Jèrriais literature is literature in Jèrriais. Literature is literally an acquaintance with letters as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning an individual written character (letter)). The term has, however, generally come to identify a collection of texts. ... Jèrriais is a form of Norman language spoken in Jersey in the Channel Islands. ...

The literary tradition in Jersey is traced back to Wace, the 12th century Jersey-born poet, although there is little surviving literature in Jèrriais dating to before the introduction of the first printing press in Jersey in the 1780s. The first printed Jèrriais appears in the first newspapers at the end of the 18th century, and the earliest identified dated example of printed poetry is a fragment by Matchi L’Gé (Matthew Le Geyt 1777-1849) dated 1795. New Jersey and Jersey (disambiguation). ... Wace (c. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Printing is an industrial process for reproducing copies of texts and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. ... Events and Trends 1787 United States Constitution 1788 Great Britain established the prison colony of New South Wales in Australia. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... Events The Cornish language died out 2nd edition of Encyclopædia Britannica published January 3 - American general George Washington defeats British general Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Events January 16 - French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands. ...

An astonishing boom in competing newspapers and journals throughout the 19th century provided a platform for poets and writers to publish regularly - typically, satirical comment on the week’s news, elections, politicians and notables. Annual almanacs (up until 1958) reprinted favourite poems and stories that had appeared throughout the year, or specially composed pieces. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Satire is a literary technique of writing or art which principally ridicules its subject (individuals, organizations, states) often as an intended means of provoking or preventing change. ... Elections in Jersey gives information on election and election results in Jersey. ... The Government of the Bailiwick of Jersey, the nation being a crown dependency of the United Kingdom, is composed of the Queen of the United Kingdom, the Lieutenant Governor, the Bailiff, the Assembly of States and various other bodies and officers. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The copious Dgèrnésiais poetry published in Guernsey by George Métivier (nicknamed the "Guernsey Burns") from around 1818 inspired similar literary activity in Jersey. The international interest in Robert Burns's Scots poetry provided the background to a conscious effort by Channel Island writers to promote vernacular literature. Dgèrnésiais tops this list of welcome messages at Guernseys tourism office in St. ... For the garment with this name, see guernsey. ... 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Robert Burns, preeminent Scottish poet Robert Burns (January 25, 1759 – July 21, 1796) is the best known of the poets who have written in Lowland Scots. ... Scots (or Lallans, meaning Lowlands), properly Lowland Scots, is used in Lowland Scotland, as well as parts of Northern Ireland and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known in official circles as Ulster Scots or Ullans but by speakers simply as Scotch or Scots. On the... Alternative meaning: Channel Islands of California The Channel Islands are a group of islands off the coast of Normandy, France, in the English Channel. ... Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular - the speech of the common people. ...

The first printed anthology of Jèrriais poetry, Rimes Jersiaises, was published in 1865. It collected works by Matthew Le Geyt, “Laelius” (Sir Robert Pipon Marett 1820 - 1884, Bailiff of Jersey 1880 - 1884), "L." (Henri-Luce Manuel), Esther Le Hardy, and "L'Anmîn Flip" (Philippe Asplet). Some Dgèrnésiais is also included in the form of mutual tributes in verse between Laelius and George Métivier. 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... In the Channel Islands of Guernsey the Bailiff is the first civil officer, serving as president of the legislature and the Royal Court. ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ...

Sir Robert Pipon Marett’s prestige and influence also helped to reinforce the movement towards standardisation of the writing system based on French orthography, a trend which was also helped by the nascent Norman literary revival in the neighbouring Cotentin area of mainland Normandy where writers, inspired by the example of the Norman writers of Jersey and Guernsey, began their own production of literary works. The orthography of a language is the set of rules of how to write correctly in the writing system of a language. ... The Norman language is a Romance language, one of the Oïl languages. ... The Cotentin Peninsula juts out into the English Channel from Normandy towards England, forming part of the north-west coast of France. ... Mont Saint Michel is a historic pilgrimage site and a symbol of Normandy Normandy is a former country (a Duchy) situated in northern France occupying the lower Seine area (upper or Haute-Normandie) and the region to the west (lower or Basse-Normandie) as far as the Cotentin Peninsula. ...

