J. C. R. Licklider

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), known simply as J.C.R. or "Lick" was an American computer scientist, considered one of the most important figures in computer science and general computing history. After early work in psychoacoustics, he became interested in information technology early in his career. Much like Vannevar Bush, J.C.R. Licklider's contribution to the development of the Internet consists of ideas, not inventions. He foresaw the need for networked computers with easy user interfaces. His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate wherever it was needed. He has been called "computing's Johnny Appleseed" for having planted the seeds of computing in the digital age. Image File history File links Licklider. ... Image File history File links Licklider. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (71st in leap years). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the twentieth century. ... The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables. ... Psychoacoustics is the study of subjective human perception of sounds. ... Information and communication technology spending in 2005 Information Technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) is: the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ... Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 30, 1974) was an American engineer and science administrator, known for his political role in the development of the atomic bomb, and the idea of the memex—seen as a pioneering concept for the World Wide Web. ... The tower of a personal computer. ... Image from Howes Historical Collection Johnny Appleseed, born John Chapman (September 26, 1774–March 18, 1845), was an American pioneer nurseryman, and missionary for the Church of the New Jerusalem, which is based on the theological writings of Emanuel Swedenborg. ...

Licklider was instrumental in conceiving, funding and managing the research that led to modern personal computers and the Internet. His seminal paper on Man-Computer Symbiosis foreshadowed interactive computing, and he went on to fund early efforts in time-sharing and application development, most notably the work of Douglas Engelbart, who founded the Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute and created the famous On-Line System. He played a similar role in conceiving of and funding early networking research, most notably the ARPAnet. His 1968 paper on The Computer as a Communication Device predicts the use of computer networks to support communities of common interest and collaboration without regard to location. Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor of German descent. ... Stanford Research Institutes Augmentation Research Center (ARC) was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools and techniques for collaboration and information processing. ... SRI International is one of the worlds largest contract research institutions. ... The NLS workstation showing the CRT display, keyboard, pushbuttons, and mouse NLS, or the oNLine System, was a revolutionary computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and the researchers at the Augmentation Research Center (ARC) at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) during the 1960s. ... ARPANET logical map, March 1977. ...

Early life

Licklider was born in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. He was the only child of an insurance salesman and his wife. He displayed early engineering talent, building model airplanes. He carried on with his hobby of refurbushing automobiles throughout his life. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... An only child is a child with no siblings, either biological or adopted. ... Aircraft modeling or aeromodelling is a hobby that has been popular since the 1930s. ...

A SAGE operator's terminal.

He studied at Washington University in St. Louis, where he received a BA in 1937, majoring in physics, math and psychology, and an MA in psychology in 1938. He received a doctorate in psychoacoustics from the University of Rochester in 1942, and worked at the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University from 1943 to 1950. He became interested in information technology, and moved to MIT in 1950 as an associate professor, where he served on a committee that established MIT Lincoln Laboratory and established a psychology programme for engineering students. He worked on a Cold War project known as Semi Automatic Ground Environment (better known by its acronym "SAGE"), designed to create a computer-aided air defense system. The SAGE system included computers that collected and presented data to a human operator, who then chose the appropriate response. In 1957, he became a Vice President at Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing. He was elected president of the Acoustical Society of America in 1958. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 583 pixelsFull resolution (3430 × 2498 pixel, file size: 4. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 583 pixelsFull resolution (3430 × 2498 pixel, file size: 4. ... Washington University in St. ... Psychoacoustics is the study of subjective human perception of sounds. ... The University of Rochester (UR) is a private, coeducational and nonsectarian research university located in Rochester, New York. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Information and communication technology spending in 2005 Information Technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) is: the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ... Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... MIT Lincoln Laboratory, also known as Lincoln Lab, is a federally funded research and development center managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and funded by the United States Department of Defense. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... SAGE Sector Control Room. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ... BBN might refer to: Bolt, Beranek and Newman, (now known as BBN Technologies), a technology company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, best known for its work on packet switching technology Bible Broadcasting Network, a global Christian radio network headquartered in Charlotte, NC Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Brother Nigeria, a reality show which... The PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1) was the first computer in Digital Equipments PDP series and was first produced in 1960. ... Alternate uses: see Timesharing Time-sharing is an approach to interactive computing in which a single computer is used to provide apparently simultaneous interactive general-purpose computing to multiple users by sharing processor time. ... The Acoustical Society of America is an international scientific society dedicated to increasing and diffusing the knowledge of acoustics and its practical applications. ...

In 1960, Licklider wrote his famous paper Man-Computer Symbiosis, which outlined the need for simpler interaction between computers and computer users. Licklider has been credited as an early pioneer of cybernetics and artificial intelligence (AI). [1] Unlike many AI practitioners, Licklider never felt that men would be replaced by computer-based beings. As he wrote in that article: "Men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking." Man-Computer Symbiosis is a key speculative March, 1960 paper by psychologist/computer scientist J.C.R. Licklider, which outlined his vision that humans and the new technology of computers, if tightly-coupled together, would prove to compliment each others strengths to a high degree: Man-computer symbiosis is... Cybernetics is the study of feedback and derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms, machines and organisations. ... Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ...

