The Italian War of 1521 (1521–26), sometimes known as the Four Years' War,^[1] was a part of the Italian Wars that pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States. The war arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519–20 and from Pope Leo X's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther. For the war between the Roman Republic and other Italian cities see Social War. ... Image File history File links Battle_of_Pavia,_oil_on_panel. ... Combatants France Spain, Holy Roman Empire Commanders François I, Louis de la Trémoille Fernando de Avalos Strength 17,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry 53 guns 19,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 500 dead or wounded In 1525 during the Battle... Flemish (in Dutch, Vlaams) can either refer to Anything belonging to Flanders (the Flemish nation) or to its inhabitants, the Flemings. ... The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta; Italian: ) was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population –mid-2004... The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic). ... Francis I (François Ier in French) (September 12, 1494 – July 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec (1485 - August 15, 1528) was a French military leader. ... Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet (c. ... Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (1473 – 30 April 1524) was a French soldier, generally known as the Chevalier de Bayard. ... Anne, First Duke of Montmorency (March 15, 1493 – November 12, 1567), was a soldier and constable of France. ... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Aragon and Castile. ... Charles de Lannoy (c. ... Fernando de Avalos, Marquis of Pescara, was a Spanish general who participated in the Italian Wars. ... Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier (February 17, 1490 – 1527 in Rome) was Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne. ... Prospero Colonna, sometimes referred to as Prosper Colonna, was a condottiere in the service of the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire during the Italian Wars. ... The Battle of Pampeluna (also spelled Pamplona) occurred during the war between Spain and France, in which France took possession of Pampeluna (1521), but was later defeated and expelled (1522) from Milan. ... The Siege of Mézières (1521) took place during the Italian War of 1521. ... The Siege of Tournai (1521) took place during the Italian War of 1521. ... Combatants France Spain Commanders Odet de Lautrec Fernando de Avalos Strength 15. ... The Siege of Genoa (May 20, 1522–May 30, 1522) was conducted by a Imperial army under the command of Fernando de Avalos and Prosper Colonna against the French forces defending the city. ... The Battle of the Sesia (April 30, 1524) was a battle in the Italian War of 1521 that saw the Habsburg forces under Charles de Lannoy inflict a decisive defeat on the French under Admiral Bonnivet and the comte de St. ... The Siege of Marseille (August–September 1524) was conducted by an Imperial army under Charles de Bourbon (who had recently betrayed Francis I) and Fernando de Avalos against the French defenders of Marseille. ... Combatants France Spain, Holy Roman Empire Commanders François I, Louis de la Trémoille Fernando de Avalos Strength 17,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry 53 guns 19,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 500 dead or wounded In 1525 during the Battle... For the war between the Roman Republic and other Italian cities see Social War. ... The First Italian War (1494 – 1495) resulted from the invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France. ... The Second Italian War (1499 – 1503) occured when Louis XII of France invaded Italy, capturing Milan and Naples. ... The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names,[1] was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. ... The League of Cognac of 1526 pitted France, England, Pope Clement VII, Venice, Florence, and elements of Milan against the Emperor Charles V. Categories: Historical stubs ... The Italian War of 1535 between Charles V and Francis I of France began with the death of Francesco Maria Sforza, the duke of Milan. ... Combatants France, Ottoman Empire England, Holy Roman Empire, Spain Commanders Strength Casualties The Italian War of 1542 (1542–45) occurred when Francis I of France, allying himself with Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire, launched a final invasion of Italy. ... The Habsburg-Valois War (1547–59), also known as the Italian War of 1547, began when Henry II of France, who had succeeded Francis to the throne, declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. ... For the war between the Roman Republic and other Italian cities see Social War. ... Francis I (François Ier in French) (September 12, 1494 – July 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta; Italian: ) was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Aragon and Castile. ... Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic). ... Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (Florence, 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521, Rome), Pope from 1513 to his death, is known primarily for his failure to stem the Protestant Reformation, which began during his reign when Martin Luther (1483–1546) first accused the Roman Catholic Church of... Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) The Luther seal Ancient wax seal, with the inscription D: M. Luther found in Rhone River, Germany Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk, [1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer, whose teachings inspired the Reformation...

The war broke out across western Europe late in 1521 when the French invaded Navarre and the Low Countries. Imperial forces overcame the invasion and attacked northern France, where they were stopped in turn. The Pope, the Emperor, and Henry VIII then signed a formal alliance against France, and hostilities began on the Italian penninsula. At the Battle of Bicocca, Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French, driving them from Lombardy. Following the battle, fighting again spilled onto French soil, while Venice made a separate peace. The English invaded France in 1523, while Charles de Bourbon, alienated by Francis's attempts to seize his inheritance, betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor. A French attempt to regain Lombardy in 1524 failed and provided Bourbon with an opportunity to invade Provence at the head of a Spanish army. Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community in Spain. ... The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ... Combatants France Spain Commanders Odet de Lautrec Fernando de Avalos Strength 15. ... Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia) is a region in northern Italy between the Alps and the Po river valley. ... Charles de Bourbon usually refers to one of the dukes of Bourbon: Charles I of Bourbon (r. ... Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ...

