellion against Sultan Abdul Hamid II (who was officially deposed and exiled in 1909). ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl...
The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, Bulgaria suffering defeat at the...
Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian deaths: 3 million Total of dead: 8 million Military dead: 4 million Civilian deaths: 3 million Total dead: 7 million The First...
Background
Born to a wealthy family in Istanbul, he studied in Germany and became interested in German theories of military organization and strategy. He rose rapidly in the Ottoman army upon his return, becoming a Pasha by 1913 at the age of thirty-two. Enver was a vocal advocate of the idea of a Greater Turkey. In practice this meant that all Turkic people were to be united, either in a single state ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty or into a federal political union.Enver is a very important figure for young turk peoples.Enver wanted to save turks and muslims from English and Russian control and he send many agents to india, central asia ,persia to organise resistance against these powers and partially achieved this. Satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) is Turkeys largest city, and its cultural and economic center. ...
1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ...
In April 1912 the Young Turks (officially the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)) won an overwhelming majority in an election, but the loss of the province of Libya to Italy and other setbacks eroded its support to the point that in July the CUP was forced to yield to a political coalition called the Liberal Union. 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Foundation: 1890 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: Ä°ttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti) was a political organization during the dissolution period of the Ottoman Empire which came to power between 1908 and 1918. ...
The Three Pashas In a coup on January 23, 1913, the CUP overthrew the Liberal Union coalition and introduced a military dictatorship headed, within a few months, by the "Three Pashas" - Enver Pasha, Talat Pasha, and Djemal Pasha. While Enver's portfolio was only minister of war, the other two Pashas usually defered to Enver. A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ...
January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
Talat Pasha To the Government Aleppo: It was at first communicated to you that the Government, by order of the Jemiet (Young Turk Committee), had decided to destroy completely all the Armenian living in Turkey. ...
Ahmed Djemal Pasha Ahmed Djemal Pasha (Turkish: Ahmet Cemal PaÅŸa) (May 6, 1872 - July 21, 1922) was born in Midilli. ...
One week before the Ottoman government declared war on Russia by shelling Odessa, Enver gave himself a new position Vice-Generalissimo, making him the near dictator of the Ottoman government at the age of 34. As soon as the war started, October 31, 1914, Enver ordered that all men of military age report to army recruiting offices. The offices were unable to handle the vast flood of men and long delays occurred. This had the effect of ruining the crop harvest for that year. ODESSA (German: Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, Organization of Former SS-Members) was/is an international Nazi network set up towards the end of World War II by a group of SS officers, among whom were Martin Bormann and Heinrich Himmler. ...
October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ...
1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ...
Defeat at Sarikamis Enver thought of himself as a great military leader while the German military advisor, Liman von Sanders, thought of him as a military buffoon. The reality was, Enver ordered a complex attack on the Russians, placed himself in personal control of the Third Army, and was utterly defeated at the Battle of Sarikamis in December-January 1914-1915. Enver's army (90.000)was defeated by Russian force(100.000) and in the subsequent retreat, tens of thousands of Turkish soldiers died. This was the single worst defeat of a Turkish army in all of World War One. Otto Liman von Sanders (February 17, 1855 - August 22, 1929) was a German general who served as adviser to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V during World War I. He was born in Stolp in Pomerania. ...
Combatants Russia Ottoman Empire Commanders General Vorontsov General Yudenich Enver Pasha Strength 100,000 90,000 (plus aprox. ...
Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...
After his defeat at Sarikamis, Enver returned to Istanbul and took command of the Turkish forces around the capital. The British and French were planning on forcing the approaches to Istanbul in the hope of knocking the Ottomans out of the war. A large Allied Fleet, largely composed of older battleships unfit for duty against the German battlefleet, assembled and staged an attack on the Dardanelles on March 18, 1915. The attack (the forerunner to the failed Gallipoli campaign) left the Turks - and Enver - demoralized. As a result, Enver turned over command to Liman von Sanders, who commanded the successful defence of Gallipoli. Satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) is Turkeys largest city, and its cultural and economic center. ...
March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ...
1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Battle of Gallipoli Conflict First World War Date 19 February 1915 - 9 January 1916 Place Gallipoli peninsula, Turkey Result Ottoman victory The Battle of Gallipoli took place on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in 1915 during the First World War. ...
Enver proved to be ineffective as a war minister and frequently over the next four years the Germans would have to support the Ottoman government with generals such as Liman von Sanders, Falkenhayn, Baron von der Goltz, and Kress von Kressenstein. The Germans also gave the Ottoman government military supplies, soldiers, and even fuel. Enver's government spent much more than it took in and the inflation rate over the four years of war was greater than 1600%.There is a important reality that every ottoman armies under the command of German generals were always defeated but armies under the Turk generals always won battles ( such as kut,gallipoli).Turkish army sent help to many fronts. Erich von Falkenhayn Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn (11 November 1861 - 8 April 1922) was a German soldier and Chief of the General Staff during World War I. Falkenhayn was a career soldier. ...
Warning: this article is based primarily on information from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica and does not reflect modern scholarship. ...
Friedrich Kress von Kressenstein (1870 - 1948) was a German General and a member of the group of German officers who directed the Ottoman Army during World War I. Von Kressenstein was part of Otto Liman von Sanders military mission to Turkey. ...
