NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Itanium

Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). Intel has released two processor families using the brand: the original Itanium and the Itanium 2. Starting November 1, 2007, new members of the second family are again called Itanium. The processors are marketed for use in enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems. The architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP) and was later developed by HP and Intel together. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... CPU redirects here. ... Image File history File links Itanium2. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... CPU redirects here. ... This article is about the SI unit of frequency. ... This article is about the SI unit of frequency. ... In personal computers, the front side bus (FSB) or system bus is the physical bi-directional bus that carries all electronic signal information between the central processing unit (CPU) and the northbridge. ... A megahertz (MHz) is one million (106) hertz, a measure of frequency. ... A megahertz (MHz) is one million (106) hertz, a measure of frequency. ... An instruction set is (a list of) all instructions, and all their variations, that a processor can execute. ... Diagram of an Intel Core 2 dual core processor, with CPU-local Level 1 caches, and a shared, on-die Level 2 cache. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconducting integrated circuit (IC). ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... An enterprise server is a computer system which performs an essential service for a large organization. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Supercomputing. ... A typical vision of a computer architecture as a series of abstraction layers: hardware, firmware, assembler, kernel, operating system and applications (see also Tanenbaum 79). ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ...

Itanium's architecture differs dramatically from the x86 architectures (and the x86-64 extensions) used in other Intel processors. The architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism, with the compiler making the decisions about which instructions to execute in parallel. This approach allows the processor to execute up to six instructions per clock cycle. By contrast with other superscalar architectures, Itanium does not need elaborate hardware to keep track of instruction dependencies during parallel execution. x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... The AMD64 or x86-64 is a 64-bit processor architecture invented by AMD. It is a superset of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports. ... Instruction-level parallelism (ILP) is a measure of how many of the operations in a computer program can be dealt with at once. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... Simple superscalar pipeline. ...

After a protracted development process, the first Itanium was released in 2001, and more powerful Itanium processors have been released periodically. HP produces most Itanium-based systems, but several other manufacturers have also developed systems based on Itanium. As of 2007, Itanium is the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems, behind x86-64, IBM POWER, and SPARC. Intel released its newest Itanium, codenamed Montvale, in November 2007.^[1] The AMD64 or x86-64 is a 64-bit processor architecture invented by AMD. It is a superset of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports. ... POWER is a RISC instruction set architecture designed by IBM. The name is a acronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC. POWER is also the name of a series of microprocessors that implements the instruction set architecture. ... Sun UltraSPARC II Microprocessor Sun UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara 8 Core) SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a RISC microprocessor instruction set architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ... Since many years, Intel names IC development projects after geographical names of towns, rivers or mountains near their development locations. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

History

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 544 pixelsFull resolution (1042 Ã— 708 pixel, file size: 36 KB, MIME type: image/png) Graphs of various forecasts of Itanium server sales over time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 544 pixelsFull resolution (1042 Ã— 708 pixel, file size: 36 KB, MIME type: image/png) Graphs of various forecasts of Itanium server sales over time. ...

Development: 1989–2001

In 1989, HP determined that reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. HP researchers investigated a new architecture called Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) that allows the processor to execute multiple instructions in one clock cycle. EPIC implements a form of very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture, where one instruction word contains multiple instructions. With EPIC, the compiler determines in advance which instructions can be executed at the same time, so the microprocessor simply executes the instructions and does not need elaborate mechanisms to determine which instructions to execute in parallel.^[4] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cycles Per Instruction. ... Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) is a computing paradigm that began to be researched in the early 1980s resulting in a U.S. patent 4,847,755 (Gordon Morrison, et. ... In computer science, an instruction typically refers to a single operation of a processor within a computer architecture. ... A Very Long Instruction Word or VLIW CPU architecture implements a form of instruction level parallelism. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ...

HP determined that it was no longer cost-effective for individual enterprise systems companies such as itself to develop proprietary microprocessors, so HP partnered with Intel in 1994 to develop the IA-64 architecture, which derived from EPIC. Intel was willing to undertake a very large development effort on IA-64 in the expectation that the resulting microprocessor would be used by the majority of the enterprise systems manufacturers. HP and Intel initiated a large joint development effort with a goal of delivering the first product, codenamed Merced, in 1998.^[4] Since many years, Intel names IC development projects after geographical names of towns, rivers or mountains near their development locations. ...

During development, Intel, HP, and industry analysts were predicting that IA-64 would dominate in servers, workstations, and high-end desktops, and eventually supplant RISC and complex instruction set computer (CISC) architectures for all general-purpose applications. This led to Compaq and Silicon Graphics deciding to abandon further development of the Alpha and MIPS architectures respectively in favor of migrating to IA-64.^[5] A complex instruction set computer (CISC) is a microprocessor instruction set architecture (ISA) in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. ... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor die photo Package for DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor Alpha AXP 21064 bare die mounted on a business card with some statistics The DEC Alpha, also known as the Alpha AXP, is a 64-bit RISC microprocessor originally developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corp... A MIPS R4400 microprocessor made by Toshiba. ...