Francis himself led a second attack on Milan in 1525. While he was initially successful in driving back the Spanish and Imperial forces, his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Pavia, where he was captured and many of his chief nobles were killed, led to the end of the war. While imprisoned in Spain, Francis signed the Treaty of Madrid, surrendering his claims to Italy, Flanders, and Burgundy. Only a few weeks after his release, however, he repudiated the terms of the treaty, starting the War of the League of Cognac. Although the Italian Wars would continue for another three decades, France would never regain any substantial territories in Italy. Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese: Milán) is the main city of northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. ... Combatants France Spain, Holy Roman Empire Commanders François I, Louis de la Trémoille Fernando de Avalos Strength 17,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry 53 guns 19,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 500 dead or wounded In 1525 during the Battle... Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) has several main meanings: the social, political and cultural community of the Flemings, through its social and political organizations, its media, universities, ... ; some prefer to call this the Flemish community, other refers to this as the Flemish nation; a constituent governing institution of the federal Belgian... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... The League of Cognac of 1526 pitted France, England, Pope Clement VII, Venice, Florence, and elements of Milan against the Emperor Charles V. Categories: Historical stubs ...

Prelude

By 1518, the peace that had prevailed in Western Europe after the Battle of Marignano was beginning to crumble. The major powers (France, England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire) were outwardly friendly, pledging by the Treaty of London to come to the aid of any of the signatories that was attacked and to combine against any nation that broke the peace. They were divided, however, on the question of the Imperial succession. The Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, intending for a Habsburg to succeed him, began to campaign on behalf of Charles of Spain, while Francis put himself forward as an alternate candidate. At the same time, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire were forced to deal with the rising influence of Martin Luther, who found support among opportunistic Imperial nobles, while Francis was faced with Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, who interposed himself into the quarrels of the continent in an attempt to increase both England's influence and his own. Combatants France, Republic of Venice Duchy of Milan Commanders Francis I, Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Bartolomeo dAlviano, Louis de la Trémoille Maximilian Sforza, Cardinal Matthaeus Schiner Strength 30,000 Unknown The Battle of Marignano, in the phase of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) that is called the War of... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria Maximilian I of Bavaria This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Aragon and Castile. ... Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) The Luther seal Ancient wax seal, with the inscription D: M. Luther found in Rhone River, Germany Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk, [1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer, whose teachings inspired the Reformation... Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, PC (circa March 1471-1475 – November 28 or November 29, 1530), born Thomas Wulcy in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, was an English statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

The territories controlled by Charles V in 1519.

Maximilian's death in 1519 brought the Imperial election to the forefront of European politics. Pope Leo X, threatened by the presence of Spanish troops a mere forty miles from the Vatican, supported the French candidacy.^[2] The prince-electors themselves, with the exception of Frederick of Saxony, who refused to countenance the campaigning, promised their support to both candidates at once. Before his death, Maximilian had already promised sums of 500,000 florins to the Electors in exchange for their votes, but Francis offered up to three million, and Charles retalliated by borrowing vast sums from the Fuggers.^[3] The final outcome, however, was not determined by the exorbitant bribes, which included Leo promising to make the Archbishop of Mainz his permanent legate.^[4] The general outrage of the populace at the idea of a French Emperor gave the Electors pause, and when Charles put an army in the field near Frankfurt, where they were meeting, the Electors obligingly voted for him.^[5] He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on October 23, 1520, by which point he already controlled both the Spanish crown and the hereditary Burgundian lands in the Low Countries. Image File history File linksMetadata European_dominions_of_Charles_V_(1519). ... Image File history File linksMetadata European_dominions_of_Charles_V_(1519). ... Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (Florence, 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521, Rome), Pope from 1513 to his death, is known primarily for his failure to stem the Protestant Reformation, which began during his reign when Martin Luther (1483–1546) first accused the Roman Catholic Church of... The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire — German: Kurfürst (singular) Kurfürsten (plural) — were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Emperors of Germany. ... The Dukes of Saxony from the House of Wettin, Margraves of Meissen, inherited the first name Frederick into prevalent use from Emperor Frederick II, father of Margaret, Margravine of Meissen, whose descendants (beginning from her son) were rather often named Frederick. ... The Fugger family or Fuggers was a historically prominent group of European bankers. ... Between 780/82 AD and 1802 AD the Archbishop of Mainz, was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince of the middle ages. ... The word legate comes from the Latin legare (to send). It has several meanings, all related to representatives: A legate is a member of a diplomatic embassy. ... Skyline of Frankfurt at night is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... mary elline m. ... The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ...

Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, hoping to increase Henry VIII's influence on the continent, offered the services of England as a mediator for the various disputes between Francis and Charles. Henry and Francis staged an extravagant meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Immediately afterwards, Wolsey entertained Charles in Calais.^[6] Following the meetings, Wolsey, concerned mainly with improving his own stature in preparation for the next papal conclave, proceeded to stage a hollow arbitration conference at Calais, which lasted until April 1522 to no practical effect. Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, PC (circa March 1471-1475 – November 28 or November 29, 1530), born Thomas Wulcy in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, was an English statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Field of the Cloth of Gold , or in French Le Camp du Drap dOr, is the name given to a place in Balinghem, between Guînes and Ardres, in France, near Calais. ... Location within France The Burghers of Calais, by Rodin, with Calais Hotel de Ville behind J.M.W. Turner: Calais Pier Calais (Dutch: Kales) is a town in northern France, located at 50°57N 1°52E. It is in the département of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is... The Sistine Chapel is the location of the conclave. ...

Francis I of France, painted by Jean Clouet. Francis, stymied in his ambition to become Holy Roman Emperor, pushed Europe into war.

