Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to the system used by the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL). The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. There are 19 main categories, each of which have numerous subcategories and subsubcategories. The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) is a leading economic journal published by the American Economic Association. ... The American Economic Association, or AEA, is the oldest and most important professional organization in the field of economics. ...

The primary codes are:

• JEL: A - General economics and Teaching
• JEL: B - Economic schools of thought and Methodology
• JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
• JEL: D - Microeconomics
• JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary economics
• JEL: F - International Economics
• JEL: G - Financial Economics
• JEL: H - Public Economics
• JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare
• JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics
• JEL: K - Law and Economics
• JEL: L - Industrial organization
• JEL: M - Business administration and Business economics; Marketing; Accounting
• JEL: N - Economic history
• JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
• JEL: P - Economic systems
• JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural resource economics; Environmental and Ecological economics
• JEL: R - Urban, Rural, and Regional economics
• JEL: Z - Other Special Topics

The full list is available at http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html Face-to-face trading interactions among on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor Economics, as a social science, studies human choice behavior and how it affects the production, distribution, and consumption of scarce resources. ... Mathematical economics is the sub-field of economics that explores the mathematical aspects of economic systems. ... Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources [1] , typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. ... Macroeconomics is the economics sub-field of study that considers aggregate behavior, and the study of the sum of individual economic decisions. ... Central Bank or Finance Ministry based economics where the interest rate plays a pivotal role in the cost of money and the amounts banks must hold in their reserves. ... International economics is a branch of economics with two main subdisciplines international trade and international finance. ... Financial economics is the branch of economics concerned with resource allocation over time. ... Public economics is the study of the public sector and its influence on the economy and society. ... Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the income distribution consequences associated with it. ... Law and economics is the term usually applied to an approach to legal theory that incorporates methods and ideas borrowed from the discipline of economics. ... Industrial organization is the field of economics that studies the behavior of firms, the structure of markets and of their interactions. ... Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a tertiary degree in business management. ... Marketing is a social and managerial function that attempts to create, expand and maintain a collection of customers. ... It has been suggested that Accounting scholarship be merged into this article or section. ... Economic history is the study of economic change, and of economic phenomena in the past. ... Economic development is the development of the economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ... An economic system is a mechanism which deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in a particular society. ... Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues (other usages of the term are not uncommon). ... Ecological economics is a branch of economics that addresses the interdependence and co-evolution between human economies and natural ecosystems. ... Urban Economics is a branch of Micropenis that studies the location of households and firms. ... Regional science is a field of the social sciences concerned about analytical approaches to problems that are specifically urban, rural, or regional. ...

General Economics and Teaching JEL: A Subcategories

Category:General economics

JEL: A1 - General Economics

JEL: A10 - General

JEL: A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists

JEL: A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

JEL: A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics

JEL: A19 - Other

JEL: A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics Socioeconomics or Socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. ...

JEL: A20 - General

JEL: A21 - Pre-college

JEL: A22 - Undergraduate

JEL: A23 - Graduate

JEL: A29 - Other

JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works

JEL: A30 - General

JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals

JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes

JEL: A39 - Other

Schools of economic thought and methodology JEL: B Subcategories

Category:Schools of economic thought and methodology

JEL: B0 - General

JEL: B00 - General

JEL: B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925 The term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by Alfred Marshall, as a substitute for the earlier term political economy which has been used through the 18th-19th centuries, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx as its main thinkers and which today is frequently referred to as...

JEL: B10 - General

JEL: B11 - Preclassical

JEL: B12 - Classical

JEL: B13 - Neoclassical through 1925

JEL: B14 - Socialist; Marxian

JEL: B15 - Historical; Institutional

JEL: B16 - Quantitative

JEL: B19 - Other

JEL: B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 Classical economics is a school of economic thought whose major developers include William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill and Johann Heinrich von Thünen. ... Neoclassical economics refers to a general approach (a metatheory) to economics based on supply and demand which depends on individuals (or any economic agent) operating rationally, each seeking to maximize their individual utility or profit by making choices based on available information. ... // The English word socialism originated from the French language in the 1820s, but the idea that goods should be held in common and that all men should be equal is much older. ... Marxist theory is an academic specialization in Western academias. ... The Historical school of economics was a mainly German school of economic thought which held that a study of history was the key source of knowledge about human actions and economic matters, since economics would be culture-specific and not generalizable over space and time. ... Institutional economics is a school of heterodox economics, with a focus going beyond economics usual concentration on markets to the exclusion of all else. ... The term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by Alfred Marshall, as a substitute for the earlier term political economy which has been used through the 18th-19th centuries, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx as its main thinkers and which today is frequently referred to as...