The Last Year In 1918, with Ottoman forces defeated in Palestine and Mesopotamia, Enver looked for victory in Russia. During 1917, due to the Russian Revolution and subsequent Civil War, the Russian army in the Caucusus had ceased to exist. When Enver discussed his plans for taking over southern Russia, the Germans told him to keep out. Undetered, Enver ordered the creation of a new military force called the Army of Islam which would have no German officers. Early in 1918, the Ottoman army attacked Armenia, destroying most of the forces of the new Republic of Armenia. The Army of Islam marched into Russia, eventually reaching Baku in September of 1918. Sinai and Palestine Campaign during World War I: Sinai campaign Battle of Romani Battle of Magdhaba Battle of Rafa Palestine campaign First Battle of Gaza Second Battle of Gaza Third Battle of Gaza Battle of Beersheba Battle of Megiddo Categories: Battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign ...
The Mesopotamian Campaign was a theater of the First World War fought between Allied forces represented by British and Anglo-Indian troops, and Central forces of the Ottoman Empire. ...
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, which, after the elimination of the Russian autocracy system, and the Provisional Government (Duma), resulted in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ...
The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ...
In 1918, Enver Pasha, the War Minister for the Ottoman Empire ordered the creation of a new military force. ...
Satellite view of Baku The Baku harbour on the south of Absheron peninsula The Maiden Tower in old town Baku Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı), sometimes known as Baky or Baki, is the capital of Azerbaijan. ...
These conquests in the Caucusus counted for very little in the war as a whole. With the collapse of Bulgaria and the loss of Mesopotamia, and the utter defeat at the Battle of Megiddo (1918), the war was lost. First to go was Talat Pasha, who resigned days before the empire capitulated and signed an armistice on October 30. Enver resigned with the rest of CUP Cabinet two days later, and the "Three Pashas" all fled into exile. Enver first went to Germany in October 1918 where he had relations with German Communist figures like Karl Radek. A post-war tribunal in Istanbul tried him in absentia for crimes related to the Armenian Genocide and condemned him to death. Former Minister of Justice Ibrahim Bey was condemned as well. Enver was considered to be one of the triumvirate of Turkish leaders who bore primary responsibility for the mass-killings of Armenians, along with minister of the interior Mehmed Talat Pasha and minister of the navy Ahmed Djemal Pasha. The Mesopotamian Campaign was a theater of the First World War fought between Allied forces represented by British and Anglo-Indian troops, and Central forces of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Battle of Megiddo Conflict First World War Date September 19-21, 1918 Place Megiddo, Palestine Result British victory The Battle of Megiddo of September 19-21, 1918, was an important milestone in British General Edmund Allenbys conquest of Palestine during World War I. His forces made a massive push...
A white flag is traditionally used to represent a truce. ...
October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
Karl Bernhardovich Radek (October 31, 1885 - May 19, 1939) was a Bolshevik and an international Communist leader. ...
Satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) is Turkeys largest city, and its cultural and economic center. ...
Armenian Genocide The Armenian Genocide (also known as the Armenian Holocaust or the Armenian Massacre) refers to the forced mass relocation and related deaths of hundreds of thousands or over a million Armenians, during the government of the Young Turks (Committee of Union and Progress) from 1915 to 1917 in...
The term triumvirate is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders. ...
Talat Pasha To the Government Aleppo: It was at first communicated to you that the Government, by order of the Jemiet (Young Turk Committee), had decided to destroy completely all the Armenian living in Turkey. ...
Ahmed Djemal Pasha Ahmed Djemal Pasha (Turkish: Ahmet Cemal PaÅŸa) (May 6, 1872 - July 21, 1922) was born in Midilli. ...
Enver then fled to Russian Turkestan where he hoped to unite the Turkic groups of that region and oppose the spread of Bolshevism. There, he was killed by an Armenian General in a failed last-ditch cavalry charge on August 4, 1922, near Baldzhuan in Turkestan (present-day Tajikistan). Russian Turkestan (Russian: Ру́сский Туркеста́н), also known as Turkestansky Krai (Туркеста́нский край), was a subdivision (Krai or Governor-Generalship) of Imperial Russia, comprising the oasis region to the South of the Kazakh steppes, but not the Protectorates of Bukhara and Khiva. ...
This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ...
Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...
Kircholm, a 1925 painting by Wojciech Kossak. ...
August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ...
1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Map of Turkestan (green) with borders of modern states in white Turkestan (Persian: ترکستان ) (also spelled Turkistan or Türkistan) is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic people. ...
See also Combatants Ottoman Empire Russian Empire, First Republic of Armenia Commanders Enver Pasha, Vehip Pasha, Kerim Pasha, Mustafa Kemal Nikolai Yudenich The Caucasus Campaign was fought from 1914 until 1918 in the Caucasus during World War I between the Russian Empire a member of the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire...
Combatants United Kingdom France India Australia New Zealand Newfoundland Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Otto Liman von Sanders Mustafa Kemal Strength 5 divisions (initial) 14 divisions (final) 6 divisions (initial) 14 divisions (final) Casualties 252,000 (205,000 British, 47,000 French) 253,000 The Battle of Gallipoli took...
Armenian Genocide The Armenian Genocide (also known as the Armenian Holocaust or the Armenian Massacre) refers to the forced mass relocation and related deaths of hundreds of thousands or over a million Armenians, during the government of the Young Turks (Committee of Union and Progress) from 1915 to 1917 in...
Sources - Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace, Avon Books.
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