In December, the French began to plan for war. Francis did not wish to openly attack Charles because Henry had announced his intention to intervene against the first party to break the tenuous peace. Instead, he turned to more covert support for incursions into Imperial and Spanish territory, which featured simultaneous attacks on the Meuse River, under the leadership of Robert de la Marck, and in Navarre, nominally under Henry d'Albret, who had lost the principality to Ferdinand I in 1512, but in reality commanded by Lautrec's brother Lesparre. The operations were to be funded and equipped by the French, who denied all responsibility.^[7] But the French designs quickly proved flawed as the intervention of Henry of Nassau drove back the Meuse offensive and Lesparre, while initially successful in his advance, was stymied at the Battle of Pampeluna, where Ignatius Loyola was wounded, and was captured after his mercenary army dissolved into the countryside.^[8] Download high resolution version (805x1026, 160 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (805x1026, 160 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Francis I (François Ier in French) (September 12, 1494 – July 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... François I of France - Jean and François Clouet (c. ... Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ... Robert van der Marck, Seigneur de la Flourance (1491–1537) was a major French commander during the Italian Wars, taking part in the Battle of Ravenna and the Battle of Novara. ... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community in Spain. ... Henry II (1503 - May 25, 1555), was the eldest son of Jean dAlbret (d. ... See: Ferdinand I of Leon, the Great (ca. ... Count Henry III of Nassau-Breda (1483-1538) was a count of the house of Nassau. ... The Battle of Pampeluna (also spelled Pamplona) occurred during the war between Spain and France, in which France took possession of Pampeluna (1521), but was later defeated and expelled (1522) from Milan. ... Ignatius of Loyola Saint Ignatius of Loyola (December 24, 1491? – July 31, 1556), baptized Íñigo López de Loyola, was the founder of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order commonly known as the Jesuits that was established to strengthen the Church, initially against Protestantism. ...

Charles was meanwhile preoccupied with the issue of Martin Luther, whom he confronted at the Diet of Worms in March 1521. The Emperor, who did not know German, viewed Catholicism as a natural way of binding the diverse principalities of the Holy Roman Empire to him. Since Pope Leo X, for his part, was unwilling to tolerate such open defiance of his own authority, he and the Emperor were forced to support one another against Luther, who was now backed by Frederick of Saxony and Franz von Sickingen.^[9] On May 25, Charles and Girolamo Cardinal Aleandro, the Papal nuncio, proclaimed the Edict of Worms against Luther. Simultaneously, the Emperor promised the Pope the restoration of Parma and Piacenza to the Medici and of Milan to the Sforza. Leo, needing the Imperial mandate for his campaign against what he viewed as a dangerous heresy, promised to assist in expelling the French from Lombardy, leaving Francis with only the Republic of Venice for an ally.^[10] Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) The Luther seal Ancient wax seal, with the inscription D: M. Luther found in Rhone River, Germany Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk, [1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer, whose teachings inspired the Reformation... Luther Before the Diet of Worms, photogravure after the historicist painting by Anton von Werner (1843-1915) in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart The Diet of Worms was a general assembly (a Diet) of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a small town on the Rhine... In Christianity, the term Catholicism (from Greek: καθολικός (katholikos), meaning general or universal) has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: The whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto. ... Pope Leo X Leo X, né Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (December 11, 1475 - December 1, 1521), was the only pope who has bestowed his own name upon his age, and one of the few whose original extraction has corresponded in some measure with the splendour of the pontifical dignity. ... Franz von Sickingen (1481 - May 7, 1523) was a German knight, one of the most notable figures of the first period of the Reformation. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... Girolamo Aleandro (also Hieronymus or Jerome Aleander) (13 February 1480 - 1 February 1542) was an Italian cardinal. ... From the ancient Latin Nuntius, meaning any envoy. ... This article or section should be merged with Diet of Worms The Edict of Worms was issued by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on May 25, 1521 at Worms, at the end of the Diet of Worms. ... Parma is a medieval city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with splendid architecture and a fine countryside around it. ... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ... Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan. ... The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta; Italian: ) was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ...

Initial moves (1521–22)

In June, Imperial armies under Henry of Nassau invaded north-eastern France, razing the cities of Ardres and Mouzon and besieging Tournai. They were delayed by the dogged resistance of the French, led by Pierre Terrail, Seigneur de Bayard and Anne de Montmorency, during the Siege of Mezieres, which gave Francis time to gather an army to confront the attack.^[11] On October 22, 1521, Francis encountered the main Imperial army, which was commanded by Charles V himself, near Valenciennes. Despite the urging of Charles de Bourbon, Francis hesitated to attack, which allowed Charles time to retreat. When the French were finally ready to advance, the start of heavy rains prevented an effective pursuit and the Imperial forces were able to escape without a battle.^[12] Shortly afterwards, French troops under Bonnivet and Claude of Lorraine seized the key city of Fuenterrabia, at the mouth of the Bidasoa River on the Franco-Spanish border, following a protracted series of maneuvers, providing the French with an advantageous foothold in northern Spain that would remain in their hands for the next two years. Count Henry III of Nassau-Breda (1483-1538) was a count of the house of Nassau. ... Ardres is a town of northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, 101 mi. ... The Siege of Tournai (1521) took place during the Italian War of 1521. ... Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (1473 – 30 April 1524) was a French soldier, generally known as the Chevalier de Bayard. ... Anne, First Duke of Montmorency (March 15, 1493 – November 12, 1567), was a soldier and constable of France. ... The Siege of Mézières (1521) took place during the Italian War of 1521. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... Events January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. ... Valenciennes (Dutch: Valencijn) is a town and commune in northern France in the Nord département on the Scheldt river. ... Charles de Bourbon usually refers to one of the dukes of Bourbon: Charles I of Bourbon (r. ... Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet (c. ... Claude of Lorraine (October 20, 1496 _ April 12, 1550) was the first Duke of Guise, from 1528 to his death. ... Hondarribia (sand river in Basque, formerly known by its Spanish adaptation Fuenterrabía) is a town situated on the east shore of Bidasoa Rivers mouth, in Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. ... The Bidasoa (French: Bidassoa) is a river in the Basque country of northern Spain. ...