Several groups began to develop operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, and UNIX variants such as HP-UX, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX, and Monterey/64^[6] (the latter three being canceled before reaching the market). By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, and the delivery of the Merced began slipping quarter by quarter.^[7] Technical difficulties included the very high transistor counts needed to support the wide instruction words and the large caches. There were also structural problems within the project, as the two parts of the joint team used different methodologies and had slightly different priorities. Since Merced was the first EPIC processor, the development effort encountered more unanticipated problems than the team was accustomed to. In addition, the EPIC concept depends on compiler capabilities that had never been implemented before, so more unanticipated research was needed. Windows redirects here. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®, sometimes also written as or Â® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) is Hewlett-Packards proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on System V (initially System III). ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... Tru64 UNIX is HPs (formerly Compaq; formerly DEC) 64-bit Unix operating system for the DEC Alpha AXP platform. ... The Project Monterey Logo Project Monterey was an attempt to build a single Unix-like operating system that ran across a variety of 32-bit and 64-bit platforms, as well as supporting multi-processing. ...

Intel announced the official name of the processor, Itanium, on October 4, 1999.^[8] Within hours observers referred to the processor as Itanic,^[9] a reference to Titanic, the "unsinkable" ocean liner which sank in 1912. Itanic has since often been used by The Register,^[10] Scott McNealy,^[11] and others.^[12]^[13] It alludes to the perception that Itanium is a white elephant which cost Intel and HP many billions of dollars while failing to achieve expected performance and sales in the originally projected timeframe. Meanwhile, RISC and CISC architects were making steady improvements in superscalar implementations, allowing them to break the one-instruction-per-clock barrier without using EPIC. is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... For other uses, see Titanic (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Current logo of The Register. ... Scott McNealy holding Suns new UltraSPARC T1 processor, unveiled on November 14, 2005. ... A white elephant For other uses, see White elephant (disambiguation). ... Simple superscalar pipeline. ...

Original Itanium processor: 2001–02

By the time Itanium was released in June, 2001, it was no longer superior to contemporaneous RISC and CISC processors. Itanium competed at the low-end (primarily 4-CPU and smaller systems) with servers based on x86 processors, and at the high end with IBM's POWER architecture and Sun Microsystems' SPARC architecture. Intel repositioned Itanium to focus on high-end business and HPC computing, attempting to duplicate x86's successful "horizontal" (i.e., single architecture, multiple systems vendors) market. Its success was limited to replacing PA-RISC and Alpha in HP systems and MIPS in SGI's HPC systems. POWER and SPARC remained strong, while the 32-bit x86 architecture grew into the enterprise space. With economies of scale fueled by its enormous installed base, x86 was the preeminent "horizontal" architecture in enterprise computing. HP and Intel recognized that Itanium was not competitive and replaced it with Itanium 2 a year later, as they had planned. Only a few thousand of the original Itaniums were sold, due to limited availability caused by poor yields, relatively poor performance, and high cost. However, these machines were useful for software development for the Itanium 2 processors that followed. IBM delivered a supercomputer based on this processor.^[14] Image File history File links Itanium. ... Image File history File links Itanium. ... CPU redirects here. ... Image File history File links Itanium. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... CPU redirects here. ... This article is about the SI unit of frequency. ... This article is about the SI unit of frequency. ... In personal computers, the front side bus (FSB) or system bus is the physical bi-directional bus that carries all electronic signal information between the central processing unit (CPU) and the northbridge. ... Megatransfer is a term used in computer technology, referring to a number of data transfers (or operations). ... Megatransfer is a term used in computer technology, referring to a number of data transfers (or operations). ... An instruction set is (a list of) all instructions, and all their variations, that a processor can execute. ... x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) (NYSE: IBM) (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. ... POWER is a RISC instruction set architecture designed by IBM. The name is a acronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC. POWER is also the name of a series of microprocessors that implements the instruction set architecture. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... Sun UltraSPARC II Microprocessor Sun UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara 8 Core) SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a RISC microprocessor instruction set architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Supercomputing. ... PA-RISC is a microprocessor architecture developed by Hewlett-Packards Systems & VLSI Technology Operation. ... DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor die photo Package for DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor Alpha AXP 21064 bare die mounted on a business card with some statistics The DEC Alpha, also known as the Alpha AXP, is a 64-bit RISC microprocessor originally developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corp... A MIPS R4400 microprocessor made by Toshiba. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Supercomputing. ...

Itanium 2 processors: 2002–present

The Itanium 2 was released in 2002, and was marketed for enterprise servers rather than for the whole gamut of high-end computing. The initial Itanium 2 was codenamed McKinley. McKinley used a 180 nm process, but it relieved many of the performance problems of the original Itanium.^[15] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Since many years, Intel names IC development projects after geographical names of towns, rivers or mountains near their development locations. ...

In 2003, AMD released the Opteron, which implemented its x86-64 64-bit architecture. Opteron gained rapid acceptance in the enterprise server space because it provided an easy upgrade from x86. Intel responded by implementing x86-64 in its Xeon microprocessors in 2004.^[16] Intel released a new Itanium 2 family member, codenamed Madison, in 2003. Madison used a 130 nm process and was the basis of all new Itaniums until Montecito was released in June 2006. AMD redirects here. ... The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ... The AMD64 or x86-64 is a 64-bit processor architecture invented by AMD. It is a superset of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports. ... x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... The AMD64 or x86-64 is a 64-bit processor architecture invented by AMD. It is a superset of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports. ... This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ... Since many years, Intel names IC development projects after geographical names of towns, rivers or mountains near their development locations. ...

