Coordinates: 25°24′30.42″S 54°35′21.13″W / -25.40845, -54.5892028 Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Part of the Itaipu Dam

Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Portuguese: Itaipu, Spanish: Itaipú; pronounced [itaiˈpu]) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. Itaipu Dam File links The following pages link to this file: Electricity generation Itaipu Hydroelectricity ... Itaipu Dam File links The following pages link to this file: Electricity generation Itaipu Hydroelectricity ... Guaraní (gwah-rah-nee) [gwarani] (local name: avañeẽ) is a language spoken in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and southwestern Brazil. ... Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. ... The sun rising over the Paraná River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ...

The name "Itaipu" was taken from an isle that existed near the construction site. In the Guarani language, Itaipu means "singing stones". The American composer Philip Glass has also written a symphonic cantata named Itaipu in honour of the structure. Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is a three-times Academy Award-nominated American composer. ... A cantata (Italian, sung) is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment and generally containing more than one movement. ... Itaipu is a four movement symphonic cantata performed by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. ...

Itaipu Binacional is a company that runs the largest operational hydroelectric power plant in the world.^[1] It is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the Paraná River on the border section between the two countries, 15 km north of the Friendship Bridge. The project ranges from Foz do Iguaçu, in Brazil, and Ciudad del Este in Paraguay, in the south to Guaíra and Salto del Guaíra in the north. The installed generation capacity of the plant is 14 GW, with 20 generating units of 700 MW each. In the year 2000, it achieved its generating record of 93.4 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), which supplied 93% of the energy consumed by Paraguay and 20% of that consumed by Brazil as of 2005. Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ... A power station (also power plant) is a facility for the generation of electric power. ... The sun rising over the Paraná River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ... Its Paraguays most important bridge The Friendship Bridge (a direct translation from Ponte da Amizade or Puente de la Amistad) is an arch bridge connecting the Brazilian city of Foz do Iguaçu and the Paraguayan city of Ciudad del Este. ... Foz do Iguaçu () is the 3rd largest city of Paraná state, Brazil and the 11th largest of the Brazils Southern region, with a population of 309,000 habitants . ... Skyline view and the Friendship Bridge Ciudad del Este (Spanish for City of the East) is the capital of Alto Paraná department of Paraguay, located at the Rio Paraná at . ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ... The watt-hour (symbol W·h) is a unit of energy. ...

History

Panoramic view of the Itaipu Dam, with the spillways (closed at the time of the photo) on the left

Negotiations between Brazil and Paraguay

The concept behind Itaipu Power Plant is the result of heavy negotiations between the two countries during the 1960s. The "Ata do Iguaçu" (Iguaçu Act) was signed on July 22, 1966, by the Brazilian and Paraguayan Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Juracy Magalhães and Sapena Pastor, respectively. This was a joint declaration of the mutual interest in studying the exploitation of the hydric resources that the two countries shared in the section of the Paraná River starting from and including the Salto de Sete Quedas to the Iguaçu River's watershed. The Treaty that gave origin to the power plant was signed in 1973. is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... The sun rising over the Paraná River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ...

Construction starts

In 1970, the consortium formed by the companies IECO (from the United States of America) and ELC (from Italy) won the international competition for the realization of the viability studies and for the elaboration of the construction project. Work began in February 1971. On April 26, 1973, Brazil and Paraguay signed the Itaipu Treaty, the legal instrument for the hydroelectric exploitation of the Paraná River by the two countries. On May 17, 1974, the Itaipu Binacional entity was created to administer the plant's construction. The works began in January of the following year Category: ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... The European Localization Center (ELC) is a company providing solutions to the challenges associated with globalization including software localization, website internalization, global content management systems, and testing and interpretation services. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... The sun rising over the Paraná River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

Paraná River rerouted

On October 14, 1978, the Paraná River had its route changed, which allowed a section of the riverbed to dry so the dam could be built there. is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... The sun rising over the Paraná River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ...