Battles in Lombardy (1521–25). The engagements at Bicocca, the Sesia, and Pavia are labeled.

By November, the French situation had deteriorated considerably. Charles, Henry VIII, and the Pope signed an alliance against Francis on November 28.^[13] Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, the French governor of Milan, was tasked with resisting the Papal forces and had promised to "leave nothing of the Pope but his ears." But he was outmatched by Prosper Colonna, and by late November had abandoned Milan and retreated to a ring of towns around the Adda River in Lombardy.^[14] Here the disagreements between the allies came to a head; the Venetians were unwilling to risk their forces in a full-scale attack, while the Swiss mercenaries in the French army complained that their contracts were soon to expire. Lautrec, having no money with which to renew them, convinced the Swiss to remain for a final battle before departing. On April 22, 1522, he attacked Colonna's combined Papal-Spanish army near Milan at the Battle of Bicocca. Lautrec had planned to use his superiority in artillery to his advantage, but the Swiss, impatient to engage the enemy, masked his guns and charged against the entrenched Spanish arquebusiers. In the resulting melee, the Swiss were badly mauled by both the Spanish troops of Fernando de Avalos, Marchese di Pescara and by a force of landsknechts under Georg Frundsberg, forcing Lautrec, who was now left without an army, to abandon Lombardy entirely and retreat to Lyon.^[15] Colonna and Pescara, left unopposed by the simultaneous Venetian withdrawal, proceeded to besiege Genoa, capturing the city on May 30.^[16] Image File history File links Battles_in_Lombardy_(1521-25). ... Image File history File links Battles_in_Lombardy_(1521-25). ... Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia) is a region in northern Italy between the Alps and the Po river valley. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec (1485 - August 15, 1528) was a French military leader. ... Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese: Milán) is the main city of northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. ... Prospero Colonna, sometimes referred to as Prosper Colonna, was a condottiere in the service of the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire during the Italian Wars. ... Adda (anc. ... Swiss mercenaries crossing the Alps (Luzerner Schilling) During the late Middle Ages, mercenary forces grew in importance in Europe, as veterans from the Hundred Years War preferred to continue living a soldiers life rather than abandoning the military. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés. ... Combatants France Spain Commanders Odet de Lautrec Fernando de Avalos Strength 15. ... Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... Japanese arquebus of the Edo era (teppo) The Arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus or hackbut) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. ... Fernando de Avalos, Marquis of Pescara, was a Spanish general who participated in the Italian Wars. ... Landsknechts (German, Land land, country + Knecht servant: i. ... Georg von Frundsberg (1473–1528) was a German Knight and landowner. ... Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia) is a region in northern Italy between the Alps and the Po river valley. ... Three of the main sights in Lyon, the Cathedral St-Jean, the Basilica Notre Dame de Fourvière, and the Tour métallique de Fourvière City flag City coat of arms Motto: (Franco-Provençal: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Subdivisions 9... The Siege of Genoa (May 20, 1522–May 30, 1522) was conducted by a Imperial army under the command of Fernando de Avalos and Prosper Colonna against the French forces defending the city. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ...

France at bay (1522–24)

Lautrec's defeat brought England openly into the conflict. In late May 1522, the English ambassador presented Francis with an ultimatum enumerating accusations against France, notably that of supporting the Duke of Albany in Scotland, all of which were denied by the king.^[17] In July, the English attacked Brittany and Picardy from Calais. Francis was unable to raise funds to sustain significant resistance, and the English army burned and looted the countryside.^[18] John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1481–1536) was a son of Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany and a grandson of King James II of Scotland. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... Traditional coat of arms This article is about the historical kingdom, duchy and French province, as well as one of the Celtic Nations . ... wazzup Categories: | ... Location within France The Burghers of Calais, by Rodin, with Calais Hotel de Ville behind J.M.W. Turner: Calais Pier Calais (Dutch: Kales) is a town in northern France, located at 50°57N 1°52E. It is in the département of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is...

Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, from an engraving by Thomas de Leu. Alienated from Francis, Bourbon betrayed him and allied himself with Charles V.

Francis tried a variety of methods to raise money, but concentrated on a lawsuit against Charles de Bourbon. Bourbon had received the majority of his holdings through his marriage to Suzanne de Bourbon, who had died shortly before the start of the war. Louise of Savoy, Suzanne's sister and the king's mother, insisted that the territories in question should pass to her because of her closer kinship to the deceased. Francis was confident that seizing the disputed lands would improve his own financial position sufficiently to continue the war and began to confiscate portions of them in Loise's name. Bourbon, angered by this treatment and increasingly isolated at court, began to make overtures to Charles V to betray the French king.^[19] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1604x1936, 3299 KB) Description: Portrait of Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier (cropped from Image:KarlIIIvonBourbon01. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1604x1936, 3299 KB) Description: Portrait of Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier (cropped from Image:KarlIIIvonBourbon01. ... Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier (February 17, 1490 – 1527 in Rome) was Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne. ... Charles de Bourbon usually refers to one of the dukes of Bourbon: Charles I of Bourbon (r. ... Suzanne of Bourbon (1491 – 1521) was Duchess of Bourbon and Auvergne from 1503 to her death. ... Louise of Savoy Louise of Savoy (September 11, 1476 – September 22, 1531) was the mother of Francis I of France. ...