François-Victor Hugo reproduced an extract from Laelius's "La Fille Malade" in his "La Normandie inconnue", which spread awareness of Jèrriais literature far beyond Jersey but which overstated Laelius's literary influence in Jersey as Sir Robert Pipon Marett's literary production dwindled as he took on high office. Laelius is the most quoted poet from this period and the most popular in mainland Normandy, most probably because of his familiarity with and fidelity to French classical models, as well as the fact that his writing is generally less satirical than his contemporaries and therefore requires less knowledge of Jersey institutions, events and personalities.

Other influential writers include “A.A.L.G.” (Augustus Aspley Le Gros 1840 - 1877) and "St.-Luorenchais" (Philippe Langlois 18?? - 1884). 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ...

Le Gros was among the first generation to be educated at Victoria College, the school founded by the States of Jersey on the model of English public schools. Although he trained for the law, he became a farmer by profession, and moved into politics, being elected Constable of St. Peter and eventually Jurat. He was a founder of the Société Jersiaise. He wrote poetry in English, two volumes of which were published in London in 1863 and 1868, but was most devoted to poetry in Jèrriais. He edited an annual literary anthology called "La Nouvelle Année", dedicated to the Norman literature of Jersey and Guernsey, between 1868 and 1875. A public school, in common English usage, is a (usually) prestigious school which charges fees and is not financed by the state. ... United Kingdom A Constable is a police officer in Britain and most countries with a British colonial history (now mostly members of the Commonwealth of Nations). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... London — containing the City of London — is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England and a major world city. With over seven million inhabitants (Londoners) in Greater London area, it is amongst the most densely populated areas in Western Europe. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

The de Faye sisters, Mathilda (born 1846, who wrote under the nom de plume Georgie) and Alice (born 1849, who wrote under the nom de plume Livonia), wrote mostly about the social scene, with an interest in fashion, novelties and social events. 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A pen name or nom de plume is a pseudonym adopted by an author. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Philippe Le Sueur Mourant (1848–1918) wrote under several pseudonyms. His first great success was with the character Bram Bilo, a self-important but naïve countryside notable. Having eventually killed off his best-known character, in 1911 he launched a new series of articles in newspapers relating the adventures and opinions of the Pain family, newly moved to Saint Helier and its anglicized society and fashionable entertainments. The Bram Bilo stories remained more popular, being reprinted a number of times since. They were also translated into Dgèrnésiais by Thomas Grut in the 1920s and published in La Gazette de Guernesey. 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Helier is one of the twelve parishes and the largest town on Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. ... Anglicisation is a process of making something English. ... Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years: 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Referred to as the Roaring 20s. ...

John Linwood Pitts published two volumes entitled Patois Poems of the Channel Islands (from 1883) that included poems by A.A. Le Gros, Laelius, Philippe Asplet, Philippe Langlois, and Henri-Luce Manuel – all with parallel English verse translations. Events January January 16 - The United States Civil service, is passed January 19 - The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service (Roselle, New Jersey) It was built by Thomas Edison. ...

Elie (Edwin J.Luce 1881-1918) was editor of the French language newspaper La Nouvelle Chronique de Jersey and a poet who wrote topical poems for the newspaper. He was also active in promoting the development of drama in Jèrriais and organised performances, ultimately leading to the establishment of a Jèrriais section of the Jersey Eisteddfod in 1912. Unfortunately for the language, he died at a young age in the influenza pandemic of 1918. His brother, Philip W. Luce (1882 - 1966), also a journalist and poet (nom de plume Ph'lippe d'la Golarde), emigrated to Canada, but sent occasional writings back to Jersey. Events January - April January 16-24 ? Siege of Geok Tepe ? Russian troops under general Skobeleff defeat Turkomans January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... The Eisteddfod (literally sitting) is a Welsh festival of literature, music, and song. ... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic, and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 40 million people (possibly significantly more) world-wide in 1918 and 1919. ... 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... -1... Canada is a sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. ...

Caouain (George W. De Carteret 1869 - 1940) maintained a weekly newspaper column purporting to be the work of an owl (cahouain) who flew from parish hall to parish hall to report on the latest election news and local gossip. The domestic ructions of the owl and his wife, Marie Hibou, also provided a humorous commentary on social attitudes. G.W. De Carteret also wrote recitations in verse and playlets for the annual Eisteddfod competitions. 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

During the Occupation (1940-1945), little original writing was permitted to be published by the German military censorship. However very many older pieces of literature were re-published in the newspapers as an act of cultural self-assertion and morale-boosting. In ancient Rome, censorship was the office or function of a censor. ...