In March, 2005, Intel announced that it was working on a new Itanium device, codenamed Tukwila, to be released in 2007. Tukwila would have four processors and would replace the Itanium bus with a new Common System Interface, which would also be used by a new Xeon.^[17] Intel later said that Tukwila would be delivered in late 2008.^[18] Tukwila is the code-name for a future generation of Intels Itanium processor family following Itanium 2 and Montecito. ... The Common System Interface (or CSI) is a processor interconnect standard being developed by Intel, as a competitor to HyperTransport. ...

In November 2005, the major Itanium server manufacturers joined with Intel and a number of software vendors to form the Itanium Solutions Alliance to promote the architecture and accelerate software porting.^[19] The Alliance announced that its members would invest $10 Billion in Itanium solutions by the end of the decade.^[20]

Itanium is not a high-volume product for Intel. Intel does not release production numbers, but one industry analyst estimated that the production rate was 200,000 processors per year in 2007.^[21]

Architecture

Intel has extensively documented the Itanium instruction set and microarchitecture,^[22] and the technical press has provided overviews.^[23]^[7] The architecture has been renamed several times during its history. HP called it EPIC and renamed it to PA-WideWord. Intel later called it IA-64, before settling on Intel Itanium Architecture, but it is still widely referred to as IA-64. It is a 64-bit register-rich explicitly-parallel architecture. The base data word is 64 bits, byte-addressable. The logical address space is 2⁶⁴ bytes. The architecture implements predication, speculation, and branch prediction. It uses a hardware register renaming mechanism rather than simple register windowing for parameter passing. The same mechanism is also used to permit parallel execution of loops. Speculation, prediction, predication, and renaming are under control of the compiler: each instruction word includes extra bits for this. This approach is the distinguishing characteristic of the architecture. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1419x1064, 62 KB) Summary The Itanium architecture. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1419x1064, 62 KB) Summary The Itanium architecture. ... An instruction set is (a list of) all instructions, and all their variations, that a processor can execute. ... A typical vision of a computer architecture as a series of abstraction layers: hardware, firmware, assembler, kernel, operating system and applications (see also Tanenbaum 79). ... Branch predication, not to be confused with branch prediction, is a strategy in computer architecture design for mitigating the costs usually associated with conditional branches, particularly branches to short sections of code. ... In computer science, speculative execution is the execution of code whose result may not actually be needed. ... In computer architecture, a branch predictor is the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not. ... In computer engineering, register renaming refers to a technique used to avoid unnecessary serialization of program operations imposed by the reuse of registers by those operations. ...

The architecture implements 128 integer registers, 128 floating point registers, 64 one-bit predicates, and eight branch registers. The floating point registers are 82 bits long to preserve precision for intermediate results. In computer architecture, a processor register is a small amount of very fast computer memory used to speed the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to frequently used valuesâ€”typically, these values are involved in multiple expression evaluations occurring within a small region on the program. ... A floating-point number is a digital representation for a number in a certain subset of the rational numbers, and is often used to approximate an arbitrary real number on a computer. ...

Instruction execution

Each 128-bit instruction word contains three instructions, and the fetch mechanism can read up to two instruction words per clock from the L1 cache into the pipeline. When the compiler can take maximum advantage of this, the processor can execute six instructions per clock cycle. The processor has thirty functional execution units in eleven groups. Each unit can execute a particular subset of the instruction set, and each unit executes at a rate of one instruction per cycle unless execution stalls waiting for data. While not all units in a group execute identical subsets of the instruction set, common instructions can be executed in multiple units. The groups are: In computer science, an instruction typically refers to a single operation of a processor within a computer architecture. ... Diagram of a CPU memory cache A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory. ... An instruction set is (a list of) all instructions, and all their variations, that a processor can execute. ...

Thus, the compiler can often group instructions into sets of six that can execute at the same time. Since the floating-point units implement a multiply-accumulate operation, a single floating point instruction can perform the work of two instructions when the application requires a multiply followed by an add: this is very common in scientific processing. When it occurs, the processor can execute four FLOPs per cycle. For example, the 800Mhz Itanium had a theoretical rating of 3.2 GFLOPS and the fastest Itanium 2, at 1.67Ghz, was rated at 6.67 GFLOPS. The multiply-accumulate operation computes a product and adds it to an accumulator. ... Look up flop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Flop. ...

Memory architecture

From 2002 to 2006, Itanium 2 processors shared a common cache hierarchy. They had 16 KiB of Level 1 instruction cache and 16 KiB of Level 1 data cache. The L2 cache was unified (both instruction and data) and is 256 KiB. The Level 3 cache was also unified and varied in size from 1.5 MiB to 24 MiB. The 256 KiB L2 cache contains sufficient logic to handle semaphore operations without disturbing the main arithmetic logic unit (ALU). A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... MiB redirects here. ... This article is about the computer science application of mutual exclusion. ... A typical schematic symbol for an ALU: A & B are operands; R is the output; F is the input from the Control Unit; D is an output status In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. ...

