Partisans parading in Milan

The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. It became massive after the capitulation of the Italian Royal Army on September 8, 1943. As military formations of the Italian resistance movement, the Italian partisans fought German occupying forces in Italy and Greece, and the formations of the Fascist Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salò). More than 200,000 armed fighters (among them 35,000 women) joined the Partisan movement. Partisans parading in Milan after the Liberation of the city. ... Partisans parading in Milan after the Liberation of the city. ... Milano redirects here. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33... The Armistice with Italy is an armistice that occurred on September 8, 1943, during World War II. It was signed by Italy and the Allied armed forces, who were occupying the southern half of the country at the time. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Fascism is a political ideology and mass movement that seeks to place the nation, defined in exclusive biological, cultural, and/or historical terms, above all other sources of loyalty, and to create a mobilized national community. ... War flag of the Italian Social Republic. ... Salo (Italian: Salò) is a small town in the Province of Brescia in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy on the banks of Lake Garda. ...

In Italy all opposition to Nazi-Fascism in the final period of the war, both inside the country and among the Italian armed forces abroad, is called the Resistenza in a broad sense. Thus, participants in the 1944-1945 strike movement in the factories of Turin, Milan and other industrial cities are considered to be a part of the Resistance movement (many of these strikers were later deported to German concentration camps as a result of their sabotage of the war effort). Italian soldiers who refused to cooperate with the Wehrmacht after the Armistice (as in Cefalonia) are considered as Resistance heroes. The Italian Republic is declared to be "based on the Resistance" in its 1948 democratic Constitution. Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Turin (Italian: ; Piedmontese: Turin) is a major industrial city as well as a business and cultural center in northwest Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the west bank of the Po River. ... Milano redirects here. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Image:Wehrmacht 20 April 1939 Birthday Parade. ... Geography The capital of the Cephallonia prefecture is Argostoli. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

Origins of the movement

Initially, the movement was composed of independent troops, spontaneously formed by members of political parties previously outlawed by the Fascist regime or by former officers of the disbanded Royal Army loyal to the monarchy. Later, the Committee of National Liberation created by the Italian Communist Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Partito d'Azione (a republican liberal party), Democrazia Cristiana and other minor parties took control of the movement, in accordance with King Victor Emmanuel III's ministers and the Allies. // Political scientists have developed concepts of different ideal types of political parties in order to better compare them with each other. ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Action Party (1942-1947) // Italian political party of the anti-fascist opposition, in the tradition of Mazzini and the Risorgimento. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on Liberty and ruled by the people. ... Social liberalism is either a synonym for new liberalism or a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from the more conservative liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... Victor Emmanuel III (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was King of Italy (29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946), as well as putative Emperor of Ethiopia (1936 - 1943) and King of Albania (1939 - 1943). ... The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis Powers during the Second World War. ...

In the end, the bands were divided between the communist Garibaldi's Brigades, Giustizia e Libertà Brigades (related to Partito d'Azione), socialist Matteotti's Brigades, and several Catholic and autonomous groups; the greater part of fighters were in the former two. Between the autonomous formations there were the Green Flames, Di Dio and Mauri, that were composed of monarchists or former soldiers, and some anarchist formations. Relations between the different groups were not always fraternal; for example, in 1945 in Porzus (in the province of Udine), Garibaldi Brigade partisans under Yugoslav command attacked and killed partisans of the Catholic and azionista Osoppo band, who had refused to accept Tito's authority and were accused of intelligence with the enemy. Garibaldi in 1866. ... In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ... JUSTICE AND LIBERTY(1929-1945). ... Giacomo Matteotti (22 May 1885, Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo—10 June 1924, near Rome) was an Italian socialist politician. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy as a form of government in a nation. ... Anarchism is a political philosophy or group of doctrines and attitudes centered on rejection of any form of compulsory government (cf. ... Udine (It. ... Yugoslav Partisan Flag The Yugoslav Partisans were the main resistance movement engaged in the fight against the Axis forces in the Balkans during World War II, the Yugoslav Peoples Liberation War. ... Osoppo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 90 km northwest of Trieste and about 25 km northwest of Udine. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