After the Occupation and with the re-establishment of a free press, the re-opened English language newspaper, The Morning News, under the editorship of Edward Le Brocq (1877-1964) revived the weekly column in 1946 with a letter from Ph'lip et Merrienne, supposedly a traditional old couple who would comment on the latest news or recall time past. On the final closure of the Morning News in 1949, the letters transferred to the last remaining French language newspaper in Jersey, Les Chroniques de Jersey until its closure in turn in 1959 when they transferred to the Evening Post until the author's death in 1964. 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The most influential writer of Jèrriais in the 20th century was a U.S. citizen, George Francis Le Feuvre (1891 - 1984) whose pen-name was “George d’la Forge”. He emigrated to North America after the First World War but for almost forty years maintained a flow of articles in Jèrriais back to Jersey for publication in newspapers, first in Les Chroniques de Jersey (1946-1954) and later in the Evening Post (subsequently Jersey Evening Post ) (1964-1984). Selections of his articles have been published in book form. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is the third largest continent in area and in population after Eurasia and Africa. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

Frank Le Maistre (1910-2002) (known as Dr. Fraînque Le Maistre, although his doctorate was honorary), compiler of the dictionary, maintained a literary output starting in the 1930s with newspaper articles under the pseudonym Marie la Pie, poems, magazine articles, research into toponymy and etymology. He himself considered his masterpiece the translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam that he undertook during the German Occupation. 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term ecosystem War, peace and politics Socialists proclaim The death of Capitalism Rise to... Toponymy is the taxonomic study of place names, their origins and their meanings. ... Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ... The Rubáiyát is a collection of poems (of which there are about a thousand) by the Persian mathematician and astronomer Omar Khayyám (1048-1123). ...

The foundation of L'Assembliée d'Jèrriais, a body to preserve and promote the language, in 1952 led to the publication of a quarterly journal, Lé Bulletîn d'Quart d'An, providing a literary outlet for Jèrriais which became even more important after the closure of Les Chroniques de Jersey in 1959. The editor was Frank Le Maistre.

Lé Bulletîn d'Quart d'An ceased publication in 1977, having notched up a quarter-century, and was replaced by Les Chroniques du Don Balleine (1979-1987) which in turn gave way to the current Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine (winner of the Prix Littéraire du Cotentin in 1993). For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. ... 1987 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following the death of George d'la Forge, Sir Arthur de la Mare (1914 - 1994), a retired ambassador, took over the task of contributing regular columns to the newspaper. Written in the Trinity dialect, as distinct from the St. Ouen dialect used by George d'la Forge and Frank Le Maistre which is laid out in the standard grammar of Jèrriais and the standard dictionaries, Sir Arthur's articles included reminiscences of his life as a diplomat, especially in Japan, Thailand and Singapore, as well as comments on events and politics in Jersey. Sir Arthur's mix of foreign tales and domestic farming comments continued the pattern set by George d'la Forge who alternated between reminiscences of his youth in Jersey, his life in North America and travels round the world, and commentary on news sent from Jersey. Since Sir Arthur's death, a roster of contributors have maintained the tradition of the weekly newspaper column. 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Largest City Tokyo Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 60th 377,835 km² 0. ... The Kingdom of Thailand is a country in southeast Asia, bordering Laos and Cambodia to the east, the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia to the south, and the Andaman Sea and Myanmar to the west. ... National motto: Majulah Singapura (English: Onward, Singapore) Official languages English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay, Tamil Capital Singapore Largest city Singapore Government President Prime minister Westminster (de jure) Dominant-party (de facto) Sellapan Rama Nathan Lee Hsien Loong Area  - Total  - Water (%) 697. ...

See also

• Culture of Jersey
• British literature

The culture of Jersey is the culture of the Bailiwick of Jersey, formed by its indigenous Norman language and traditions and by French and British cultural influences to which have been added cultural trends from immigrant communities such as the Bretons and the Portuguese. ... British literature is literature from the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. ...

References

• Bulletîn d'Quart d'An, L'Assembliée d'Jèrriais, Jersey, 1952-1977
• Rimes et Poésies Jersiaises de divers auteurs réunies et mises en ordre, Abraham Mourant, Jersey, 1865
• Jèrriais: Jersey's Native Tongue, Mari Jones, Jersey, 2003, ISBN 1-904210-03-1
• George d'la Forge: Guardian of the Jersey Norman heritage – A study of the life and writings of George Francis Le Feuvre (1891-1984), Annette Torode, Jersey, 2003, ISBN 1-904210-10-5