A 1935 map of the Regions claimed as "irredente" by Fascist Italy. Fascism later claimed even Savoia and Corfù.

Italia Irredenta (Meaning "Unredeemed Italy" in Italian) was an Italian nationalist opinion movement, born after the Italian unification in 1861. Its aim was to join to the motherland all the Italian lands that were still under foreign rule (called "irredente" or "unreedemed"). This process was called "irredentism" (where everyone from one ethnic group is grouped under one government). It encouraged irredentism among the Italian people as well as other nationalities who were willing to become Italian and as a movement is also known as Italian irredentism. Italian Unification (Italian: il Risorgimento, or The Resurgence) was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... irredentism is position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. ... irredentism is position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. ...

Not a formal organization, it was just an opinion movement that claimed that Italy had to reach its "natural borders". Similar patriotic and nationalistic ideas were common in Europe in the 19th century. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

The term "irredentism" was successively imitated - from the italian word - for many countries in the world (List of irredentist claims or disputes). This idea of "Italia irredenta" is not to be confused with the Italian unification, which was the regime that led to this, or with Greater Italy, which was the regime that took this idea further afterwards. Not all territorial disputes are irredentist, although they are often couched in irredentist rhetoric to justify and legitimize such claims both internationally and within the country. ... Italian Unification (Italian: il Risorgimento, or The Resurgence) was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ...

Around 1939, the main territories claimed included; Dalmatia (in Yugoslavia), Corfù (in Greece), the Maltese Islands (British colony), Corsica, Nizzardo and Savoia (in France) and Ticino (in Switzerland). Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ... Pontikonisi island in the background with the Vlaheraina Monastery in the foreground. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... Foncet Garden, Nice County of Nice flag County of Nice coat of arms The County of Nice or Niçard Country (Niçard Occitan: Comtat de Niça / País Niçard, French: Comté de Nice / Pays Niçois, Italian: Contea di Nizza / Paese Nizzardo) is a historical region of... Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... For the river, see Ticino river. ...

Origins

After the Italian unification of 1861, there were areas with Italian populations in the countries around the newly created Kingdom of Italy. The Irredentists wanted to annex all those areas under one Italy and decided that anywhere using the Italian language (no matter if the speakers weren't necessarily all Italians) would be included in the proposed merging. Italian Unification (Italian: il Risorgimento, or The Resurgence) was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ... There have been several entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. ... Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[4] primarily in Italy. ...

These targeted areas initially were: Nice, Corsica, Ticino, Trentino, Venezia Giulia (Gorizia, Istria, Trieste, Fiume), Dalmatia, Ionian islands and Malta. This article is about the French city. ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... For the river, see Ticino river. ... Trentino-Alto Adige or Trentino-South Tyrol (in German: Trentino-Südtirol, in Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige) is an autonomous region in northern Italy. ... Venezia Giulia is region in the easternmost part of Italy. ... Gorizia and Gradisca (German: ; Italian: ; Slovenian: GoriÅ¡ka in Gradiščanska; Friulian: Gurize e Gradiscje) was a county in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy and Slovenia. ... Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation). ... Rijeka (Fiume in Italian and Hungarian; Rijeka and Fiume both mean river) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on the Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. ... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ... The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Ιόνια νησιά, Ionia nisia; Ancient Greek: , Ionioi NÄ“soi) are a group of islands in Greece. ...

19th century

Maps of the Italian Dialect (1935)

One of the first "Irredentists" was Giuseppe Garibaldi, who in 1859, as deputy for his native Nizza in the Piedmontese parliament at Turin, attacked Cavour for ceding Nice to Napoleon III (in order to get French help and approval for the Italian Unification). The Irredentism grew in importance in Italy in the next years. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 475 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (609 × 768 pixels, file size: 86 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) dialetti italiani 1935 source: author: G. Tagliavicini (died in 1928). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 475 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (609 × 768 pixels, file size: 86 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) dialetti italiani 1935 source: author: G. Tagliavicini (died in 1928). ... Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was an Italian patriot and General of the Risorgimento. ... This article is about the French city. ... Count Camilio Benso di Cavour (August 10, 1810 _ June 6, 1861) was a statesman who was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and the first Prime Minister of the new Kingdom of Italy. ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ...

Italian unification process.