Main memory is accessed through a bus to an off-chip chipset. The Itanium 2 bus was initially called the McKinley bus, but is now usually referred to by Intel's official name: the Scalability Port. The speed of the bus has increased steadily with new processor releases. The bus transfers 2x128 bits per clock cycle, so the 200 MHz McKinley bus transferred 6.4 GB/s and the 533 MHz Montecito bus transfers 17.056 GB/s.^{[citation needed]} In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data or power between computer components inside a computer or between computers and typically is controlled by device driver software. ... Diagram of a motherboard chipset A chipset is a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to work together, and are usually marketed as a single product. ...

Architectural changes

Itaniums released prior to 2006 had hardware support for the IA-32 architecture to permit support for legacy server applications, but performance was much worse in comparison with native instruction performance and contemporaneous x86 processors. In 2005 Intel developed IA-32 EL, a software emulator that provided better performance. With Montecito, Intel removed IA-32 support from the hardware. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with X86 assembly language. ... The IA-32 Execution Layer is a software driver for Windows Server 2003 that improves performance of 32-bit applications running on 64-bit Intel Itanium-based systems. ...

With Montecito, Intel made enhancements to the architecture in July 2006.^[24] The architecture now includes hardware multithreading: each processor maintains context for two threads of execution. When one thread stalls due to a memory access the other thread gains control. Intel calls this "coarse multithreading" to distinguish it from "hyperthreading technology" that was used in some x86 and x86-64 microprocessors. Coarse multithreading is well matched to the Intel Itanium Architecture and results in an appreciable performance gain. Intel also added hardware support for virtualization. Virtualization allows a software "hypervisor" to run multiple operating system instances on the processor concurrently. Montecito also features a split L2 cache, adding a dedicated 1 MiB L2 cache for instructions and converting the original 256 KiB L2 cache to a dedicated data cache. Montecito is the code-name of a major release of Intels Itanium 2 Processor Family (IPF), which implements the IA-64 instruction set architecture on a dual-core processor. ... Hyper-Threading (HTT = Hyper Threading Technology) is Intels trademark for their implementation of the simultaneous multithreading technology on the Pentium 4 microarchitecture. ... x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... The AMD64 or x86-64 is a 64-bit processor architecture invented by AMD. It is a superset of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports. ... In computing, virtualization is a broad term that refers to the abstraction of computer resources. ... In computing, a hypervisor (also: virtual machine monitor) is a virtualization platform that allows multiple operating systems to run on a host computer at the same time. ...

Hardware support

Systems

As of 2007, several manufacturers offer Itanium 2 based systems, including HP, SGI, NEC, Fujitsu, Unisys, Hitachi, and Groupe Bull. In addition, Intel offers a chassis^[25] that can be used by system integrators to build Itanium systems. HP, the only one of the industry's top four server manufacturers to offer Itanium-based systems today, manufactures at least 80% of all Itanium 2 systems. HP sold 7200 systems in the first quarter of 2006.^[26] The bulk of the sales are of enterprise servers and machines for large-scale technical computing, with an average selling price per system in excess of US$200,000. A typical system uses eight or more Itanium processors. The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... This article is about the corporation Dell, Inc. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... For the district in Saga, Japan, see Fujitsu, Saga. ... NEC Corporation (Japanese: Nippon Denki Kabushiki Gaisha; TYO: 6701 , NASDAQ: NIPNY) is a Japanese multinational IT company headquartered in Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... Altix is Silicon Graphicss line of servers and supercomputers. ... It has been suggested that Hitachi Works be merged into this article or section. ... Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Computer or, informally, as Bull) is a French computer company based in Paris. ... Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS), based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware[3], is a global provider of information technology services and solutions. ... The ES7000, is Unisyss current Intel/Windows and Linux-based server product line. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... NEC Corporation (Japanese: Nippon Denki Kabushiki Gaisha; TYO: 6701 , NASDAQ: NIPNY) is a Japanese multinational IT company headquartered in Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. ... For the district in Saga, Japan, see Fujitsu, Saga. ... Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS), based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware[3], is a global provider of information technology services and solutions. ... It has been suggested that Hitachi Works be merged into this article or section. ... Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Computer or, informally, as Bull) is a French computer company based in Paris. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... A system integrator is a person or company that specializes in integrating systems. ... An enterprise server is a computer system which performs an essential service for a large organization. ... USD redirects here. ...

Chipsets

The Itanium bus interfaces to the rest of the system via a chipset. Enterprise server manufacturers differentiate their systems by designing and developing chipsets that interface the processor to memory, interconnections, and peripheral controllers. The chipset is the heart of the system-level architecture for each system design. Development of a chipset costs tens of millions of dollars and represents a major commitment to the use of the Itanium. Currently, modern chipsets for Itanium are manufactured by HP, Fujitsu, SGI, NEC, Hitachi, and Unisys. IBM created a chipset in 2003, and Intel in 2002, but neither of them has developed chipsets to support newer technologies such as DDR2 or PCI Express.^[27] Diagram of a motherboard chipset A chipset is a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to work together, and are usually marketed as a single product. ... PCI Express (formerly known as 3GIO for 3rd Generation I/O, not to be mistaken with PCI-X) is an implementation of the PCI computer bus that uses existing PCI programming concepts and communications standards, but bases it on a much faster serial communications system. ...