Licklider formulated the earliest ideas of a global computer network in August 1962 at BBN, in a series of memos discussing the "Galactic Network" concept. These ideas contained almost everything that the Internet is today. His paper The Computer as a Communication Device, Science and Technology, April 1968, illustrates his vision of network applications. Galactic Network can be said to be the first conception of what would eventually became the internet. ...

In October 1962, Licklider was appointed head of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA, the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. He would then convince Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and Lawrence G. Roberts that an all-encompassing computer network was a very important concept. During his two-year term of office, he granted funding to develop Project MAC at MIT, a large mainframe computer that was designed to be shared by up to 30 simultaneous users, each sitting at a separate typewriter terminal. He also granted funding to similar projects at Stanford University, UCLA, UC Berkeley, and the System Development Corporation, all in California, and to the Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute, headed by Douglas Englebart, which later invented the computer mouse. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ... The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military. ... Ivan Sutherland Ivan Sutherland, working at MIT (1963) Ivan Edward Sutherland (born 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska) is a computer programmer and Internet pioneer. ... Robert Taylor was director of ARPAs Information Processing Techniques Office (1965-69), founder and associate manager of Xerox PARCs Computer Science Laboratory (CSL [[1]]) (1970-77), manager of Xerox PARC CSL (1977-83), founder and manager of Digital Equipment Corporations Systems Research Center (1983-96). ... Larry Roberts received the SIGCOMM Award in 1998 for Visionary Contributions and Advanced Technology Development of Computer Communication Networks. Categories: Computer specialist stubs ... Project MAC, later the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS), was a research laboratory at MIT. Project MAC would become famous for groundbreaking research in operating systems, artificial intelligence, and the theory of computation. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Mechanical desktop typewriters, such as this Underwood Five, were long time standards of government agencies, newsrooms, and sales offices. ... Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university located approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles northwest of San José in Stanford, California. ... Binomial name Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 The largemouth triplefin, Ucla xenogrammus, is a fish of the family Tripterygiidae and only member of the genus Ucla, found in the Pacific Ocean from Viet Nam, the Philippines, Palau and the Caroline Islands to Papua New Guinea, Australia (including Christmas Island), and the... The University of California, Berkeley (also known as Cal, UC Berkeley, UCB, or simply Berkeley) is a prestigious, public, coeducational university situated in the foothills of Berkeley, California to the east of San Francisco Bay, overlooking the Golden Gate and its bridge. ... System Development Corporation, based in Los Angeles, California, was spun off from RAND Corporation in 1957. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Stanford Research Institutes Augmentation Research Center (ARC) was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools and techniques for collaboration and information processing. ... SRI International is one of the worlds largest contract research institutions. ... Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor of Norwegian descent. ... Operating a mechanical 1: Pulling the mouse turns the ball. ...

In 1968, J.C.R. Licklider became director of Project MAC at MIT, and a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. Project MAC had produced the first computer time-sharing system, CTSS, and one of the first online setups with the development of Multics (work on which commenced in 1964). Multics was the direct ancestor of the Unix operating system developed at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1970. Project MAC, later the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS), was a research laboratory at MIT. Project MAC would become famous for groundbreaking research in operating systems, artificial intelligence, and the theory of computation. ... CTSS, which stood for the Compatible Time-Sharing System, was one of the first time-sharing operating systems; it was developed at MITs Computation Center. ... “Computer Networks” redirects here. ... Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was an extraordinarily influential early time-sharing operating system. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... // An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer. ... Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... Ken Thompson Kenneth Thompson (born February 4, 1943) is a pioneer of computer science notable for his contributions to the development of the C programming language and the UNIX operating system. ... Dennis Ritchie Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (born September 9, 1941) is a computer scientist notable for his influence on ALTRAN, B, BCPL, C, Multics, and Unix. ...

He retired and became a professor emeritus in 1985. He died in Arlington, Massachusetts. Emeritus (IPA pronunciation: or ) is an adjective that is used in the title of a retired professor, bishop or other professional. ... Location in Massachusetts Coordinates: Country United States State Massachusetts County Middlesex County Settled 1635 Incorporated 1807 Government  - Type Representative town meeting  - Town Manager Brian Sullivan  - Board of    Selectmen Kevin F. Greeley Annie LaCourt Diane Mahon Clarissa Rowe John W. Hurd Area  - Town  5. ...

References

• M. Mitchell Waldrop (2001) The Dream Machine : J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal ISBN 0-670-89976-3 is an extensive biography of J.C.R. Licklider.
• Man-Computer Symbiosis paper, JCR Licklider, March 1960.
• Augmenting Human Intellect paper, Douglas Engelbart, October 1962.
• Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, Libraries of the Future. Cambridge, MA.: 1965.
• The Computer as a Communication Device - This also includes a .pdf version of the Man-Computer Symbiosis paper.
• Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing [2] video documentary, 1972. Licklider explains online resource sharing, about 10 minutes into the documentary, and reappears throughout.
• From World Brain to the World Wide Web, Lecture at Gresham College, 9 November 2006
• Seeding Networks: the Federal Role, Larry Press, Communications of the ACM, pp 11-18, Vol 39., No. 10, October, 1996. A survey of U. S. government funded research and development preceding and including the National Science Foundation backbone and international connections programs.
• Before the Altair -- The History of Personal Computing, Larry Press, Communications of the ACM, September, 1993, vol 36, no 9, pp 27-33. A survey of research and development leading to the personal computer including Licklider's contributions.