On July 21, 1878, a noisy public meeting was held at Rome with Menotti Garibaldi (the son of unification leader Giuseppe Garibaldi) as chairman of the forum, and a clamour was raised for the formation of volunteer battalions to conquer the Trentino. Benedetto Cairoli, then Prime Minister of Italy, treated the agitation with tolerance. It was, however, mainly superficial, because the mass of the Italians had no wish to launch on a dangerous policy of adventure against Austria, and still less to attack France for the sake of Nice and Corsica, or Britain for Malta. Download high resolution version (964x1541, 333 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (964x1541, 333 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was an Italian patriot and General of the Risorgimento. ... Trentino-Alto Adige or Trentino-South Tyrol (in German: Trentino-Südtirol, in Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige) is an autonomous region in northern Italy. ... Benedetto Cairoli (January 28, 1825 – August 8, 1889) was an Italian statesman. ... In Italy, the President of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the countrys prime minister or head of government, and occupies the fourth-most important state office. ...

One consequence of the Irredentist ideas outside of Italy was the assassination plot organized against the Emperor Francis Joseph in Trieste in 1882, which was detected. Guglielmo Oberdan (a Triestine and thus Austrian citizen) was executed. When the Irredentist movement became troublesome to Italy through the activity of Republicans and Socialists, it was subject to effective police control by Agostino Depretis. The title of Emperor of Austria was proclaimed in 1804 by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, who feared for the future of the old Reich in the face of Napoleons aggressions, and wished to maintain his imperial title in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ...

Irredentism faced a setback when the French occupation of Tunis in 1881 started a crisis in French–Italian relations. The government entered into relations with Austria and Germany, which took shape with the formation of the Triple Alliance in 1882. For other uses, see Triple Alliance. ...

20th century

The process of unification to Italy of the targeted areas was not completed in the nineteenth century, as many Italians remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy and the government started to create colonies (Eritrea and Somalia) in Africa. Anthem Marcia Reale dOrdinanza (Royal March of Ordinance)¹ The Kingdom of Italy at the height of its power in 1940. ...

World War 1

The Habsburg Monarchy permanently made obstacles to the Italian interests on Eastern Adriatic, by supporting the Slav community in its territory at the expense of Italian population of Istria and Dalmatia. Part of that policy was the supporting of pro-Croatian and pro-Slovenian parties, keeping and promoting their language as official in the targeted provinces. This policy resulted in a huge emigration of Italians from Istria and Dalmatia and the rise of nationalistic movements of revenge in Italy that promoted war against the Austrians. The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...

Italian irredentism obtained an important result after World War I, when Italy gained Trieste, Gorizia, Istria and the cities of Rijeka and Zadar. Fascist irredentism added to Italy (temporarily during WWII) Corsica, Nizzardo and most of Dalmatia (including the Kotor), while occupied militarily Savoia and the Ionian islands. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation). ... Gorizia (Slovenian: Gorica, German: Görz, Friulian: Gurize) is a small town at the foot of the Alps, in northeastern Italy, on the border with Slovenia. ... Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... Rijeka (in local Croatian dialects Rika and Reka; Fiume in Italian and Hungarian. ... For other uses, see Zadar (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... Foncet Garden, Nice County of Nice flag County of Nice coat of arms The County of Nice or Niçard Country (Niçard Occitan: Comtat de Niça / País Niçard, French: Comté de Nice / Pays Niçois, Italian: Contea di Nizza / Paese Nizzardo) is a historical region of... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ... This article is about the city of Kotor. ... The House of Savoy was a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region between Piedmont, Italy, France and French-speaking Switzerland. ... The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Ιόνια νησιά, Ionia nisia; Ancient Greek: , Ionioi Nēsoi) are a group of islands in Greece. ...

Italy signed the London Pact and entered World War I with the intention of gaining those territories perceived as being Italian under foreign rule; several Austro-Hungarian citizens of Italian ethnicity fought within the Italian forces against Austria-Hungary to "free their lands". Some, such as Cesare Battisti, Nazario Sauro, Damiano Chiesa, Fabio Filzi, were captured and executed. The outcome of the First World War and the consequent settlement of the Treaty of Saint-Germain ensured Italy some of its claims, in accordance with the Treaty of London of 1915, including many (but not all) of the aims of the Italia irredenta party, incorporating Trento, Bolzano, Trieste and Istria. [2] London Pact (Italian Patto di Londra) was a secret pact between Italy and Triple Entente, signed in London on April 26, 1915 by Italy, Great Britain, France and Russia. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Cesare Battisti (February 4, 1875 – July 12, 1916), Italian-Austrian politician, revolutionary and irredentist. ... Nazario Sauro (September 20, 1880—August 10, 1916) was an Austrian-born Italian irredentist and sailor. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... Treaty of London may refer to: Treaty of London, 1359 ceding western France to England, repudiated by the Estates-General in Paris, 19 May 1359 Treaty of London, 1604 between England and Spain Treaty of London, 1700, also known as the Second Partition Treaty. ... Trento (Italian: Trento; German: Trient; Latin: Tridentum; Note that many of the regions Italian languages/dialects use Trent or Trènt) is an Italian city located in the Adige River valley in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. ... Bolzano (Italian Bolzano; German: Bozen, archaic Botzen; Ladin: Bulsan; Latin: Bauzanum; many of the regions Italian languages/dialects use Bolzan or Bulsan) is a city in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of Italy. ... For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation). ... Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ...