Software support

In order to allow more software to run on the Itanium, Intel supported the development of effective compilers for its platform, especially its own suite of compilers.^[28]^[29] GCC is also able to produce machine code for Itanium.^[30]^[31] As of early 2007, Itanium is supported by Windows Server 2003, multiple Linux distributions (including Debian, Red Hat and Novell SuSE), and HP-UX, OpenVMS, and NonStop from HP, all natively. It also supports mainframe environment GCOS from Groupe Bull and several IA-32 operating systems via Instruction Set Simulators. Using QuickTransit, application binary software for IRIX/MIPS and Solaris/SPARC can run via "dynamic binary translation" on Linux/Itanium. According to the Itanium Solutions Alliance, as of early 2007 over 10,000 applications are available for Itanium based systems,^[32] but Sun contests this number.^[33] The ISA also supports Gelato, an Itanium HPC user group and developer community that ports and supports open source software for Itanium.^[34] The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ... Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. ... A Linux distribution or GNU/Linux distribution (or a distro) is a Unix-like operating system plus application software comprising the Linux kernel, the GNU operating system, assorted free software and sometimes proprietary software, all created by individuals, groups or organizations from around the world. ... Debian is a free operating system. ... For other uses, see Red Hat (disambiguation). ... SUSE (properly pronounced , but often pronounced /suzi/) is a major retail Linux distribution, produced in Germany. ... HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) is Hewlett-Packards proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on System V (initially System III). ... OpenVMS[1] (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX[2] and Alpha[3] family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (DIGITAL was then purchased by Compaq, and is now owned... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with X86 assembly language. ... An Instruction Set Simulator (ISS) is a simulation model, usually coded in a high-level language, which mimics the behavior of a processor by reading instructions and maintaining internal variables which represent the processors registers. ... QuickTransit is dynamic binary translation software developed by Transitive Corporation. ... IRIX is a computer operating system developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... A MIPS R4400 microprocessor made by Toshiba. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... Sun UltraSPARC II Microprocessor Sun UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara 8 Core) SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a RISC microprocessor instruction set architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ... The Gelato Federation (usually just Gelato) is a global technical community dedicated to advancing LinuxÂ® on the IntelÂ® ItaniumÂ® platform through collaboration, education, and leadership. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ...

Competition

The Itanium 2 competes in the enterprise server market. Itanium's major competitors include Sun Microsystems' UltraSPARC IV+, Fujitsu's SPARC64, IBM's POWER6, AMD's Opteron, and Intel's own Xeon servers. An enterprise server is a computer system which performs an essential service for a large organization. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... The UltraSPARC IV+ is a microprocessor manufactured by Sun Microsystems. ... For the district in Saga, Japan, see Fujitsu, Saga. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... The POWER6 microprocessor is IBMs follow on to the POWER5. ... Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ... The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ... This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ...

Throughout its history, Itanium has had the best floating point performance relative to fixed-point performance of any general-purpose microprocessor. This capability is useful in HPC systems but is not needed for most enterprise server workloads.^{[citation needed]} It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Supercomputing. ...

Supercomputers

An Itanium-based computer first appeared on list of the TOP500 supercomputers in November 2001^[14]. The best position ever achieved by an Itanium 2 based system in the list was #2, achieved in June 2004, when Thunder (LLNL) entered the list with an Rmax of 19.94 Teraflops. In November 2004, Columbia entered the list at #2 with 51.8 Teraflops, and there was at least one Itanium-based computer in the top 10 from then until June 2007. The peak number of Itanium-based machines on the list occurred in the November 2004 list, at 16.8%; in November 2007, this was 3.8%.^[35] The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... A supercomputer is a device for turning compute-bound problems into I/O-bound problems. ...

Processors

Released processors

The Itanium processors show a steady progression in capability. Merced was a proof of concept. McKinley dramatically improved the memory hierarchy and allowed Itanium to become reasonably competitive. Madison, with the shift to a 130 nm process, allowed for enough cache space to overcome the major performance bottlenecks. Montecito, with a 90 nm process, allowed for a dual-core implementation and a major improvement in performance per watt. Montvale added three new features: core-level lockstep, demand-based switching and front-side bus frequency of up to 667MHz.

Since many years, Intel names IC development projects after geographical names of towns, rivers or mountains near their development locations. ... For other uses, see cache (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see cache (disambiguation). ... In personal computers, the front side bus (FSB) or system bus is the physical bi-directional bus that carries all electronic signal information between the central processing unit (CPU) and the northbridge. ... A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small piece of semiconducting material on which a given circuit is fabricated. ... A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small piece of semiconducting material on which a given circuit is fabricated. ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ... The 180 nanometer (180 nm or 0. ... The 180 nanometer (180 nm or 0. ... The 130 nanometer (130 nm or 0. ... The 130 nanometer (130 nm or 0. ... The 130 nanometer (130 nm or 0. ... The 130 nanometer (130 nm or 0. ... The 130 nanometer (130 nm or 0. ... The 90 nm node refers to the level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 2002-2003 timeframe, by most leading semiconductor companies, like Intel, Texas Instruments, IBM, and TSMC. The origin of the 90 nm value is historical, as it represents a 70% scaling every 2-3... The 90 nm node refers to the level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 2002-2003 timeframe, by most leading semiconductor companies, like Intel, Texas Instruments, IBM, and TSMC. The origin of the 90 nm value is historical, as it represents a 70% scaling every 2-3...

