János Kádár

János Kádár, né János Csermanek (May 26, 1912–July 6, 1989), was the leader of Hungary from 1956 to 1988, and twice served as Prime Minister of Hungary, from 1956 to 1958 and from 1961 to 1965. May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság) or Hungary (Magyarország) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. ... 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i. ...

Early Life

Born in Fiume, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kádár joined the illegal Hungarian Communist Party in 1931, and was subsequently arrested several times for unlawful political activities. Rijeka (Fiume in Italian and Hungarian; Rijeka and Fiume both mean river) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on the Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian: Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and was in power in Hungary briefly from 1918 to 1919 under Bela Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

During the Second World War, Kádár fought with the Czechoslovakian resistance. The Munich Agreement and the first Vienna Award After the Austrian Anschluss, Czechoslovakia was to become Hitlers next target. ...

In 1946 he was elected deputy secretary-general of the Hungarian Communist Party, and then in 1949 became minister of the interior and head of the Budapest secret police. Kádár became known as a fanatical supporter of the government and of Josef Stalin, arresting László Rajk, who had criticised the Soviet Union's attempts to impose a Stalinist style government on Hungary. See Budapest (band) for the British melancholic post-grunge band. ... A secret police (sometimes political police) force is a police organization that operates in secret to enforce state security. ... Joseph Stalin Iosif (Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 18791 – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a political leader in the Soviet Union. ... The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (СССР)  listen?; tr. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ...

In 1951 he was charged with being a supporter of Tito and therefore a traitor by the Hungarian premier Mátyás Rákosi, but was released in 1953. Global Metrics Human security Major Armed Conflicts: Total Deaths in Battle: 700,000 people Violent Deaths caused by Government (Other than War): Violent Deaths caused by other humans: Juvenile Violent Crime: Political security Nations Holding Multi-party Elections: Percentage Living under a Fully Democratic System of Governance: Free Countries: Percentage... Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation. ... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Appointed as a party leader in a heavily industrialised district of Budapest, Kádár rose to prominence quickly, building up a large following amongst workers who demanded increased freedom for trade unions, and became the deputy premier in the newly created government headed by Imre Nagy. A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... Imre Nagy (born in Kaposvár, in the then Austro-Hungarian Empire June 7, 1896, executed June 16, 1958) was Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. ...

Role in the Hungarian Revolution

Nagy began a process of liberalisation, removing state controls over the press, releasing many political prisoners, and expressing wishes to withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. Kádár was strongly opposed to these policies and began to bitterly dislike Nagy. Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. ... Journalism is a discipline of collecting, verifying, reporting and analyzing information gathered regarding current events, including trends, issues and people. ... A political prisoner is anyone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, because their ideas or image either challenge or pose a real or potential threat to the state. ... Map of Warsaw Pact member countries. ...

Kádár was a central figure in the important events after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution which saw Nagy's downfall. Hungarians investigate a disabled Soviet tank in Budapest The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was a popular revolt against Soviet influence and control in Hungary. ...

Following the Soviet invasion of Hungary and Nagy's ouster, János Kádár became General Secretary of the Communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party and the leader of the country. Nagy, along with Georg Lukács, Géza Losonczy and László Rajk's widow, Julia, fled to the Yugoslavian embassy. Kádár promised them safe passage out of the country, but failed to keep this promise and had them kidnapped after they left the embassy on November 23, 1956. the term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions, parties or associations. ... Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a social and economic system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system. ... Georg Lukács ( April 13, 1885 - June 4, 1971) was a Hegelian and Marxist philosopher and literary critic. ... The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state that existed from 1945 to 1992. ... A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one nation state present in another nation state to represent the sending state in the receiving State. ... In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the persons will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment (confinement without legal authority) for ransom or in furtherance of another crime. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ...