In Dalmatia, despite the treaty of London, only the city of Zara with some Dalmatian islands, like Cherso, Lussino and Curzola were assigned to Italy. Zara may refer to: // Zara is the Venetian, Austrian and Italian name of the Adriatic port city of Zadar (official 13th-20th century), former capital of Dalmatia, in Croatia Zara (Turkish district), a district in the Turkish province of Sivas Zara, Eritrea, a city in central-western Eritrea. ... Cherso (Χέρσο) is a municipality in the Kilkis Prefecture, Greece. ... A view of the city of Korčula Korčula (Italian Curzola, Greek Korkyra Melaina) is the modern Croatian name for an island in the Adriatic Sea with a long Byzantine and Venetian history. ...

The city of Fiume/Rijeka in bay of Kvarner was the subject of claim and counter-claim (see Italian Regency of Carnaro, Treaty of Rapallo, 1920 and Treaty of Rome, 1924). Rijeka (Fiume in Italian and Hungarian; Rijeka and Fiume both mean river) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on the Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. ... Rijeka (in local Croatian dialects Rika and Reka; Fiume in Italian and Hungarian. ... DAnnunzio as the Duce of Fiume The Italian Regency of Carnaro (Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro in Italian) was proclaimed as a state by Gabriele DAnnunzio in Fiume, now the city of Rijeka in Croatia, on September 8, 1920. ... The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by which the latter was forced to give up parts of its Slovenian and Croatian territory. ... The Treaty of Rome of January 27, 1924 was an agreement by which Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the later Yugoslavia) assigned the city of Fiume (now Rijeka in Croatia) to Italian and its eastern neighbour Sušak to Yugoslav administration, with joint port administration, superseding...

Fiume residents cheering D'Annunzio and his Italian Irredentism raiders, September 1919. Fiume/Rijeka had 22,488 Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants.

The stand taken by Gabriele D'Annunzio, which briefly led him to become an enemy of the Italian state [3], was meant to provoke a nationalist revival through Corporatism (first instituted during his rule over Fiume), in front of what was widely perceived as state corruption engineered by governments such as Giovanni Giolitti's. D'Annunzio briefly annexed to this "Regency of Carnaro" the Dalmatian islands of Veglia (Krk) and Arbe (Rab) where there was a numerous Italian community. Image File history File links Fiume_cheering_D'Annunzio. ... Image File history File links Fiume_cheering_D'Annunzio. ... Rijeka (Fiume in Italian and Hungarian; Rijeka and Fiume both mean river) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on the Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. ... Gabriele dAnnunzio (12 March 1863, Pescara – 1 March 1938, Gardone Riviera, province of Brescia) was an Italian poet, writer, novelist, dramatist and daredevil, who went on to have a controversial role in politics as a precursor of the fascist movement. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Historically, corporatism or corporativism (Italian: corporativismo) refers to a political or economic system in which power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, social, cultural, and professional groups. ... World map of the Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, which measures the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. High numbers (green) indicate relatively less corruption, whereas lower numbers (red) indicate relatively more corruption. ... Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. ... Krk (Italian Veglia) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea, located near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar county. ... You might also be looking for the G-protein rab. ...

Moreover, Fascism made effort to seem as the natural outcome of war heroism, against a "betrayed Italy" that had not been awarded all it deserved, as well as appropriating the image of Arditi soldiers. Arditi was the name adopted by Italian Army elite assault troops of World War I. The name derives from the Italian verb Ardire (to dare) and translates as the braves. Reparti dassalto (Assault Units) were formed in the summer of 1917 by Colonel Bassi, and were assigned the tactical...