By 1523, the French situation had entirely collapsed. The death of Doge Antonio Grimani brought Andrea Gritti, a veteran of the War of the League of Cambrai, to power in Venice. He quickly began negotiations with the Emperor and on July 29 concluded the Treaty of Worms, which removed the Republic from the war.^[20] Bourbon continued his scheming with Charles, offering to begin a rebellion against Francis in exchange for money and German troops. When Francis, who was aware of the plot, summoned him to Lyon in October, he feigned illness and fled to Besancon, in Imperial territory.^[21] Enraged, Francis ordered the execution of as many of Bourbon's associates as he could capture, but the Duke himself, having rejected a final offer of reconciliation, openly entered the Emperor's service. Grand Procession of the Doge, 16th century For some thousand years, the chief magistrate and leader of the Most Serene Republic of Venice was styled the Doge, a rare but not unique Italian title derived from the Latin Dux, as the major Italian parallel Duce and the English Duke. ... Antonio Grimani was the Doge of Venice from 1521 to 1523. ... Portrait by Titian, 1540 Andrea Gritti was the Doge of Venice from 1523 to 1538, following a distinguished diplomatic and military career. ... The War of the League of Cambrai (1508–16), sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names,[1] was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. ... July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining. ... Three of the main sights in Lyon, the Cathedral St-Jean, the Basilica Notre Dame de Fourvière, and the Tour métallique de Fourvière City flag City coat of arms Motto: (Franco-Provençal: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Subdivisions 9... Besan on is a French city, in the d partement of Doubs, of which it is the pr fecture. ...

Charles then invaded southern France over the Pyrenees. Lautrec successfuly defended Bayonne against the Spanish, but Charles was able to recapture Fuenterrabia in February 1524.^[22] At the same time, a massive English army under the Duke of Suffolk advanced into French territory from Calais. The French, stretched thin by the Imperial attack, were unable to resist, and Suffolk soon advanced past the Somme, devastating the countryside in his wake and stopping only fifty miles from Paris.^[23] When Charles failed to support the English offensive, however, Suffolk, who was unwilling to risk an attack on the French capital, returned to Calais. Central Pyrenees. ... Bayonne. ... Hondarribia (sand river in Basque, formerly known by its Spanish adaptation Fuenterrabía) is a town situated on the east shore of Bidasoa Rivers mouth, in Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. ... Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (c. ... Somme is a French département, named after the Somme River, located in the north of France. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city, as viewed from the Trocadéro This article is about the capital and largest city in France. ...

Guillaume Gouffier, Seigneur de Bonnivet, painted by Jean Clouet (c. 1516). Bonnivet commanded a number of French armies during the war.

Francis now turned his attention to Lombardy. In October 1523, a French army of 18,000 under Bonnivet advanced through the Piedmont to Novara, where it was joined by a similarly-sized force of Swiss mercenaries. Prosper Colonna, who had only 9,000 men to oppose the French advance, retreated to Milan.^[24] Bonnivet, however, over-estimated the size of the Imperial army and moved into winter quarters rather than attacking the city; and the Imperial commanders were able to summon 15,000 landsknechts and a large force under Bourbon's command by December 28, when Charles de Lannoy replaced the dying Colonna.^[25] Many of the Swiss now abandoned the French army, and Bonnivet, wounded in an Imperial attack, began his withdrawal. Bayard, commanding the French rearguard, was killed by an arquebus ball during the Battle of the Sesia and the French army retreated over the Alps in disarray.^[26] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (581x759, 34 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Italian War of 1521 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (581x759, 34 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Italian War of 1521 ... Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet (c. ... François I of France - Jean and François Clouet (c. ... Piedmont (Italian: Piemonte) is a region of northwestern Italy. ... Novara is a city of northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. ... Charles de Lannoy (c. ... The Battle of the Sesia (April 30, 1524) was a battle in the Italian War of 1521 that saw the Habsburg forces under Charles de Lannoy inflict a decisive defeat on the French under Admiral Bonnivet and the comte de St. ...

Pescara and Bourbon crossed the Alps with nearly 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July.^[27] Sweeping through most of the smaller towns unopposed, Bourbon entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence on August 9, taking the title of Count of Provence and pledging his allegiance to Henry VIII in return for the latter's support against Francis.^[28] By mid-August, Bourbon and Pescara had besieged Marseille, the only stronghold in Provence that remained in French hands. Their assaults on the city failed, however, and when the French army commanded by Francis himself arrived at Avignon at the end of September, they were forced to retreat back to Italy. ^[29] Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ... Aix (prounounced eks), or, to distinguish it from other cities built over hot springs, Aix-en-Provence is a city in southern France, some 30 km north of Marseille. ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... The Siege of Marseille (August–September 1524) was conducted by an Imperial army under Charles de Bourbon (who had recently betrayed Francis I) and Fernando de Avalos against the French defenders of Marseille. ... View over the Rhône River to North-East with Mt Ventoux at the rear Palais des papes Square below the Palace of the Popes Paul Vs coat-of-arms on the Palais des papes The Notre Dame des Doms cathedral is located in the heart of Avignon, near...

Pavia (1524–25)

For more details on this topic, see Battle of Pavia.