On June 17, 1958, Kádár's government announced that several of Nagy's reformers had been convicted of treason and attempting to overthrow the "democratic state order", and that Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes had been executed for these crimes. Geza Losonczy and Attila Szigethy both died in suspicious circumstances soon afterwards. June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Fifteen Point Programme

On November 8, at 5:05 in the morning, Kádár announced via Red Army's radio system the formation of the Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government. He also announced the "Fifteen Point Programme" of this new government: November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... Red Army flag The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya in Russian), the armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Radio transmission diagram and electromagnetic waves Radio is a technology that allows the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of light. ... A revolution is a relatively sudden and absolutely drastic change. ... In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ... Categories: 1911 Britannica | Historical stubs | Feudalism ...

1. To secure Hungary's national independence and sovereignty
2. To protect the people's democratic and socialist system from all attacks
3. To end fratricidal fighting and to restore order
4. To establish close fraternal relations with other socialist countries on the basis of complete equality and non-interference
5. To cooperate peacefully with all nations irrespective of form of government
6. To quickly and substantially raise the standard of living for all in Hungary
7. Modification of the Five Year Plan, to allow for this increase in the standard of living
8. Elimination of bureaucracy and the broadening of democracy, in the workers' interest
9. On the basis of the broadened democracy, management by the workers must be implemented in factories and enterprises
10. To develop agricultural production, abolish compulsory deliveries and grant assistance to individual farmers
11. To guarantee democratic elections in the already existing administrative bodies and Revolutionary Councils
12. Support for artisans and retail trade
13. Development of Hungarian culture in the spirit of Hungary's progressive traditions
14. The Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government, acting in the interest of our people, requested the Red Army to help our nation smash the sinister forces of reaction and restore order and calm in Hungary
15. To negotiate with the forces of the Warsaw Pact on the withdrawal of troops from Hungary following the end of the crisis

Kádár also added that "anyone not against us is with us", and that "ordinary people could go about their business without fear of molestation or even much surveillance and could speak, read, and even write with reasonable freedom". Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe. ... This article deals with democracy in its modern sense. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... The Standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people. ... Five-Year Plans or Piatiletkas (пятилетка) were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. ... In sociological theories, bureaucracy is an organizational structure characterized by regularized procedure, division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. ... A factory (previously manufactory) is a large industrial building where goods or products are manufactured. ... Enterprise can refer to any of the following: A business or organization. ... Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals ( livestock). ... Farmer spreading grasshopper bait in his alfalfa field. ... This article is about the political process. ... An artisan is a skilled manual worker. ... In commerce, a retailer buys goods or products in large quantities from manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells individual items or small quantities to the general public or end user customers, usually in a shop, also called store. ... The culture of Hungary is rich and varied, from the twin cities of Buda and Pest on the Danube, to the Great Plain bordering Ukraine. ... A reactionary (sometimes: reactionist) is someone who seeks to restore conditions to those of a previous era. ... Historically, the term business referred to activities or interests. ... Surveillance is a process of close monitoring of behaviour. ... Reading is an enjoyable pastime for many people. ... Writing is the process of inscribing characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other larger language constructs. ...

Generally speaking, all but the 14th point was in line with the wishes of the Hungarian people. There had been almost universal support for the uprising, and the 14th point proved what the people of Hungary feared about Kádár: that he was merely a mouthpiece for the Soviet Union.

The 15th point was withdrawn after pressure from the Warsaw Pact that a 200,000 strong Soviet detachment be garrisoned in Hungary. This development allowed Kádár to divert huge defence funds to welfare and let the Hungarian armed forces deteriorate. As a long-standing consequence, Hungary today is barely able to meet its NATO membership obligations. For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation). ...

The Kádár era

Though a virtual puppet of the Soviet Union, Kádár often enacted policy contrary to that of the Soviet Union, for example, allowing considerably large private plots for farmers of collective farms. Yet, Hungary was unable to back out of self-damaging events like the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia or the 1973 economic reversal which aligned Hungary with Leonid Brezhnev's stagnating USSR. Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ... Leonid Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Russian: Леонид Ильич Брежнев) (December 19, 1906 - November 10, 1982) was effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ...

