While at Bell Telephone Laboratories, J. B. Johnson published the journal paper "Thermal Agitation of Electricity in Conductors". In telecommunication or other systems, thermal noise (or Johnson noise) is the noise generated by thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor. Johnson's papers showed a statistical fluctuation of electric charge occur in all electrical conductors, producing random variation of potential between the conductor ends (such as in vacuum tube amplifiers and thermocouples). Thermal noise power, per hertz, is equal throughout the frequency spectrum. Johnson deducted that thermal noise is intrinsic to all resistors and is not a sign of poor design or manufacture, although resistors may also have excess noise. Bell Telephone Laboratories or Bell Labs was originally the research and development arm of the United States Bell System, and was the premier corporate facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies from telephone switches to specialized coverings for telephone cables, to the transistor. ... A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily) is a daily record of events or business. ... BlackBerry 7100t Telecommunication refers to communication over long distances. ... NOiSE is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his acclaimed ten-volume work, Blame!. It offers some rather sketchy information concerning the Megastructures origins and initial size, as well as the origins of Silicon life. ... Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. ... Electrical conduction is the current (movement of charged particles) through a material in response to an electric field. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Scalar potential. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube (U.S. and Canadian English) or (thermionic) valve (outside North America) is a device generally used to amplify, or otherwise modify, a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. ... An amplifier can be considered to be any device that uses a small amount of energy to control a larger amount, although the term today usually refers to an electronic amplifier. ... In electronics, thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ... In most modern usages of the word spectrum, there is a unifying theme of a variety of possible cases between extremes at either end. ...

See also

• Johnson-Nyquist noise
• Timeline of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and random processes

Johnson-Nyquist noise (sometimes thermal noise, Johnson noise or Nyquist noise) is the noise generated by the equilibrium fluctuations of the electric current inside an electrical conductor, which happens regardless of any applied voltage, due to the random thermal motion of the charge carriers (the electrons). ... A timeline of events related to thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and random processes. ...

External articles and references

• J. B. Johnson, "Thermal Agitation of Electricity in Conductors". The American Physical Society, 1928.
• Federal Standard 1037C and MIL-STD-188