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Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov (Иван Матвеевич Виноградов: September 14, 1891–March 20, 1983) was a Russian mathematician, who was one of the creators of modern analytic number theory, and also the dominant figure in mathematics in the USSR. He was born in the Velikiye Luki district, Pskov Oblast. He graduated from the University of St. Petersburg, where in 1920 became a Professor. From 1934 he was a Director of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, a position he held for the rest of his life, except for the five-year period (1941–1946) when the institute was directed by Academician Sobolev. Image File history File links Stop_hand. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Analytic number theory is the branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis. ... Velikiye Luki (also transliterated as Velikie Luki, Russian Великие Луки) - city in Russia, in Pskov Oblast. ... Pskov Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... Seal of Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg State University (Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университет) one of the oldest Russian educational institutions, established in the city of Saint Petersburg on January 28, 1724 by decree of Peter the Great. ... Steklov Institute of Mathematics or Steklov Mathematical Institute (Russian: Математический институт имени Ð’.А.Стеклова) is a research institute specialized in Mathematics. ... Sobolev, Sergei Lvovich (Russian: Сергей Львович Соболев) (6 October 1908- 3 January 1989) was a Russian mathematician, working in mathematical analysis and partial differential equations. ...

Mathematical contributions

In analytic number theory, Vinogradov's method refers to his main problem-solving technique, applied to central questions involving the estimation of exponential sums. With its help, he tackled questions such as the ternary Goldbach problem, and the zero-free region for the Riemann zeta function. His own use of it was inimitable; in terms of later techniques, it is recognised as a prototype of the large sieve method in its application of bilinear forms, and also as an exploitation of combinatorial structure. In some cases his results resisted improvement for decades. In mathematics, an exponential sum may be a finite Fourier series (i. ... In number theory, Goldbachs weak conjecture, also known as the odd Goldbach conjecture or the 3-primes problem, states that: Every odd number greater than 7 can be expressed as the sum of three odd primes. ... In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a function of significant importance in number theory, because of its relation to the distribution of prime numbers. ... In mathematics, the large sieve is a method of analytic number theory. ... In mathematics, a bilinear form on a vector space V over a field F is a mapping V × V → F which is linear in both arguments. ...

Political aspects

Vinogradov was a Communist Party official, not unusual for a highly placed administrator. Some have concluded from his prominence that he must have known of the repressive trends of the Soviet system, as they had an impact on the mathematical community of the USSR, continuing into the Brezhnev era. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = КПСС) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when the Bolsheviks became the All... State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Socialist republics/ Communist state Area  - Total  - % water Largest on the planet 22,402,200 km² Approx. ... Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev â–¶(?) (Russian: ) (December 19 [O.S. December 6] 1906 – November 10, 1982) was effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ...

It is not clear, and may never be known in detail, if Vinogradov himself was subject to particular pressure from the KGB and other elements of the Soviet system to implement such policies. This being said, several prominent mathematicians have accused him of complicity, basing their judgment on his dominant personal character and the behavior of him and his associates.

According to Sergei Petrovich Novikov (S.P. Novikov. Rokhlin. Rokhlin. URL accessed on 2004-08-19.), Vinogradov began pursuing antisemitic moves in his career starting in 1950s, although having never been an antisemitist before, "while it had not been profitable", i.e., until antisemitism became a part of the Stalin terror after the World War II. According to the same source, Vinogradov obstructed Jewish and dissident Soviet scientists by requesting them secretly investigated by the KGB, trying to prevent their career promotion, directly as well as by persuading other scientists, and preventing their voyages abroad (often by secretly reporting them as "untrustworthy" to the party functioneers and KGB officials). Sergei Petrovich Novikov (also Serguei) (Russian: Сергей Петрович Новиков) (born 20 March 1938) is a Russian mathematician, noted for work in both algebraic topology and soliton theory. ... Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin, Russian: Владимир Абрамович Рохлин (August 23, 1919 - December 3, 1984) was one of the leading mathematicians of the USSR, working in the fields of topology, geometry and ergodic theory. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility towards or prejudice against Jews (not, in common usage, Semites in general — see the Scope section below). ... Historical background As waves of anti-Jewish pogroms and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the Middle Ages, a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of КГБ) is the Russian-language acronym for State Security Committee, (Russian: â–¶ (help· info); Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ...

Bibliography

• Selected Works, Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag, 1985, ISBN 0387127887
• Vinogradov, I.M. Elements of Number Theory. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003, ISBN 0486495302
• Vinogradov, I.M. Method of Trigonometrical Sums in the Theory of Numbers. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2004, ISBN 0486438783

External link

• John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson. Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov at the MacTutor archive.