In 1922 Mussolini temporarily occupied Corfu, starting the irredentism on the Ionian islands of Greece. Mussolini even promoted actively the irredentism of the islands around the Kingdom of Italy - through the Maltese Italians, Corfiot Italians and Corsican Italians - in order to control the Mediterranean sea (that he called Italian Mare Nostrum). This article is about the Greek island Kerkyra known in English as Corfu or Corcyra. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... There have been several entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. ... The Maltese Italian Enrico Mizzi (1885-1950), former leader of the Nationalist Party and Prime Minister of Malta Maltese Italians are the people of Malta who wanted the unification to Italy of the Maltese islands, following the Italian Irredentism ideals. ... The typical genoese architecture of Bastia, capital of Corsica during the five centuries of the Republic of Genoa domination Corsican Italians are the Italian speaking populations of the island of Corsica (Corse in French), who promoted the union of Corsica to Italy. ... Greatest extent of Italian control of the Mediterranean littoral and seas (within green line & dots) in summer/fall 1942. ...

World War 2

During World War II, large parts of Dalmatia were annexed to Italy, in the Governatorato di Dalmazia from 1941 to 1943. Even Corsica and Nizzardo were administratively annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in November 1942. Malta was heavily bombed but was not occupied because a planned invasion by Italo-German forces was delayed in 1942 and never done.
There have been several entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. ...

After Italy's capitulation in 1943, areas formerly under Italian control in Istria and Venezia Giulia were conquered for short period by Tito's partisans and the first massacres of Italians (in the Foibes) happened. Shortly afterwards these areas were occupied by the German Wehrmacht, that bloodily suppressed the partisans' rule, especially on Istrian peninsula. The straight-armed Balkenkreuz, a stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Wehrmacht. ...

After 1945, about 350,000 persons opted to leave to Italy.^[1] The "disappearance" of the Italian speaking populations in Istria and Dalmatia was nearly complete after World War II.[4].

Italian irredentism today

Some Croatian and Slovenian organizations and institutions complain that Italy - in their opinions - openly propagates irredentistic ideas even in the 21st century, which often causes sharp reactions of Croatian and Slovenian officials.
Here is a list of the most relevant episodes in recent years:

• Vicepresident of Italian government, Gianfranco Fini, told to Croatian journalists on 51. gathering of the association of the Italians who went away from Yugoslavia after WWII, in Senigallia, that "...from the son of an Italian from Rijeka...I've first time learned that those areas were and are Italian, but not just because of that that in certain historical moment our armies have planted Italians there. That country was Venetian, and before that Roman".^[2] Instead of issuing an official denial of those words, Carlo Giovanardi, minister for the relations with Parliament in Berlusconi's government, coldly confirmed Fini's words, saying "...that he told the truth".^[3]
• On 52. gathering of the same association, Carlo Giovanardi also told in 2005, that "Italy'll execute cultural, economical and touristic invasion in order to 'reconstruct the Italianhood of Dalmatia' ", while participating on round table, together with neofascist and irredentist persons, discussing about the topic "Italy and Dalmatia today and tomorrow" (note: organizers intentionally evade the noun "Croatia" in title).^[4] Giovanardi later declared that he had been misunderstood.^[5]
  
• Roberto Menia, a deputy of Alleanza Nazionale in Italian Parliament, has been regularly verbally attacking institutions of Italians from Croatia (especially Italian Union) and its leaders and honorable persons (publicist and writer Giacomo Scotti was favourite target of those attacks), calling them as titoists, traitors and slavocommunists, although those persons and institutions were keeping the culture of Croatian Italians alive. Menia also supported the etiquette, told by Italian consul in Rijeka, Roberto Pietrosanto, in which Pietrosanto called those institutions as fifthcolumnist.^[6]
  
• Alleanza Nazionale has often claimed that Italy paid too much for her defeat in WWII, repeating that "Dalmatia was stolen to Italy".
• In 2005, Menia has told, that "when Croatia joins EU, Italy will return to Istria, Fiume  [he used the Italian name of Rijeka ] and Dalmatia".^[4]
  
• In 2001, Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi gave the golden medal (for the aerial bombings endured during WWII) to the last Italian administration of Zara (today Zadar, Croatia), represented by its Gonfalone, which is currently owned by the association "Free municipality of Zara in exile". Croatian authorities complained that he was awarding a fascist institution, although the motivations for the golden medal explicitly recalled the contribution of the city to the Resistance against Fascism. The motivations were contested by several Italian right wing associations, such as the same "Free municipality of Zara in exile" and the Lega Nazionale.^[7]
  