JEL: B20 - General

JEL: B21 - Microeconomics

JEL: B22 - Macroeconomics

JEL: B23 - Econometrics; Quantitative Studies

JEL: B24 - Socialist; Marxian

JEL: B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian

JEL: B29 - Other

JEL: B3 - History of Thought: Individuals // The English word socialism originated from the French language in the 1820s, but the idea that goods should be held in common and that all men should be equal is much older. ... Marxist theory is an academic specialization in Western academias. ... The Historical school of economics was a mainly German school of economic thought which held that a study of history was the key source of knowledge about human actions and economic matters, since economics would be culture-specific and not generalizable over space and time. ... Institutional economics is a school of heterodox economics, with a focus going beyond economics usual concentration on markets to the exclusion of all else. ... Evolutionary economics is a relatively new economic methodology that is modeled on biology. ...

JEL: B30 - General

JEL: B31 - Individuals

JEL: B4 - Economic methodology

JEL: B40 - General

JEL: B41 - Economic methodology

JEL: B49 - Other

JEL: B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches Heterodox economics refers to schools of economic thought which do not conform to the mainstream paradigm of neoclassical economics. ...

JEL: B50 - General

JEL: B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian

JEL: B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary

JEL: B53 - Austrian

JEL: B59 - Other

This box:  • • Socialist economics is a broad, and sometimes controversial, term. ... Marxist theory is an academic specialization in Western academias. ... Piero Sraffa. ... Institutional economics is a school of heterodox economics, with a focus going beyond economics usual concentration on markets to the exclusion of all else. ... Evolutionary economics is a relatively new economic methodology that is modeled on biology. ...

Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL: C Subcategories

Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)

JEL: C0 - General

JEL: C00 - General

JEL: C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General Econometrics literally means economic measurement. It is a combination of mathematical economics and statistics. ... A graph of a bell curve in a normal distribution showing statistics used in educational assessment, comparing various grading methods. ...

JEL: C10 - General

JEL: C11 - Bayesian analysis

JEL: C12 - Hypothesis testing

JEL: C13 - Estimation

JEL: C14 - Semiparametric and nonparametric methods

JEL: C15 - Statistical Simulation methods; Monte Carlo methods; Bootstrap methods

JEL: C16 - Statistical distributions

JEL: C19 - Other

JEL: C2 - Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables Bayesian inference is statistical inference in which probabilities are interpreted not as frequencies or proportions or the like, but rather as degrees of belief. ... One may be faced with the problem of making a definite decision with respect to an uncertain hypothesis which is known only through its observable consequences. ... Estimation theory is a branch of statistics and signal processing that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured/empirical data. ... The branch of statistics known as non-parametric statistics is concerned with non-parametric statistical models and non-parametric statistical tests. ... Wooden mechanical horse simulator during WWI. A simulation is an imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. ... Monte Carlo methods are algorithms for solving various kinds of computational problems by using random numbers (or more often pseudo-random numbers), as opposed to deterministic algorithms. ... In mathematics and statistics, a probability distribution, more properly called a probability density, assigns to every interval of the real numbers a probability, so that the probability axioms are satisfied. ... A variety of methods are used in econometrics to estimate models consisting of a single equation. ...

JEL: C20 - General

JEL: C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial models; Treatment effect models

JEL: C22 - Time-Series Models

JEL: C23 - Panel data

JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models

JEL: C25 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice models

JEL: C29 - Other

JEL: C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables This is just a stub entry for cross-sectional statistical analysis. ... Spatial analysis is the process of analysing model results or geographical data. ... An effect size describes how large the relationship is between two variables. ... In statistics and signal processing, a time series is a sequence of data points, measured typically at successive times, spaced apart at uniform time intervals. ... In statistics and econometrics, the term panel data refers to two-dimensional data. ... Simultaneous equation methods have been used in econometrics to take account of the fact that economic variables such as prices and quantities are, in general, jointly determined in market equilibrium. ...