While the largest troops operated in mountainous districts of the Alps and the Apennine Mountains, there were also big formations in the Po plain; in the principal towns, the Gruppi di azione patriottica (G.A.P., Patriotic Action Groups) carried out many acts of sabotage and guerrilla warfare, and the Squadre di azione patriottica (S.A.P., Patriotic Action Squads) arranged massive strike actions and campaigns of propaganda. Not unlike the French Resistance, womem were important leaders and couriers both in the armed groups, as well as in the industrial areas. [1] The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... The Apennine Mountains (Greek: Απεννινος; Latin: Appenninus--in both cases used in the singular; Italian: Appennini) is a mountain range stretching 1000 km from the north to the south of Italy along its east coast, traversing the entire peninsula, and forming, as it were, the backbone of the country. ... The Po (Latin: Padus, Italian: Po) is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. ... German supply train blown up by the Armia Krajowa during World War II Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy, oppressor or employer through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... See also general strike, or for other uses see: strike (disambiguation). ... An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One Propaganda is a type of message aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of people. ... The French Resistance is the name used for resistance movements during World War II which fought the German occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy regime, and was a vital and some say decisive factor in the defeat of Hitler and the Nazi revolution. ...

New territorial structures

In 1944, with the Allied forces nearby, the partisan resistance in Italy staged an uprising behind German lines, led by the Committee of National Liberation of Upper Italy (CLNAI). This rebellion led to the establishment of a number of provisional partisan governments throughout the mountainous regions of northern Italy, of which Ossola was the most important and received recognition from Switzerland and from Allied consulates in Switzerland. By the end of 1944, German reinforcements and Benito Mussolini's remaining forces had crushed the uprising, and the area's liberation had to wait until the final offensives of 1945. Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ossola is an area of Italy situated North of the Lago Maggiore. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ...

Partisans in Bologna

Italian partisans in Bologna during the Liberation of the city. ... Italian partisans in Bologna during the Liberation of the city. ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ...

List of partisan governments

• Alto Monferrato (Sep-2 Dec)
• Alto Tortonese (Sep-Dec)
• Bobbio (7 Jul - 27 Aug)
• Cansiglio (Jul-Sep)
• Carnia (Jul-Oct)
• Friuli Orientale (30 Jun - Sep)
• Imperia (Aug-Oct)
• Langhe (Sep-Nov)
• Montefiorino (17 Jun - 1 Aug)
• Ossola (10 Sep - 23 Oct)
• Val Ceno (10 Jun - 11 Jul)
• Val d'Enza e Val Parma (Jun-Jul)
• Val Maira e Val Varaita (Jun - 21 Aug)
• Val Taro (15 Jun - 24 Jul)
• Valli di Lanzo (25 Jun - Sep)
• Valsesia (11 Jun - 10 Jul)
• Varzi (19/24 Sep - 29 Nov)

Partisan hanged by Decima Flottiglia MAS. The sign says "He attempted to shoot the Decima".

Stone arch bridge over the Trebbia river Bobbio is a city in the Piacenza province of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. ... Imperia may be: Imperia is an italian city Province of Imperia, the italian province of the above city of Imperia Imperia (statue), a statue in Constance, Germany Imperia constructor, a Belgian car constructor This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... The Langhe is the an hilly area in southern Piedmont, Italy. ... Montefiorino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Modena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 60 km southwest of Bologna and about 40 km southwest of Modena. ... Ossola is an area of Italy situated North of the Lago Maggiore. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Pavia (PV) Mayor Elevation 426 m Area 58. ... Italian partisan Ferruccio Nazionale, hanged by soldiers of Decima Flottiglia MAS. The sign says He attempted to shoot the Decima. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Italian partisan Ferruccio Nazionale, hanged by soldiers of Decima Flottiglia MAS. The sign says He attempted to shoot the Decima. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Decima Flottiglia MAS (Decima Flottiglia Mezzi dAssalto, also known as La Decima or Xª MAS) (Italian for 10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla) was an Italian commando frogman unit created during the Fascist government. ...