• In February 2007 (on "Foibe Memorial Day"), Italian President Giorgio Napolitano gave a statement in which he used phrases like "one of the barbarhoods of the century", "movement of hate and bloodthirsty rage", "Slavic annectionist project", when speaking about the Foibe massacres.^[8] The European Commission did not comment on this event, but did comment (and partly condemn) the response by Croatian president Stjepan Mesić, when he said that "it's impossible not to see in Napolitano's statements traces of open racism, historical revisionism and political revanchism", asking for toning down and warned the Croatian President "not to use too sharp phrases".^[9]
• On December 12, 2007, the Italian post office issued a stamp with a photo of the Croatian city of Rijeka and with the text "Rijeka - eastern land once part of Italy" ("Fiume-terra orientale già italiana").^[10][11] The same sources declared that the severeness of this act could seen in use of prepositions and adjectives - adfirming that "già italiana" could also mean "already Italian". The word "già" is usually translated as "already" but according to Italian syntaxis the correct meaning in this case is only "previously Italian". The stamp was printed in 3.5 million of copies. [5] [6], but was not delivered to the public by the Italian Post Office in order to forestall a possible diplomatic crisis with Croatian and Slovenian authorities.[7]
• Napolitano's statement in Feb 2008 (on "Foibe Memorial Day"), in which he reconfirmed his statements from 2007, and called Mesić's reactions from 2007 as "unjustified", caused sharp reaction from the Office of the Croatian President Stipe Mesić on 11 Feb 2008, in which it was said, that as a reaction to this Napolitano's statement, there's no need to change any word from Mesić's last year's reaction.^[9][12][13]

Gianfranco Fini Gianfranco Fini (born January 3, 1952 in Bologna) is an Italian politician, currently Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister in the Government led by Silvio Berlusconi. ... Carlo Amedeo Giovanardi (Modena, 15 January 1950) is an Italian politician. ... The National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale) is a right-wing Italian party, formed from most of the former Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano, MSI) and conservative elements of the former Christian Democrats, the National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) was created in 1994. ... Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 9 December 1920 in Livorno) is an Italian politician and banker who has been both Prime Minister of Italy and President of the Italian Republic. ... For other uses, see Zadar (disambiguation). ... Gonfalone with coat of arms of the Italian comune of Montebuono. ... Partisans parading in Milan The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. // After Italys capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Italian resistance movement became massive. ... Location of some of the foibe where killings took place Foibe massacres were mass killings attributed to Yugoslav Partisans during and shortly after World War II against Italians. ... Stjepan Stipe Mesić (born December 24, 1934) is a Croatian politician. ... Rijeka (in local Croatian dialects Rika and Reka; Fiume in Italian and Hungarian. ... Stjepan Mesić (born December 24, 1934) has been the President of the Republic of Croatia since 2000. ...

Dalmatia: a case of Italian Irredentism

The linguist Matteo Bartoli calculated that the Italians were nearly 30% of the Dalmatian population at the beginning of the Napoleonic wars,^[14] while currently there are only 300 Italians in Croatian Dalmatia and 500 Italians in coastal Montenegro. Bartoli's evaluation was followed with other claims such as 25% in 1814/1815 (according to a census done by the french Auguste De Marmont, governor-general of the napoleonic Illyrian provinces) and, 3 years later, around 70,000 of Italians in a total of 301,000 people living in Austrian Dalmatia. Matteo Giulio Bartoli (22 November 1873, Albona dIstria, Austria-Hungary – 23 January 1946 Turin) was an Italian linguist. ... Coat of arms of Zadar/Zara, the capital city of Dalmatia for the majority of its history (until the 1920s). ...

Yugoslav scholars (like Večerina, Duško) complained that all these evaluations were not conducted by modern scientific standards and concentrated solely on the spoken language of the population. They pinpointed that according to report of the court councillor Joseph Fölch in 1827, Italian language was in usage not only by noblemen, but also by some citizens of lower classes only in the coastal cities Zara, Sebenico and Spalato. Since only around 20.000 people populated these cities and they were not all Italian speakers, their real number for those Yugoslavian scholars was rather much smaller probably around 5%.^[15]

Italian irredentists (like D'Annunzio) argued to the above Yugoslav critics that Joseph Fölch forgot the Kvarner islands of Cherso/Cres, Lussino/Lošinj, and the Dalmatian Islands Lissa/Vis, etc. with huge Italian communities and that the only official evidences about the Dalmatian population come from the Austrian census: the 1857 Austro-Hungarian census (here) precisely showed that in this year there were in Dalmatia 369.310 Slavs and 45.000 Italians. That means that the Dalmatian Italians were officially 15% of the total population of Dalmatia in mid XIX century.^[16] Coat of arms of Zadar/Zara, the capital city of Dalmatia for the majority of its history (until the 1920s). ...