Agreement by Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina

An important diplomatic settlement was reached with the signing of the Acordo Tripartite by Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, on October 19, 1979. This agreement established the allowed river levels and how much they could change as a result of the various hydroelectrical undertakings in the watershed that was shared by the three countries. At that time, the three countries were ruled by military dictatorships. Argentina was concerned that, in the event of a conflict, Brazil could open the floodgates, raising the water level in de la Plata River and consequently flooding the capital city of Buenos Aires. is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ...

Formation of the lake

The plant's reservoir began its formation on October 13, 1982, when the dam works were completed and the side canal's gates were closed. Throughout this period, water rose 100 meters (330 ft) and reached the gates of the spillway at 10:00 AM on October 27 due to the heavy rains and flooding that took place at the time. The Ashokan Reservoir, located in Ulster County, New York, USA. It is one of 19 that supplies New York City with drinking water. ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Spillway of Llyn Brianne dam in Wales A Spillway is a structure used to provide for the controlled release of flood flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically being the river that has been dammed. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Start of operations

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On May 5, 1984, the first generation unit started running in Itaipu. The first 18 units were installed at the rate of two to three a year; the last two of these started running in the year 1991. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

Capacity expansion in 2007

The last two of the 20 units started operations in September 2006 and in March 2007, thus raising the installed capacity to 14,000 MW and completing the power plant. This increase in capacity will allow for 18 generation units to remain running all of the time while two stay down for maintenance. Due to a clause in the treaty signed between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, the maximum number of generating units allowed to operate simultaneously can not exceed 18 (see the agreement section for more information). , Part of the Itaipu Dam Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Portuguese: Itaipu, Spanish: Itaipú; pronounced ) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. ...

The rated nominal power of each generating unit (turbine and generator) is 700 MW. However, due to the fact that the head (difference between reservoir level and the river level at the foot of the dam) that actually occurs is higher than the design head, the power available exceeds 750 MW half of the time. It has been suggested that Hydraulic head (hydrology) and Head (hydraulic) be merged into this article or section. ...

Each turbine generates around 700 megawatts; for comparison, all the water from the Iguaçu Falls would have capacity to feed only two generators. Iguaçu Falls Iguazu Falls (Portuguese: Cataratas do Iguaçu, Spanish: Cataratas del Iguazú IPA ) are waterfalls of the Iguaçu River located on the border of the Brazilian state of Paraná (in the Southern Region) and the Argentinian Province of Misiones. ...

Power transmission

Of the currently 18 generator units installed, 9 of them generate in 50 Hz, the grid frequency of Paraguay and 9 generate in 60 Hz, the Brazilian grid frequency. There's also a power converter on the Brazilian side that allows the transformation of 50 Hz into 60 Hz energy that is not used in Paraguay. Hz or hz may mean: Herero language (ISO 639 alpha-2, hz) Hertz, unit of frequency This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The waveform of 230 volt, 50 Hz compared with 110 V, 60 Hz. ...

"Wonder of the Modern World"

In 1994, the American Society of Civil Engineers elected the Itaipu Dam as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. In 1995, the American magazine Popular Mechanics published the results. Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... The adolescent Internet. ...

Social Impact

When construction of the dam began, approximately 10,000 families living beside the Parana river were dislodged from their plots in order to make way for the dam. Many of these families sought refuge in the town of Medianeira, a town not far from the confluence of the Iguaçu and Parana rivers. Some of these families eventually came to be members of one of Brazil's largest social movements, the MST, or Landless Workers Movement.^[2] MST logo. ...

Statistics

Itaipú Dam. Stamp is Scott C363

Image File history File links Parag. ... Image File history File links Parag. ...

Construction

• The course of the seventh biggest river in the world was shifted; as was 50 million tonnes of earth and rock.
• The amount of concrete used to build the Itaipu Power Plant would be enough to build 210 football stadiums the size of the Estádio do Maracanã.
• The iron and steel used would allow for the construction of 380 Eiffel Towers.
• The volume of excavation of earth and rock in Itaipu is 8.5 times greater than that of the Channel Tunnel and the volume of concrete is 15 times greater.
• Around forty thousand people worked in the construction^{[citation needed]}.