JEL: C30 - General

JEL: C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; ; Spatial models; Treatment effect models

JEL: C32 - Time-Series Models

JEL: C33 - Panel data

JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models

JEL: C35 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice models

JEL: C39 - Other

JEL: C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics This is just a stub entry for cross-sectional statistical analysis. ... Spatial analysis is the process of analysing model results or geographical data. ... An effect size describes how large the relationship is between two variables. ... In statistics and signal processing, a time series is a sequence of data points, measured typically at successive times, spaced apart at uniform time intervals. ... In statistics and econometrics, the term panel data refers to two-dimensional data. ...

JEL: C40 - General

JEL: C41 - Duration analysis

JEL: C42 - Survey methods (econometrics

JEL: C43 - Index numbers Aggregation

JEL: C44 - Statistical decision theory; Operations research

JEL: C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics

JEL: C49 - Other

JEL: C5 - Econometric Modeling Survival analysis is a branch of statistics which deals with death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems. ... Statistical surveys are used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. ... Decision theory is an interdisciplinary area of study, related to and of interest to practitioners in mathematics, statistics, economics, philosophy, management and psychology. ... Operations Research, or simply OR is an interdisciplinary science which deploys scientific methods like mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to decision making in complex real-world problems which are concerned with coordination and execution of the operations within an organization. ... A neural network is an interconnected group of neurons. ...

JEL: C50 - General

JEL: C51 - Model construction and estimation

JEL: C52 - Model evaluation and testing

JEL: C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications

JEL: C59 - Other

JEL: C6 - Mathematical Methods and Programming Look up forecast in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mathematical economics is the sub-field of economics that explores the mathematical aspects of economic systems. ... Computer programming (often simply programming) is the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program. ...

JEL: C60 - General

JEL: C61 - Optimization techniques; Programming models; Dynamic analysis

JEL: C62 - Existence and stability conditions of equilibrium

JEL: C63 - Computational techniques

JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools

JEL: C67 - Input–output models

JEL: C68 - Computable General Equilibrium models

JEL: C69 - Other

JEL: C7 - Game theory and Bargaining theory In mathematics, the term optimization refers to the study of problems that have the form Given: a function f : A R from some set A to the real numbers Sought: an element x0 in A such that f(x0) ≤ f(x) for all x in A (minimization) or such that... In economics, economic equilibrium often refers to an equilibrium in a market that clears: this is the case where a market for a product has attained the price where the amount supplied of a certain product equals the quantity demanded. ... This article is about the economic model, for the computer interface see Input/output An input-output model is widely used in economic forecasting to predict flows between sectors. ... Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are a class of economic model that use actual economic data to estimate how an economy might react to changes in policy, technology or other external factors. ... Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics and economics that studies situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

JEL: C70 - General

JEL: C71 - Cooperative games

JEL: C72 - Noncooperative games

JEL: C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic games; Evolutionary games

JEL: C78 - Bargaining theory; Matching theory

JEL: C79 - Other

JEL: C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs A cooperative game is a game where groups of players (coalitions) may enforce cooperative behaviour, hence the game is a competition between coalitions of players, rather than between individual players. ... In game theory, a sequential game is a game where one player chooses his action before the others chooses theirs. ... Book cover Evolution and the Theory of Games is a 1982 book by the British evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith on evolutionary game theory. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Economic data are usually numerical time-series, i. ... A computer program (often simply called a program) is an example of computer software that prescribes the actions (computations) that are to be carried out by a computer. ...

JEL: C80 - General

JEL: C81 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data

JEL: C82 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data

JEL: C87 - Econometric software

JEL: C88 - Other Computer Software

JEL: C89 - Other

JEL: C9 - Design of Experiments A screenshot of computer software running in Windows XP. Software fundamentally is the unique image or representation of physical or material alignment that constitutes configuration to or functional identity of a machine, usually a computer. ... Experimental economics is the use of experimental methods to evaluate theoretical predictions of economic behaviour. ...