The last bastion of Italian presence in Dalmatia was the city of Zara (now Zadar). In the Habsburg empire census of 1910 the city of Zara had an Italian population of 9,318 (or 69,3% out of the total of 13,438 inhabitants). Zara population grew to 24,100 inhabitants, of which 20,300 Italians, when was in 1942 the capital of the Governatorato di Dalmazia (the "Governatorate" fulfilled the aspirations of the Italian Irredentism in the Adriatic).

Then came the surrender of Italy in September 1943 and for the Italians of Zara started a terrible period of time, that made their city to be called the Italian Dresden. This article is about the city in Germany. ...

In 1943 Tito, pretending the town was an important supply center for the German divisions in Yugoslavia, persuaded the Allies of its military importance. The Anglo-Americans, between November 2, 1943 and October 31, 1944, razed it to the ground with fifty-four bombardments. At least 2,000 people were buried beneath the rubble. About 10-12,000 people had taken refuge in Trieste. Slightly over one thousand reached Apulia. Tito’s partisans entered Zara on October 31, 1944, and 138 people were shot, killed or drowned.^[17] Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

With the Peace Treaty of 1947, the Italians still living in Zara - no more than three thousands - were granted by Tito the opportunity to choose to become Italian citizens but with the obligation to take up residence in Italy. Actually, after WWII and the Italian exodus from Dalmatia there are only 100 Dalmatian Italians in this city. Italians in Istria in 1910. ...

Italians in Irredent territories around Italy

The Italians of Italia irredenta, living in the areas not included in the Kingdom of Italy after the 1861 Unification of Italy, were in eight regions (where Irredentism took place vehemently, mainly during the Fascist period): There have been several entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

1) Istrian Italians in Istria-Venezia Giulia
2) Dalmatian Italians in Dalmatia
3) Corfiot Italians in Corfu and Ionian islands
4) Maltese Italians in Malta
5) Corsican Italians in Corsica
6) Nizzardo Italians in Nizza (Nice) and Nizzardo
7) Savoia Italians in Savoia (Savoy)
8) Ticino Italians in Ticino Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... Venezia Giulia is region in the easternmost part of Italy. ... Coat of arms of Zadar/Zara, the capital city of Dalmatia for the majority of its history (until the 1920s). ... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ... This article is about the Greek island Kerkyra known in English as Corfu or Corcyra. ... The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Ιόνια νησιά, Ionia nisia; Ancient Greek: , Ionioi Nēsoi) are a group of islands in Greece. ... The Maltese Italian Enrico Mizzi (1885-1950), former leader of the Nationalist Party and Prime Minister of Malta Maltese Italians are the people of Malta who wanted the unification to Italy of the Maltese islands, following the Italian Irredentism ideals. ... The typical genoese architecture of Bastia, capital of Corsica during the five centuries of the Republic of Genoa domination Corsican Italians are the Italian speaking populations of the island of Corsica (Corse in French), who promoted the union of Corsica to Italy. ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... Giuseppe Garibaldi, the most renowned Nizzardo Italian Nizzardo Italians are the Italian speaking populations of the County of Nice (Nizza). ... This article is about the French city. ... Foncet Garden, Nice County of Nice flag County of Nice coat of arms The County of Nice or Niçard Country (Niçard Occitan: Comtat de Niça / País Niçard, French: Comté de Nice / Pays Niçois, Italian: Contea di Nizza / Paese Nizzardo) is a historical region of... Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... For the river, see Ticino river. ...

We have to include that the Fascist Irredentists, after 1938, claimed even the Quarta Sponda, as was called the shore of Libya (and even Tunisia), where was planned a huge emigration of Italian colonists by Mussolini. Those Italians were called: Libyan Italians and Tunisian Italians. The Fourth Shore or Italys Fourth Shore (in Italian quarta sponda) was the name created by Mussolini to refer to Libya while it was an Italian colony. ...

Finally, the Italian possession in the Aegean sea of the Dodecanese went under a process of italianization by the fascist governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi after 1936: many Italians families were moved to these islands, where the Italian language was declared the official language. Even if there were no irredentistic movement on the Dodecanese islands, the governor De Vecchi considered in 1940 the possibility of a future inclusion of the Dodecanese islands in the Kingdom of Italy.[8]. The Dodecanese (Greek Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa, Turkish Onikiada, both meaning twelve islands; Italian Dodecaneso) are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, off the southwest coast of Turkey. ... Cesare Maria De Vecchi (14 November 1884 - 1959) was an Italian soldier, colonial administrator and Fascist politician. ... Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[4] primarily in Italy. ... There have been several entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. ...