Future processors

The future of the Itanium family apparently lies in multi-core chips, based on available information about coming generations. As of June 2007, some information is known for the following: Image File history File links Gnome_globe_current_event. ... Image File history File links Nuvola_apps_kcmprocessor. ...

Tukwila is the code-name for a future generation of Intels Itanium processor family following Itanium 2 and Montecito. ... The Intel QuickPath Interconnect or simply QuickPath [1][2] (formerly Common System Interface or CSI in short) is a point-to-point processor interconnect being developed by Intel, as a competitor to HyperTransport. ... Nehalem is a codename for both, a processor microarchitecture and a processor. ... Poulson is the code-name for a future generation of Intels Itanium 2 processor family. ... The 32 nanometer (32 nm) process is the next step after the 45 nanometer process in CMOS manufacturing and fabrication. ...

Timeline

Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) was a software company based in Santa Cruz, California that was best known for selling three Unix variants for Intel x86 processors: Xenix, SCO UNIX (later known as SCO OpenServer), and UnixWare. ... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... IDC Analyze the Future-logo. ... This article is about the corporation Dell, Inc. ... 3DA was an alliance formed between The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) and Hewlett Packard (HP) in September 1995. ... The Project Monterey Logo Project Monterey was an attempt to build a single Unix-like operating system that ran across a variety of 32-bit and 64-bit platforms, as well as supporting multi-processing. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®, sometimes also written as or Â® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Project Trillian was an effort by an industry consortium to port the Linux operating system to the Itanium processor. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Project Trillian was an effort by an industry consortium to port the Linux operating system to the Itanium processor. ... The AMD64 or x86-64 is a 64-bit processor architecture invented by AMD. It is a superset of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports. ... The Project Monterey Logo Project Monterey was an attempt to build a single Unix-like operating system that ran across a variety of 32-bit and 64-bit platforms, as well as supporting multi-processing. ... National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA Building, 1205 W. Clark St. ... The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... The Gelato Federation (usually just Gelato) is a global technical community dedicated to advancing LinuxÂ® on the IntelÂ® ItaniumÂ® platform through collaboration, education, and leadership. ... The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ... This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ... Aerial view of the lab and surrounding area, facing NW. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore, California is a United States Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory, managed and operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS), a limited liability consortium comprised of Bechtel National, the University of... The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... Altix is Silicon Graphicss line of servers and supercomputers. ... The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... OpenVMS[1] (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX[2] and Alpha[3] family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (DIGITAL was then purchased by Compaq, and is now owned... SPECfp (aka CFP2000) is a computer benchmark designed to test the floating point performance of a computer. ... It has been suggested that Hitachi Works be merged into this article or section. ... In computing marketing-speak, the term blade designates a standardised module which one can plug in to a computer system - after the manner of a changeable blade in a kitchen appliance. ...