In mid-October, Francis himself crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army numbering more than 40,000. Bourbon and Pescara, their troops not yet recovered from the campaign in Provence, were in no position to offer serious resistance.^[30] The French army moved in several columns, brushing aside Imperial attempts to hold its advance, but failed to bring the main body of Imperial troops to battle. Nevertheless, Charles de Lannoy, who had concentrated some 16,000 men to resist the 33,000 French troops closing on Milan, decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to Lodi on October 26.^[31] Having entered Milan and installed Louis II de la Trémoille as the governor, Francis (at the urging of Bonnivet and against the advice of his other senior commanders, who favored a more vigorous pursuit of the retreating Lannoy) advanced on Pavia, where Antonio de Leyva remained with a sizable Imperial garrison.^[32] Combatants France Spain, Holy Roman Empire Commanders François I, Louis de la Trémoille Fernando de Avalos Strength 17,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry 53 guns 19,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 500 dead or wounded In 1525 during the Battle... Charles de Lannoy (c. ... Lodi (pronounced LOW-die) is the name of several places and a dynasty in India: in the United States of America: Lodi, California Lodi, New Jersey Lodi (village), New York Lodi (town), New York Lodi, Ohio Lodi, New Jersey Lodi, Wisconsin Lodi (town), Wisconsin Lodi Township, Michigan Lodi Township, Minnesota... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... Louis II de La Trémoille. ... Church San Michele in Pavia The Old Bridge (Ponte Vecchio) on the Ticino river is a symbol of Pavia Pavìa (the ancient Ticinum) (population 71,000) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its... Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova (1480–1536) was a Spanish general during the Italian Wars. ...

The French advance into Lombardy and the Pavia campaign of 1524–25. French movements are indicated in blue and Imperial movements in red.

The main mass of French troops arrived at Pavia in the last days of October. By November 2, Montmorency had crossed the Ticino River and invested the city from the south, completing its encirclement. Inside were about 9,000 men, mainly mercenaries whom Antonio de Leyva was able to pay only by melting the church plate.^[33] A period of skirmishing and artillery bombardments followed, and several breaches had been made in the walls by mid-November. On November 21, Francis attempted an assault on the city through two of the breaches, but was beaten back with heavy casualties; hampered by rainy weather and a lack of gunpowder, the French decided to wait for the defenders to starve.^[34] Image File history File links Pavia_campaign_(1524-25). ... Image File history File links Pavia_campaign_(1524-25). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... The Ticino River is a tributary of the Po. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

In early December, a Spanish force commanded by Hugo de Moncada landed near Genoa, intending to interfere in a conflict between pro-Valois and pro-Habsburg factions in the city. Francis dispatched a larger force under the Marquis of Saluzzo to intercept them. Confronted by the more numerous French and left without naval support by the arrival of a pro-Valois fleet commanded by Andrea Doria, the Spanish troops surrendered.^[35] Francis then signed a secret agreement with Pope Clement VII, who pledged not to assist Charles in exchange for Francis's assistance with the conquest of Naples. Against the advice of his senior commanders, Francis detached a portion of his forces under the Duke of Albany and sent them south to aid the Pope.^[36] Lannoy attempted to intercept the expedition near Fiorenzuola, but suffered heavy casualties and was forced to return to Lodi by the intervention of the infamous Black Bands of Giovanni de' Medici, which had just entered French service. Medici then returned to Pavia with a supply train of gunpowder and shot gathered by the Duke of Ferrara; but the French position was simultaneously weakened by the departure of nearly 5,000 Grisons Swiss mercenaries, who returned to their cantons in order to defend them against marauding landsknechts.^[37] Location within Italy Genoa (Italian Genova, Genoese (dialect of Ligurian) Zena, French Gênes, German Genua, Spanish Génova, Galician Xénova) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ... Andrea Doria (November 30, 1466-November 25, 1560) was a Genoese condottiero and admiral. ... For the antipope (1378-1394) see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII Clement VII, né Giulio di Giuliano de Medici (1478 – September 25, 1534) was pope from 1523 to 1534. ... Duke of Albany is a peerage title that has occasionally been bestowed on the youngers sons in the Scottish and later the British Royal Family, particularly in the Houses of Stuart and Hanover. ... This article is about the Italian mercenary company; for the German mercenary company, see Black Band (landsknechts). ... Portrait of Giovanni by Gian Paolo Pace, now housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of Dukes of Modena. ... Grisons or Graubünden (German: Graubünden; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ... Swiss mercenaries crossing the Alps (Luzerner Schilling) During the late Middle Ages, mercenary forces grew in importance in Europe, as veterans from the Hundred Years War preferred to continue living a soldiers life rather than abandoning the military. ... A canton is a territorial subdivision of a country, e. ... Landsknechts (German, Land land, country + Knecht servant: i. ...

Part of The Pavia Tapestry by Barnaert van Orley (c. 1531).

In January 1525, Lannoy was reinforced by the arrival of Georg Frundsberg with 15,000 fresh landsknechts and renewed the offensive. Pescara captured the French outpost at San Angelo, cutting the lines of communication between Pavia and Milan, while a separate column of landsknechts advanced on Belgiojoso and, despite being briefly pushed back by a raid led by Medici and Bonnivet, occupied the town.^[38] By February 2, Lannoy was only a few miles from Pavia. Francis had encamped the majority of his forces in the great walled park of Mirabello outside the city walls, placing them between Leyva's garrison and the approaching relief army.^[39] Skirmishing and sallies by the garrison continued through the month of February. Medici was seriously wounded and withdrew to Piacenza to recuperate, forcing Francis to recall much of the Milan garrison to offset the departure of the Black Band; but the fighting had little overall effect. On February 21, the Imperial commanders, running low on supplies and mistakenly believing that the French forces were more numerous than their own, decided to launch an attack on Mirabello Castle in order to save face and demoralize the French sufficiently to ensure a safe withdrawal.^[40] Download high resolution version (1138x775, 275 KB)The Battle of Pavia. ... Download high resolution version (1138x775, 275 KB)The Battle of Pavia. ... Georg von Frundsberg (1473–1528) was a German Knight and landowner. ... San Angelo is a city located in Tom Green County, Texas, United States. ... Belgioioso or Belgiojoso is a town in the Province of Pavia, Lombardy, in northern Italy. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Mirabello may refer to one of the following. ... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ... February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