Political figures in the Italian irredentist movement

• Guglielmo Oberdan
• Cesare Battisti
• Nazario Sauro
• Damiano Chiesa
• Fabio Filzi
• Carmelo Borg Pisani
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Gabriele D'Annunzio
• Petru Simone Cristofini
• Petru Giovacchini

Cesare Battisti (February 4, 1875 – July 12, 1916), Italian-Austrian politician, revolutionary and irredentist. ... Nazario Sauro (September 20, 1880—August 10, 1916) was an Austrian-born Italian irredentist and sailor. ... Carmelo Borġ Pisani , born in Cottonera in Malta on August 10, 1915 and executed at Corradino prison in Malta on November 28, 1942 at 07:34 a. ... Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was an Italian patriot and General of the Risorgimento. ... Gabriele dAnnunzio (12 March 1863, Pescara – 1 March 1938, Gardone Riviera, province of Brescia) was an Italian poet, writer, novelist, dramatist and daredevil, who went on to have a controversial role in politics as a precursor of the fascist movement. ... Monument to Pascal Paoli, the Corsican hero of Petru Giovacchini Petru Giovacchini was born in Canale Verde (Corsica) in February 1910, from an old noble Corsican family with deep rooted pro-Italian feelings. ...

See also

• Irredentism
• Italians
• Italian Regency of Carnaro
• Italian Unification
• Greater Italy
• Benito Mussolini
• Foibe massacres
• Istrian exodus
• History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars
• Greater Croatia
• Greater Serbia
• Greater Hungary
• Greater Albania
• Greater Bulgaria
• Greater Greece
• Greater Macedonia
• Greater Romania
• Greater Germany

v • d • e Italian People Historical populations outside Italy Italia irredenta Corfu  · Dalmatia  · Istria  · Malta  · Nizzardo  · Corsica  · Ticino  · Savoy  · Tunisia Italian diaspora Americas Argentina  · Brazil  · Canada  · Mexico  · Peru  · Uruguay  · USA  · Venezuela Europe Germany  · France  · Romania  · Belgium  · Switzerland  · UK (see also Scotland  · Wales) Other Australia  · Egypt Foreigners in Italy Other Africa  · China · Egypt  · India Europe Romania  · Ukraine  · Bulgaria Religious groups in Italy Religious groups Buddhists  · Christians  · Hindus  · Jews(History)  · Muslims  · Sikhs