References

^ Gonsalves, Antone (November 1, 2007). Intel Unveils Seven Itanium Processors. InformationWeek. Retrieved on 2007-11-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Mining Itanium. CNet News (December 7, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-03-19.
^ ^a ^b Bailey, Michelle, et.al. (February 2006). Customer Perceptions of the Future of Itanium (PDF). IDC. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c Inventing Itanium: How HP Labs Helped Create the Next-Generation Chip Architecture. HP Labs (June 2001). Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Itanium: A cautionary tale. Tech News on ZDNet (2005-12-07). Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
^ Next-generation chip passes key milestone. CNET News.com (1999-09-17). Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
^ ^a ^b Hodgin, Rick (June 4, 2001). Intel's Itanium. geek.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
^ Kanellos, Michael (October 4, 1999). Intel names Merced chip Itanium. CNET News.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
^ Finstad, Kraig (October 4, 1999, 3:00 a.m.). Re:Itanium. USENET group comp.sys.mac.advocacy. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
^ Magee, Mike (October 29, 1999). Intel execs outline Y2K chip futures. The Register. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
^ Berlind, David (November 30, 2001). Interpreting McNealy's lexicon. ZDNet Tech Update. Retrieved on 2007-03-19.
^ Demerjian, Charlie (July 18, 2006). Itanic shell game continues. The Inquirer. Retrieved on 2007-03-19.
^ Morgenson, Gretchen (October 19, 2003). Fawning Analysts Betray Investors. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c Titan Cluster Itanium 800 MHz. TOP500 web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ Hachman, Mark (May 29, 2002). Intel Releases Performance Estimates For Itanium 2. ExtremeTech. Retrieved on 2007-09-14.
^ Shankland, Stephen (December 7, 2005). Itanium: A cautionary tale. ZDNet News. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
^ Merritt, Rick (March 2, 2005). Intel preps HyperTransport competitor for Xeon, Itanium CPUs. techbuilder.org. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
^ ^a ^b Shankland, Stephen (October 24, 2005). Intel pushes back Itanium chips, revamps Xeon. ZDNet News. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
^ Itanium Solutions Alliance. ISA web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ Scott, Bilepo (January 26, 2006). Computing Leaders Announce Strategy for New Era of Mission Critical Computing. Itanium Solutions Alliance Press Release. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
^ Patrizio, Andy (October 12, 2007). Intel Plows Forward With Itanium. InternetNews.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
^ Intel Itanium Processor Manuals. Intel web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ De Gelas, Johan (November 9, 2005). Itanium–Is there light at the end of the tunnel?. AnandTech. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Intel product announcement. Intel web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ Intel® Server System SR9000MK4U Technical Product Specification. Intel web site (January 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-14.
^ Vance, Ashlee (June 1, 2006). HP grabs 90% of 'industry standard' Itanic market. The Register. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
^ ^a ^b Shankland, Stephen (February 28, 2005). Itanium dealt another blow. ZDNet.co.uk. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
^ Barker, Matt (November 8, 2000). Intel Announces New Compiler Versions for the Itanium and Pentium 4. Gamasutra (CMP Media Game Group). Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
^ Intel Compilers. Intel web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ Gelato GCC Wiki. Gelato Federation web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ Documentation at GNU.org. GNU Project web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ Bragg, Jenny (September 25, 2006). Itanium Industry Announces Software Application Availability Milestone. Itanium Solutions Alliance Press Release. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
^ Sun Microsystems-Reality Check. Sun Microsystems web site (January 12, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
^ Gelato Developing for Linux on Itanium. Gelato Federation web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ Processor Family share for 11/2007. TOP500 web site. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tan, Aaron (June 15, 2007). Intel updates Itanium line with 'Kittson'. ZDNet Asia. Retrieved on 2007-06-15.
^ Markoff, John. "COMPANY NEWS; Intel Forms Chip Pact With Hewlett-Packard", The New York Times, June 9, 1994. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
^ Hewlett-Packard Company; Novell; SCO (September 20, 1995). HP, Novell and SCO To Deliver High-Volume UNIX OS With Advanced Network And Enterprise Services. Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
^ Crothers, Brooke (October 23, 1996). Compaq, Intel buddy up. CNET News.com. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
^ Dell to Integrate Merced. HPCWire (October 17, 1997). Retrieved on 2007-03-19.
^ Intel Corporation, Sun Microsystems, Inc. (December 16, 1997). SUN TO DELIVER ENTERPRISE-CLASS SOLARIS FOR INTEL'S MERCED PROCESSOR. Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
^ Lisa DiCarlo (May 28, 1998). Intel to delay release of Merced. PCWeek Online. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
^ IBM Previews Technology Blueprint For Netfinity Server Line. IBM web site (September 9, 1998). Retrieved on 2007-03-19.
^ Stephen Shankland. "Sun, Intel part ways on Solaris plans", CNET News.com, July 21, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
^ Kanellos, Michael (November 14, 2001). Itanium flunking Compaq server tests. News.com. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
^ Thunder at TOP500. TOP500 web site. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
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^ Morgan, Timothy (July 6, 2005). HP Ramps Up OpenVMS on Integrity Servers. ITJungle.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
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^ Johnston, Stuart (February 23, 2006). IDC: Itanium 2 Poised for Takeoff. ENT News. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
^ Shankland, Stephen (February 14, 2006). Analyst firm offers rosy view of Itanium. CNet News. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
^ Preimesberger, Chris (July 19, 2006). Is 'Montecito' Intel's Second Chance for Itanium?. eWeek. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.