JEL: C90 - General

JEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior

JEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior

JEL: C93 - Field experiments

JEL: C99 - Other

A field experiment applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world rather than in the laboratory. ...

Microeconomics JEL: D Subcategories

Category:Microeconomics

JEL: D0 - General

JEL: D00 - General

JEL: D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

JEL: D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations

JEL: D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

JEL: D10 - General

JEL: D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory

JEL: D12 - Consumer economics: empirical analysis

JEL: D13 - Household production and Intrahousehold allocation

JEL: D14 - Personal finance

JEL: D18 - Consumer protection

JEL: D19 - Other

JEL: D2 - Production and Organizations The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Consumer protection is government regulation to protect the interests of consumers, for example by requiring businesses to disclose detailed information about products, particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food. ...

JEL: D20 - General

JEL: D21 - Firm behavior

JEL: D23 - Organizational behavior; Transaction Costs; Property rights

JEL: D24 - Production; Capital and Total factor productivity; Capacity

JEL: D29 - Other

JEL: D3 - Distribution The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories which describe the nature of the firm (company or corporation), including its behaviour and its relationship with the market. ... Organizational Studies (also known as Industrial Organizations, Organizational Behavior and I/O) is a distinct field of academic study which takes as its subject organizations, examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, and psychology. ... In economics and related disciplines, a transaction cost is a cost incurred in making an economic exchange. ... Total-factor productivty (TFP) addresses any effects in total output not caused by inputs or productivity. ... Capacity utilization is a concept in Economics which refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity. ... The Lorenz curve was developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 as a graphical representation of income distribution. ...

JEL: D30 - General

JEL: D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

JEL: D33 - Factor Income Distribution

JEL: D39 - Other

JEL: D4 - Market structure and pricing There are two kinds of market structures that are usually discussed. ...

JEL: D40 - General

JEL: D41 - Perfect competition

JEL: D42 - Monopoly

JEL: D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

JEL: D44 - Auctions

JEL: D45 - Rationing; Licensing

JEL: D46 - Value Theory

JEL: D49 - Other

JEL: D5 - General equilibrium and Disequilibrium Perfect competition is an economic model that describes a hypothetical market form in which no producer or consumer has the market power to influence prices. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Latin word monopolium - Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. ... An oligopoly is a market form in which a market is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). ... In economic theory, imperfect competition, is the competitive situation in any market where the conditions necessary for perfect competition are not satisfied. ... Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services: it restricts how much people are allowed to buy or consume. ... How to obtain a amature radio licence differs from country to country. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... General Equilibrium (linear) supply and demand curves. ...

JEL: D50 - General

JEL: D51 - Exchange and Production Economies

JEL: D52 - Incomplete Markets

JEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis

JEL: D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models

JEL: D59 - Other

JEL: D6 - Welfare economics The Theory of Incomplete Markets is an extension of the general equilibrium approach to intertemporal economies with uncertainty, where the set of available contracts which can be used to transfer wealth across time is limited relative to the possible probabilistic states that an economy might find itself in. ... This article is about the economic model, for the computer interface see Input/output An input-output model is widely used in economic forecasting to predict flows between sectors. ... Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are a class of economic model that use actual economic data to estimate how an economy might react to changes in policy, technology or other external factors. ... Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the income distribution consequences associated with it. ...

JEL: D60 - General

JEL: D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost–benefit analysis

JEL: D62 - Externalities

JEL: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

JEL: D64 - Altruism

JEL: D69 - Other

JEL: D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making In economics, an externality is the effect of a transaction between two parties on a third party who is not involved in the carrying out of that transaction. ... The feasible regions of linear programming are defined by a set of inequalities. ...

JEL: D70 - General

JEL: D71 - Social choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations

JEL: D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances

JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation

JEL: D79 - Other

JEL: D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty Social choice theory studies how individual preferences are aggregated to form a collective choice, such as, for example in voting systems. ... Club goods are a type of goods in economics, sometimes classified as a subtype of public goods, that are non-competetive and excludable. ... The phenomenon of rent-seeking was first identified in connection with monopolies by Gordon Tullock, in a paper in 1967. ...