April 25

After a few months of reorganization, another massive uprising was planned. On April 25, 1945, concurrently with the renewal of the Allied offensive, the CLNAI called out a general insurrection, which ended with the surrender of German forces and the liberation of most cities. April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci were caught by Communist partisans while trying to escape to Switzerland and summarily executed at Dongo. Their corpses, together with those of high-rank Fascist officials, were later publicly exhibited in a square in the centre of Milan. Clara Petacci (Claretta Petacci) (February 28, 1912 – April 28, 1945) was a young Roman girl from an upper-class family who became Benito Mussolinis mistress. ... Dongo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km north of Milan and about 40 km northeast of Como. ...

The toll of Nazi and Fascist violence

The uprising showed to the world that not all Italians agreed with the Fascist rule and were even prepared to fight against it. Casualties amounted to approximately 44,700 killed and 21,200 wounded or disabled partisans; civilians killed in retaliations were nearly 10,000. 40,000 Italian soldiers died in concentration camps. During the war, Germans and Fascist soldiers committed a number of other war crimes: summary executions, ransacking, and retaliations against civilians were common practices. A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

Some of the most notorious events were the Ardeatine massacre, the Marzabotto massacre and the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre. Captured partisans or civilians were often tortured. The Decima Flottiglia MAS, an Italian unit under German command, is now remembered as one of the most ruthless military corps of the war. The massacre of Fosse Ardeatine took place in Italy during World War II. On 23 March 1944, 33 German soldiers were killed when members of the Italian Resistance set off a bomb close to a column of German soldiers who were marching on via Rasella. ... The Marzabotto massacre was a World War II massacre that took place in the small Italian town of Marzabotto. ... SantAnna di Stazzema is a village in Italian Tuscany where, on August 12, 1944, SS of 16. ... Torture is the infliction of pain intended to break the will of the victim or victims. ... The Decima Flottiglia MAS (Decima Flottiglia Mezzi dAssalto, also known as La Decima or Xª MAS) (Italian for 10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla) was an Italian commando frogman unit created during the Fascist government. ...

In the valley of Carnia, anti-Communist forces from the Soviet Union under the command of ataman Timofey Ivanovich Domanov were used; they were promised the establishment of a Cossack republic in northeastern Italy, to be called Kosakenland. Also, profiting from the weakness of the Fascist puppet state, the Germans decided to annex Italian territories to the Third Reich; two new regions were established: the Alpenvorland, comprising Trentino-South Tyrol and the province of Belluno; and the Adriatisches Kustenland, comprising Istria, Quarnero and most part of today's Friuli Venezia Giulia. Ataman (variants: wataman, vataman, otaman, Cyrillic: атаман (Russian), ватаман (Russian, regional), отаман (Ukrainian)) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Trentino-South Tyrol (Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige, German and Ladin: Trentino-Südtirol, official: Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) is an autonomous Region in Northern Italy. ... Belluno (It. ... Coat of arms Istria (Istra, pronounced in Croatian and Slovenian; Istria, pronounced in Italian, Istrien, pronounced in German) is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... Map of the Kvarner Gulf The Kvarner Gulf (Croatian kvarnerski zaljev, Italian Golfo del Quarnero/Quarnaro/Carnaro; sometimes also Kvarner Bay) is a bay in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istrian peninsula and the northern Croatian seacoast. ... With an area of 7844 km² and 1. ...

External links

• Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (Italian)
  • La mappa delle Repubbliche partigiane provides a source for the List of partisan governments

• Il portale della guerra di Liberazione (Italian)
• 1943-1945: Anarchist partisans in the Italian Resistance
• (Italian) The photographies of the resistance