As a result of the relatively high standard of living, and more relaxed travel restrictions that that of other Eastern Bloc countries, Hungary was one of the best places ("the happiest barrack") to live in Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The happiest barrack is a satirical term referring to Hungary and its relationship with the Soviet Bloc from the early 1960s to 1989 as after the communist leader of Hungary, János Kádár, had stabilized his regime, Hungary became relatively the most free among the communist countries of... Eastern Europe is, by convention, that part of Europe from the Ural and Caucasus mountains in the East to an arbitrarily chosen boundary in the West. ... The Cold War ( 1947- 1991) was the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between groups of nations practicing different ideologies and political systems. ...

During Kádár's rule, tourism increased dramatically, with many tourists from Canada, the USA, and Western Europe bringing much needed money into Hungary. Hungary built strong relations with developing countries and many foreign students arrived. The "Holy Crown" and regalia of Hungarian kings was returned to Budapest by the United States in 1979. A tourist boat travels the River Seine in Paris, France Tourism can be defined as the act of travel for the purpose of recreation, and the provision of services for this act. ... Canada is a sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. ... The word Usa has more than one meaning: U.S.A. - The United States of America Usa, Oita - A city in Japan This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ...

Deposition and Death

János Kádár held power in Hungary until 1988, when Communism began to collapse and his own ill-health intervened. He was removed from the Politburo and replaced as General Secretary by Prime Minister Károly Grósz in May 1988, being named instead to the powerless ceremonial position of Party President. In early 1989, as Grósz in turn was being sidelined by more progressive elements, Kádár, now visibly senile, was removed completely from political office, dying not long afterwards. Kádár was generally known as one of the more moderate East European Communist leaders, although he nevertheless supported the Warsaw Pact suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, and the Hungarian secret police nonetheless kept many Hungarians living in a state of fear, and arrested more than 10,000 people. Dementia (from Latin demens) is progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal aging. ... Map of Warsaw Pact member countries. ... This article refers to a period of history of Czechoslovakia in 1968. ...

A barbed wire fence at the Austrian border built in 1968 also restricted emigration. Modern barbed Wire Barbed wire is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s). ... The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. ... Emigration is the action and the phenomenon of leaving ones native country to settle abroad. ...

As of 1993, the hammer and sickle and the five armed red star, along with the swastika, SS rune and arrow cross, were banned in Hungary. This law is currently being challenged in EU court, due to its perceived arbitrary nature with regards to communist symbols. Hammer and sickle on the Soviet flag, together with the Red Star The hammer and sickle is a symbol used to represent Communism and Communist political parties. ... For alternate meanings see star (disambiguation) Hundreds of stars are visible in this image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of the Sagittarius Star Cloud in the Milky Way Galaxy. ... The swastika is a cross with its arms 90° to either right or left. ... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... Categories: Symbols | Stub ... The European Union or EU is an intergovernmental organisation of European countries, which currently has 25 member states. ...

The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád. ... Imre Nagy (born in Kaposvár, in the then Austro-Hungarian Empire June 7, 1896, executed June 16, 1958) was Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Hungary: Prime Ministers of Hungary, 1848-1849 Count Lajos Batthyány: 17 March - 2 October 1848 Baron Ádám Récsey: 3 October - 26 November 1848 Lajos Kossuth: 26 November 1848 - 11 August 1849 Bertalan Szemere: 11 August - 13 August 1849 Prime Ministers of Hungary... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Hungary: Prime Ministers of Hungary, 1848-1849 Count Lajos Batthyány: 17 March - 2 October 1848 Baron Ádám Récsey: 3 October - 26 November 1848 Lajos Kossuth: 26 November 1848 - 11 August 1849 Bertalan Szemere: 11 August - 13 August 1849 Prime Ministers of Hungary...