In the early morning of February 24, 1525, Imperial engineers opened breaches in the walls of Mirabello, allowing Lannoy's forces to enter the park. At the same time, Leyva sortied from Pavia with what remained of the garrison. In the ensuing four-hour battle, the French heavy cavalry, which had proven so effective against the Swiss at Marignano ten years prior, masked its own artillery by a rapid advance and was surrounded and cut apart by landsknechts and Pescara's massed Spanish arquebusiers. Meanwhile, a series of protracted infantry engagements resulted in the rout of the Swiss and French infantry. The French suffered massive casualties, losing the majority of their army. Bonnivet, Jacques de la Palice, La Trémoille, and Richard de la Pole were killed, while Anne de Montmorency, Robert de la Marck, and Francis himself were taken prisoner along with a host of lesser nobles.^[41] The night following the battle, Francis gave Lannoy a letter to be delivered to his mother in Paris, in which he related what had befallen him: February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Combatants France Spain, Holy Roman Empire Commanders François I, Louis de la Trémoille Fernando de Avalos Strength 17,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry 53 guns 19,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 500 dead or wounded In 1525 during the Battle... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Duchy of Milan Commanders Francis I, Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Bartolomeo dAlviano, Louis de la Trémoille Maximilian Sforza, Cardinal Matthaeus Schiner Strength 30,000 Unknown The Battle of Marignano, in the phase of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) that is called the War of... Jacques de la Palice or la Palisse (1470–1525) was a French nobleman and military officer. ... Louis II de La Trémoille. ... Richard de la Pole (died February 24, 1525 in Pavia, Duchy of Milan) was a pretender to the English crown. ... Anne, First Duke of Montmorency (March 15, 1493 – November 12, 1567), was a soldier and constable of France. ... Robert van der Marck, Seigneur de la Flourance (1491–1537) was a major French commander during the Italian Wars, taking part in the Battle of Ravenna and the Battle of Novara. ...

	To inform you of how the rest of my ill-fortune is proceeding, all is lost to me save honour and life, which is safe...[42]

Soon afterwards, he finally learned that the Duke of Albany had lost the larger part of his army to attrition and desertion, and had returned to France without ever having reached Naples.^[43] The broken remnants of the French forces, aside from a small garrison left to hold the Castel Sforzesco in Milan, retreated across the Alps under the nominal command of Charles IV of Alençon, reaching Lyon by March.^[44] Image File history File links Cquote1. ... Image File history File links Cquote2. ... Front view of Castello Sforzesco Castello Sforzesco (English: Sforza Castle) is a castle in Milan, Italy that now houses an art gallery. ... Charles IV of Alençon (1489, Alençon –1525, Lyon) was the son of René of Alençon and Margaret of Vaudémont. ... Three of the main sights in Lyon, the Cathedral St-Jean, the Basilica Notre Dame de Fourvière, and the Tour métallique de Fourvière City flag City coat of arms Motto: (Franco-Provençal: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Subdivisions 9...

Western Europe in 1525, after the Battle of Pavia.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (893x1160, 225 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Italian War of 1521 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (893x1160, 225 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Italian War of 1521 ... Combatants France Spain, Holy Roman Empire Commanders François I, Louis de la Trémoille Fernando de Avalos Strength 17,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry 53 guns 19,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 500 dead or wounded In 1525 during the Battle...

Madrid (1525–26)

After Pavia, the fate of the French king, and of France herself, became the subject of furious diplomatic maneuvering. Charles V, lacking funds to pay for the war, decided to forgo the marriage into the House of Tudor which he had promised Henry VIII and sought instead to marry Isabella of Portugal, who would bring with her a more substantial dowry. Bourbon, meanwhile, plotted with Henry to invade and partition France, and at the same time encouraged Pescara to seize Naples and declare himself King of Italy.^[45] Louise of Savoy, who had remained as regent in France during her son's absence, attempted to gather troops and funds to defend against an expected invasion of Artois by English troops.^[46] Francis, convinced that he would regain his freedom if he could obtain a personal audience with Charles, pressed Pescara and Lannoy, who had intended to transport the king to the Castelnuovo in Naples, to send him to Spain instead. Concerned by Bourbon's scheming, they agreed and Francis arrived in Barcelona on June 12.^[47] The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor (Welsh Twdwr) is a series of five monarchs of Welsh origin who ruled England from 1485 until 1603. ... Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Spain and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire, by Titian. ... Louise of Savoy Louise of Savoy (September 11, 1476 – September 22, 1531) was the mother of Francis I of France. ... // High public office A regent, from the Latin regens who reigns is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). ... Barcelona is the second largest city in the Iberian Peninsula, capital city of Catalonia and the province with the same name. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ...