JEL: D80 - General

JEL D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

JEL: D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information

JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge

JEL: D84 - Expectations; Speculation

JEL: D85 - Network Formation

JEL: D86 - Economics of contract law

JEL: D89 - Other

JEL: D9 - Intertemporal choice and Growth In economics, information asymmetry occurs when one party to a transaction has more or better information than the other party. ... Speculation involves the buying, holding, and selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest. ... The network effect is a characteristic that causes a good or service to have a value to a potential customer dependent on the number of customers already owning that good or using that service. ... Intertemporal choice is the study of the relative value people assign to two or more payoffs at different points in time. ... Accumulated GDP growth for various countries. ...

JEL: D90 - General

JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life cycle models and Saving

JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing

JEL: D99 - Other

Save might refer to: Save (sport) - to stop a goal or maintain the lead To save a document in computer file management (see also Saving a webpage) The River Save (Zimbabwe), Zimbabwe The River Save (Hungary), Hungary -- joins the Danube just above Belgrade. ...

Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories

JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

Category:Macroeconomics and monetary economics

JEL: E0 - General

JEL: E00 - General

JEL: E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth

JEL: E1 - General Aggregative Models

JEL: E10 - General

JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary

JEL: E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian

JEL: E13 - Neoclassical

JEL: E17]] - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E19 - Other

JEL: E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment

JEL: E20 - General

JEL: E21 - Consumption; Saving

JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity

JEL: E23 - Production

JEL: E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages

JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution

JEL: E26 - Informal economy; Underground Economy

JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E29 - Other

JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with consumption (economics). ... Save might refer to: Save (sport) - to stop a goal or maintain the lead To save a document in computer file management (see also Saving a webpage) The River Save (Zimbabwe), Zimbabwe The River Save (Hungary), Hungary -- joins the Danube just above Belgrade. ... Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ... A wage is the amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour. ...

JEL: E30 - General

JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation

JEL: E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E39 - Other

JEL: E4 - Money and Interest Rates Deflation (economics) Deflation (data compression) Deflation is the removal of loose soil by eolian (wind) processes This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

JEL: E40 - General

JEL: E41 - Demand for Money

JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System

JEL: E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates

JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy

JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E49 - Other

JEL: E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

JEL: E50 - General

JEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers

JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)

JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

JEL: E59 - Other

JEL: E6 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Look up credit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Monetary policy is the government or central bank process of managing money supply to achieve specific goals—such as constraining inflation, maintaining an exchange rate, achieving full employment or economic growth. ...

JEL: E60 - General

JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

JEL: E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation

JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization

JEL: E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy

JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes

JEL: E66 - General Outlook and Conditions

JEL: E69 - Other

Fiscal policy is the economic term which describes the actions of a government in setting the level of public expenditure and how that expenditure is funded. ... In economics, incomes policies are wage and price controls used to fight inflation. ...

International economics JEL: F Subcategories

JEL: F - International Economics

Category:International economics

JEL: F0 - General

JEL: F00 - General

JEL: F01 - Global Outlook

JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: General

JEL: F1 - Trade International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. ...

JEL: F10 - General

JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies

JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations

JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade

JEL: F15 - Economic Integration

JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions

JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment

JEL: F19 - Other

JEL: F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

JEL: F20 - General

JEL: F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

JEL: F22 - International Migration

JEL: F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

JEL: F29 - Other

JEL: F3 - International Finance Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the movement of capital across national frontiers in a manner that grants the investor control over the acquired asset. ... mtDNA-based chart of large human migrations. ... A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) or transnational corporation (TNC) or multinational organization (MNO) is a corporation/enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. ... International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of exchange rates, foreign investment, and how these affect international trade. ...

JEL: F30 - General

JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange

JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

JEL: F35 - Foreign aid

JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: F39 - Other

JEL: F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Development aid. ...