id="External_links"> is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... InformationWeek is a weekly technology magazine published by CMP Media. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... IDC Analyze the Future-logo. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... CNET Networks, Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Current logo of The Register. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... In 1989 Ziff Davis Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the British technology news website. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... ExtremeTech is a computing website that reports hardware related news, offers review of the latest computer hardware, and do-it-yourself guides to computing. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In 1989 Ziff Davis Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In 1989 Ziff Davis Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... AnandTech. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Ashlee Vance (born 1977) is an American columnist for the online technology website The Register. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Current logo of The Register. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In 1989 Ziff Davis Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... CMP Media LLC is a business-to-business multimedia company that provides information and integrated marketing services to technology and healthcare professionals worldwide. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Gelato Federation (usually just Gelato) is a global technical community dedicated to advancing LinuxÂ® on the IntelÂ® ItaniumÂ® platform through collaboration, education, and leadership. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Gelato Federation (usually just Gelato) is a global technical community dedicated to advancing LinuxÂ® on the IntelÂ® ItaniumÂ® platform through collaboration, education, and leadership. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... In 1989 Ziff Davis Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... John Markoff (born October 24, 1949) is an American writer and journalist. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Novell Inc. ... SCO can refer to: // Santa Cruz Operation, a company founded in 1979, renamed Tarantella, Inc. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... For the Non-profit organization see eWeek. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... CNET Networks, Inc. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful publicly-known computer systems in the world. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... TechRepublic is a technology news site run by CNET Networks, and is led by Stephen Howard-Sarin, vice-president of CNET.[1] TechRepublics news articles are targeted towards professionals in the IT sector. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) is a non-profit organization that aims to produce fair, impartial and meaningful benchmarks for computers. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... CNET Networks, Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... CNET Networks, Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... eWeek:the Enterprise Newsweekly is a weekly magazine published by Ziff Davis Media, featuring editorials, reviews, labs and rumors. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since September 2007 | Upcoming chips | Intel | Microprocessors | Instruction processing Intel redirects here. ... This generational and chronological list of Intel microprocessors attempts to present all of Intels processors from the pioneering 4-bit 4004 (1971) to the present high-end offerings, the 64-bit Itanium 2 (2002) and Intel Core 2 and Xeon 5100 and 7100 series processors (2006). ... The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. ... Intel D4040 Microprocessor The Intel 4040 microprocessor was the successor to the Intel 4004. ... Intel 8008 The Intel 8008 was an early microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and introduced in April, 1972. ... AMD clone NEC 8080AF (2nd-source). ... The Intel 8085 was an 8-bit microprocessor made by Intel in the mid-1970s. ... The Intel iAPX 432 was Intels first 32-bit microprocessor design, introduced in 1981 as a set of three integrated circuits. ... The Intel i860 (also 80860, and code named N10) was a RISC microprocessor from Intel, first released in 1989. ... Intels i960 (or 80960) was a RISC-based microprocessor design that became popular during the early 1990s as an embedded microcontroller, becoming a best-selling CPU in that field, along with the competing AMD 29000. ... The 8086[1] is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel in 1978, which gave rise to the x86 architecture. ... The Intel 8088 is an Intel microprocessor based on the 8086, with 16-bit registers and an 8-bit external data bus. ... An Intel 80186 Microprocessor The 80186 architecture. ... The Intel 80188 is a version of the Intel 80186 microprocessor with an 8 bit external data bus, instead of 16 bit. ... AMD 80286 at 12 MHz. ... The Intel386[1] is a microprocessor which was used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers from 1986 until 2007. ... The Intel486[1] brand refers to Intels family of i486 (incl. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor (P6 core) produced by Intel and was originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a full range of applications, but later, was reduced to a more narrow role as a server and high-end desktop chip. ... Intel Pentium II Logo The Pentium II is an x86 architecture microprocessor by Intel, introduced on May 7, 1997. ... Pentium III logo The Pentium III is an x86 (more precisely, an i686) architecture microprocessor by Intel, introduced on February 26, 1999. ... Pentium D logo as of 2006. ... Pentium D logo as of 2006. ... The Pentium 4[1] brand refers to Intels mainstream desktop and mobile single-core CPUs (introduced on November 20, 2000[2]) with the seventh-generation NetBurst architecture, which was the companys first all-new design since the Intel P6 of the Pentium Pro branded CPUs of 1995. ... Introduced in March 2003, the Pentium M is an x86 architecture microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel. ... Intel Core Duo brand logo Intel Core Solo brand logo The Core brand refers to Intels 32-bit mobile dual-core x86 CPUs derived from the Pentium M branded processors microarchitecture (an interim step between the Intel P6 and Core microarchitecture), which emerged in parallel with the NetBurst... The new Pentium Dual-Core logo The Pentium Dual-Core brand (limited to 2007[1]) refers to lower-end x86-architecture microprocessors from Intel. ... The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intels consumer 64-bit dual-core and MCM quad-core CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set, and based on the Intel Core microarchitecture, which derived from the 32-bit dual-core Yonah laptop processor. ... The Celeron brand refers to a range of Intels x86 CPUs for budget/value personal computers. ... This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ... The XScale, a microprocessor core, is Intels implementation of the 5th generation of the ARM architecture, and consists of several distinct families: IXP, IXC, IOP and PXA (see more below). ... Socket 370 processor socket The term CPU socket (or CPU slot) is widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture. ... This is a list of computer motherboard chipsets made by Intel. ... This generational and chronological list of Intel microprocessors attempts to present all of Intels processors from the pioneering 4-bit 4004 (1971) to the present high-end offerings, the 64-bit Itanium 2 (2002) and Intel Core 2 and Xeon 5100 and 7100 series processors (2006). ... . ... . ... The Core 2 brand refers to Intels x86 64-bit microprocessors (with the eighth-generation microarchitecture, named Core architecture) targeted at the consumer and business markets (except the servers) above Pentium Dual-Core. ... . ... . ... . ... . ... . ... Intel Pentium 4 (Northwood version), one example out of a huge number of x86 implementations from Intel, AMD, and others. ...

Contents

History

Development: 1989–2001

Original Itanium processor: 2001–02

Itanium 2 processors: 2002–present

Architecture

Instruction execution

Memory architecture

Architectural changes

Hardware support

Systems

Chipsets

Software support

Competition

Supercomputers

Processors

Released processors

Future processors

Timeline

References

External links

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Development: 1989–2001

Original Itanium processor: 2001–02

Itanium 2 processors: 2002–present

Architecture

Instruction execution

Memory architecture

Architectural changes

Hardware support

Systems

Chipsets

Software support

Competition

Supercomputers

Processors

Released processors

Future processors

Timeline

References

External links

History