Francis was initially held in a villa near Valencia, but Charles, urged to negotiate a settlement by Montmorency and Lannoy, who suggested that the Italians would soon prove unfaithful to their Imperial alliance, ordered the king brought to Madrid and imprisoned in the citadel there. He adamantly refused, however, to receive Francis personally until the latter had accepted an agreement.^[48] Charles demanded not only the surrender of Lombardy, but also of Burgundy and Provence, forcing Francis to argue that French law prevented him from surrendering any lands possessed by the crown without the approval of Parlement, which would not be forthcoming.^[49] The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... Madrid is the capital and the largest city in Spain, as well as in the province and the autonomous community of the same name. ... Parlements (pronounced in French) in ancien régime France — contrary to what their name would suggest to the modern reader — were not democratic or political institutions, but law courts . ...

Charles V Visits François Ier After the Battle of Pavia by Richard Parkes Bonington (watercolor on paper, c. 1827).

In September, Francis fell gravely ill, and his sister, Marguerite de Navarre, rode from Paris to join him in Spain.^[50] The Imperial doctors examining the king believed that his illness was caused by his sorrow at not being received by the Emperor, and urged Charles to visit him. Charles, against the advice of his Grand Chancellor, Mercurino Gattinara, who argued that seeing Francis on his deathbed was an action motivated by mercenary concerns rather than by compassion, and was thus unworthy of the Emperor, consented; and Francis soon made a complete recovery.^[51] An attempt to escape, however, proved fruitless, and succeeded only in getting Marguerite sent back to France.^[52] Image File history File links Charles_V_visits_François_Ier_after_the_Battle_of_Pavia. ... Image File history File links Charles_V_visits_François_Ier_after_the_Battle_of_Pavia. ... Richard Parkes Bonington (December 25, 1802 - September 28, 1828) was an English Romantic landscape painter. ... Marguerite of Navarre (April 11, 1492 - December 21, 1549), also known as Marguerite of Angouleme and Margaret of Navarre, was the queen consort of King Henry II of Navarre. ... Portrait of Mercurino Gattinara by Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen Mercurino Arborio marchese di Gattinara (b. ...

By the beginning of 1526, Charles was faced with demands from Venice and the Pope to restore Francesco II Sforza to the throne of the Duchy of Milan, and had become anxious to achieve a settlement with the French before another war began. Francis, having argued to retain Burgundy without result, was prepared to surrender it to achieve his own release.^[53] On February 14, 1526, Charles and Francis agreed to the Treaty of Madrid, by which the French king renounced all his claims in Italy, Flanders, and Artois, surrendered Burgundy to Charles, agreed to send two of his sons to be hostages at the Spanish court, and promised to marry Charles' sister Eleanor.^[54] Francis was released on March 6 and, escorted by Lannoy, journeyed north to Fuenterrabia. On March 18, he crossed the Bidasoa north into France, while at the same time the Dauphin and his brother, who had been brought to Bayonne by Louise and Lautrec, crossed into Spain and into captivity.^[55] The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1395 to 1797. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) has several main meanings: the social, political and cultural community of the Flemings, through its social and political organizations, its media, universities, ... ; some prefer to call this the Flemish community, other refers to this as the Flemish nation; a constituent governing institution of the federal Belgian... Artois is a former province of northern France. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... Eleonore of Austria Eleanore of Austria, sometimes known also as Leonor of Castile (November 15, 1498 – February 25, 1558) was born Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Spain, became subsequently in turn queen consort of Portugal (1518–1521) and of France, also duchess of Touraine (1547–1558) as dower. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... For other uses, see Dauphin (disambiguation). ...

The final frontiers of France after the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. Despite more than three decades of further warfare, the French failed to regain any of their former possessions in Lombardy.

Francis, however, had no intentions of complying with the remaining provisions of the treaty. On March 22, with the Pope's blessing, he proclaimed that he would not be bound by the Treaty of Madrid because it had been signed under duress. Clement VII had meanwhile become convinced that the Emperor's growing power was a threat to his own position in Italy, so he sent envoys to Francis and Henry VIII suggesting an alliance against Charles.^[56] In May, Francis and the Pope launched the War of the League of Cognac in an attempt to reclaim the territory the French had lost. This would prove unsuccessful, but Francis, and his successor, Henry II of France, would continue to assert their claims to Milan through the remainder of the Italian Wars, only relinquishing them after the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1680x2188, 767 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Italian War of 1521 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1680x2188, 767 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Italian War of 1521 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis is an agreement reached between Elizabeth I of England and Henry II of France on April 2 and between Henry II and Philip II of Spain on April 3, 1559, at Le Cateau-Cambrésis, around twenty kilometres south-east of Cambrai, that ended... March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). ... For the antipope (1378-1394) see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII Clement VII, né Giulio di Giuliano de Medici (1478 – September 25, 1534) was pope from 1523 to 1534. ... The League of Cognac of 1526 pitted France, England, Pope Clement VII, Venice, Florence, and elements of Milan against the Emperor Charles V. Categories: Historical stubs ... Henry II (French: Henri II) (March 31, 1519 – July 10, 1559), a member of the Valois Dynasty, was King of France from July 31, 1547 until his death. ... The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis is an agreement reached between Elizabeth I of England and Henry II of France on April 2 and between Henry II and Philip II of Spain on April 3, 1559, at Le Cateau-Cambrésis, around twenty kilometres south-east of Cambrai, that ended...

Notes

Pizzighettone is a Italian town in Lombardy, part of the province of Cremona. ...

References

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• Hackett, Francis. Francis the First. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1937.
• Konstam, Angus. Pavia 1525: The Climax of the Italian Wars. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1855325047.
• Norwich, John Julius. A History of Venice. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. ISBN 0679721975.
• Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. Encyclopedia of Wars. 3 vols. New York: Facts on File, 2005. ISBN 0816028516.
• Taylor, Frederick Lewis. The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973. ISBN 0837150256.