This article is about the construction material. ... Soccer redirects here. ... The Estádio Jornalista Mário Filho, commonly called Estádio do Maracanã (Maracanã stadium), in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is one of the largest football stadiums in the world. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... The Eiffel Tower (French: , ) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars beside the Seine River in Paris. ... The British terminal at Cheriton in west Folkestone, from the Pilgrims Way. ...

Generating station and dam

• The total length of the dam is 7235 m, with the crest elevation of 225 m. It is actually several dams joined together - from the far left, an earthfill dam, a rockfill dam, a concrete main dam, and a concrete wing dam to the right. The fourteen segmented spill gates of the dam can discharge a total of 62,200 cubic metres per second.
• The maximum flow of Itaipu's spillway is 62.2 thousand cubic metres per second, it is equivalent to 40 times the average flow of the Iguaçu Falls.
• The flow of two generators (700 m³·s⁻¹ each) is roughly equivalent to the average flow of the Falls (1500 m³·s⁻¹).
• If Brazil were to use Thermal Power Generation to produce the electric power of Itaipu, 434,000 US barrels (69,000 m³) of petroleum would have to be burned every day.
• The dam is 196 metres high, equivalent to a 65-story building.^[3]
• Though it is the seventh largest reservoir in size in Brazil, the Itaipu's reservoir has the best relation between production and flooded area. For the 14,000 MW installed power, 1350 square kilometres were flooded. The reservoirs for the hydroelectric power plants of Sobradinho, Tucuruí, Porto Primavera, Balbina, Serra da Mesa and Furnas are all larger than the one for Itaipu, but have a smaller installed capacity. The one with the largest energy production, Tucuruí, has an installed capacity of 4,240 MW, but it had to flood 2,430 square kilometres of land.

Spillway of Llyn Brianne dam in Wales A Spillway is a structure used to provide for the controlled release of flood flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically being the river that has been dammed. ... The cubic meter (symbol m³) is the SI derived unit of volume. ... This article is about the unit of time. ... Iguaçu Falls Iguazu Falls (Portuguese: Cataratas do Iguaçu, Spanish: Cataratas del Iguazú IPA ) are waterfalls of the Iguaçu River located on the border of the Brazilian state of Paraná (in the Southern Region) and the Argentinian Province of Misiones. ... A thermal power station near Sofia, Bulgaria A thermal power station comprises all of the equipment and systems required to produce electricity by using a steam generating boiler fired with fossil fuels or biofuels to drive an electrical generator. ... For delivered electrical power, see Electrical power industry. ... Petro redirects here. ... The Ashokan Reservoir, located in Ulster County, New York, USA. It is one of 19 that supplies New York City with drinking water. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ...

Generation

Gallery of images

The Itaipu Dam Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (910x606, 502 KB) Taken by haydnseek on Flickr. ...

The Itaipu Dam Download high resolution version (1024x768, 451 KB)Itaipu power plant. ...

The Itaipu Dam at night Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 570 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

See also

• Hydroelectricity
• Three Gorges Dam
• Yaciretá Dam
• Belo Monte Dam
• Energy policy of Brazil

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. ... The Three Gorges Dam (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a Chinese hydroelectric river dam that spans the Yangtze River in Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei, China. ... Yacyretá-Apipé (or just Yacyretá) is an hydroelectric dam located on the Paraná River between Argentina and Paraguay, 83 kilometers downstream of Posadas City, next to Paraguayan city of Ayolas, and Argentine city of Ituzaingó, Corrientes Province. ... The Belo Monte Dam is a proposed hydroelectric dam on the Xingu River in the state of Pará, Brazil. ... Brazil is the 10th largest energy consumer in the world and the largest in South America. ...

External links

• Itaipu Company Site(in Portuguese, English, and Spanish)
• Introduction
• Power conversion
• Power conditioning
• The Itaipu Transmission System

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...