irredentism is position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. ... DAnnunzio as the Duce of Fiume The Italian Regency of Carnaro (Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro in Italian) was proclaimed as a state by Gabriele DAnnunzio in Fiume, now the city of Rijeka in Croatia, on September 8, 1920. ... Italian Unification (Italian: il Risorgimento, or The Resurgence) was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ... Mussolini redirects here. ... Location of some of the foibe where killings took place Foibe massacres were mass killings attributed to Yugoslav Partisans during and shortly after World War II against Italians. ... Italians in Istria in 1910. ... This is the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Greater Serbia is a name for a Serbian nationalist concept. ... Map of the Austro-Hungarian Empire: the lighter green shows Hungary proper and the darker green shows autonomous Croatia-Slavonia within Hungary. ... The term Greater Albania or Great Albania refers to land which is outside the borders of Albania and Albanian nationalists claim as their own. ... Borders of Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano Greater Bulgaria territory would include the plain between the Danube and the Balkan mountain range (Stara Planina), Northern and Southern Dobruja, the region of Sofia, Pirot and Vranje in the Morava valley, Northern Thrace, parts of Eastern Thrace and nearly... The Megali Idea (Greek: Μεγάλη Ιδέα, lit. ... A map distributed by extreme Macedonian nationalists circa 1993. ... Anthem Trăiască Regele Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Constitutional monarchy Head of State  - 1918 - 1927 Ferdinand I of Romania  - 1927 - 1930 - 1930 - 1940 - 1940 - 1947 Michael I of Romania Carol II of Romania Michael I of Romania Legislature Adunarea DeputaÅ£ilor and Senatul Historical era Interbellum Years  - Kingdom... Grossdeutschland (literally Greater Germany) is a term that has been used in two separate contexts over history. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Languages Italian, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Corsican, Sardinian, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Ligurian, Lombard, Piedmontese, Venetian, Ladin, Friulian Religions predominantly Roman Catholic      The Italians are a Southern European ethnic group found primarily in Italy and in a wide-ranging diaspora throughout Western Europe, the Americas and Australia. ... Coat of arms of Zadar/Zara, the capital city of Dalmatia for the majority of its history (until the 1920s). ... Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... Capital Ajaccio Area 8,680 km² Regional President Camille de Rocca-Serra Population  - 2004 estimate  - 1999 census  - Density 272,000 260,196 30/km² Arrondissements 5 Cantons 52 Communes 360 Départements Corse-du-Sud Haute-Corse Corsica (Corsican: Corsica; French: Corse) is the fourth largest country in the Mediterranean Sea... For the river, see Ticino river. ... Savoyard is a dialect of the Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) language. ... The term Italian Diaspora refers to the large-scale migration of Italians away from Italy in the period roughly between the unification of Italy in 1861 and the beginning of World War I in 1914. ... Italo-Brazilian or Italian-Brazilian (Italian: italo-brasiliano, Portuguese: ítalo-brasileiro) is a Brazilian citizen of full or partial Italian ancestry. ... An Italian-American is an American of Italian descent. ... Italian-Scots, or Scots-Italian, designates an ethnic minority of Scottish and Italian descent. ... African Italians are people of fairly recent Arabic or sub-Saharan African, and Italian ancestry, or Italian nationals of recent African descent. ... hbgi3rbtgirebt khoihwefjioeghijh tyhidss is dsoso gay italy sox shittwrtoeiuhdgouerghiroeghergjnbjhhhhhhhhjhbgi3rbtgirebt khoihwefjioeghijh tyhidss is dsoso gay italy sox shittwrtoeiuhdgouerghiroeghergjnbjhhhhhhhhjhbgi3rbtgirebt khoihwefjioeghijh tyhidss is dsoso gay italy sox shittwrtoeiuhdgouerghiroeghergjnbjhhhhhhhhjhbgi3rbtgirebt khoihwefjioeghijh tyhidss is dsoso gay italy sox shittwrtoeiuhdgouerghiroeghergjnbjhhhhhhhhjhbgi3rbtgirebt khoihwefjioeghijh tyhidss is dsoso gay italy sox shittwrtoeiuhdgouerghiroeghergjnbjhhhhhhhhjhbgi3rbtgirebt khoihwefjioeghijh tyhidss is dsoso gay italy sox shittwrtoeiuhdgouerghiroeghergjnbjhhhhhhhhjhbgi3rbtgirebt khoihwefjioeghijh... Buddhism was first known in Italy at the start of the past century under the auspices of notable scholars like Giuseppe Tucci. ... Italy is an overwhelmingly Catholic country (Catholics make up for the 87. ... (In particular, more links are needed. ... The history of Islam in Italy started in the 9th century in Sicily until Normanns invasion. ...

References

Gianfranco Fini Gianfranco Fini (born January 3, 1952 in Bologna) is an Italian politician, currently Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister in the Government led by Silvio Berlusconi. ...

Bibliography

• Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata, 1919.
• Colonel von Haymerle, Italicae res, Vienna, 1879 - the early history of Irredentists.
• Lovrovici, don Giovanni Eleuterio. Zara dai bombardamenti all'esodo (1943-1947). Tipografia Santa Lucia - Marino. Roma, 1974.
• Večerina, Duško. Talijanski Iredentizam ( Italian Irredentism ), ISBN 953-98456-0-2, Zagreb, 2001
• Vivante, Angelo. Irredentismo adriatico (The Adriatic Irredentism), 1984

External links

• Articles on the History of Dalmatia
• Articles on the Italians in Dalmatia
• Articles on Zara (Zadar), when was a city of the Kingdom of Italy.
• Slovene - Italian relations between 1880-1918
• Irredentists
• Website of the Italian irredentism (in Italian)
• Hrvati AMAC Gdje su granice (EU-)talijanskog bezobrazluka? (Where are the limits of Italian arrogancy?; page contains the speech of Italian deputy) (in Croatian)
• Hrvati AMAC 'Božićni darovi' poniženoj Hrvatskoj (Christmas gifts to humiliated Croatia; page contains the scan of the incriminated stamp) (in Croatian)
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• Slobodna Dalmacija Počasni građanin Zadra kočnica talijanskoj ratifikaciji SSP-a (in Croatian)
• D'Annunzio and Fiume (in Italian)
• Politicamentecorretto.com Onorevole Guglielmo Picchi Forza Italia (in Italian)
• Italia chiama Italia Francobollo Fiume: bloccata l'emissione (in Italian)
• Trieste.rvnet.eu Stoppato” il francobollo per Fiume, bufera: protestano Unione degli istriani, An e Forza Italia (contains the scan of the stamp) (in Italian)