JEL: F40 - General

JEL: F41 - Open economy macroeconomics

JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: F49 - Other

Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories

JEL: G - Financial Economics

Category:Financial economics

JEL: G0 - General

JEL: G00 - General

JEL: G1 - General Financial Markets

JEL: G10 - General

JEL: G11 - Portfolio choice; Investment decisions

JEL: G12 - Asset pricing

JEL: G13 - Contingent pricing; Futures Pricing

JEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies

JEL: G15 - International financial markets

JEL: G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

JEL: G19 - Other

JEL: G2 - Financial institutions and Services (Modern) Portfolio theory is a branch of finance. ... Valuation is the process of estimating the value of an asset or liability. ... Futures may mean: Futures contract, from the world of finance Futures exchange, in finance Futures studies, reflects on how today’s changes (or the lack thereof) become tomorrow’s reality Futures (tennis), minor professional tennis events Futures (album), a 2004 album by Jimmy Eat World Futures (journal), an international, refereed... In finance, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) asserts that stock prices are determined by a discounting process such that they equal the discounted value (present value) of expected future cash flows. ... A financial institution acts as an agent that provides financial services for its clients. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

JEL: G20 - General

JEL: G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages

JEL: G22 - Insurance; Insurance companies

JEL: G23 - Pension funds; Other Private Financial Institutions

JEL: G24 - Investment banking; Venture capital; Brokerage

JEL: G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

JEL: G29 - Other

JEL: G3 - Corporate finance and Corporate governance Iain Banks is a Scottish-born writer of both mainstream and science fiction novels. ... Introduction A mortgage is a device used to create a lien on real estate by contract. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Venture capital is a general term to describe financing for startup and early stage businesses as well as businesses in turn around situations. ... A stockbroker is a person or company who buys and sells stocks on behalf of another person or company. ... Corporate finance is a specific area of finance dealing with the financial decisions corporations make and the tools as well as analyses used to make these decisions. ... Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled. ...

JEL: G30 - General

JEL: G31 - Capital budgeting; Investment Policy

JEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure

JEL: G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

JEL: G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate governance

JEL: G35 - Payout Policy

JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

JEL: G39 - Other

The process of determining which potential long-term projects are worth undertaking, by comparing their expected discounted cash flows with their internal rates of return. ... The Capital Structure of a corporation is the way in which that entity finances itself -- by some combination of equity sales, equity options, bonds, and loans. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Liquidation, or winding up, refers to a business whose assets are converted to money in order to pay off debt. ... This page deals with the combination of two companies into one. ... The phrase mergers and acquisitions (M&A) refers to the aspect of business strategy and management dealing with the merging and/or acquiring of different companies. ... Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of partially dismantling and reorganizing a company for the purpose of making it more efficient and therefore more profitable. ... Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled. ...

Public economics JEL: H Subcategories

JEL: H - Public Economics

Category:Public economics

JEL: H0 - General

JEL: H00 - General

JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

JEL: H10 - General

JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

JEL: H19 - Other

JEL: H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

JEL: H20 - General

JEL: H21 - Efficiency; Optimal taxation

JEL: H22 - Incidence

JEL: H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental taxes and Subsidies

JEL: H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies

JEL: H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion

JEL: H27 - Other Sources of Revenue

JEL: H29 - Other

JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents First discussed by the Physiocrats in France, tax incidence is the analysis of the effect of a particular tax on the distribution of economic welfare. ... A subsidy is generally a monetary grant given by government in support of an activity regarded as being in the public interest. ...

JEL: H30 - General

JEL: H31 - Household

JEL: H32 - Firm

JEL: H39 - Other

JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goods

JEL: H40 - General

JEL: H41 - Public goods

JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods

JEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rate

JEL: H49 - Other

JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies In economics, a public good is one that cannot or will not be produced for individual profit, since it is difficult to get people to pay for its large beneficial externalities. ... Social Dscount Rate Abbreviated SDR IT has many definitions: 1- its the amount of consumption opportunities that household ready to give up to participate in a governmental project 2- the economic return on a certain project in contrast with the finanacial return measures such as ROI (return on invesment...

JEL: H50 - General

JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health

JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education

JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

JEL: H55 - Social security and Public Pensions

JEL: H56 - National Security and War

JEL: H57 - Procurement

JEL: H59 - Other

JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ...

JEL: H60 - General

JEL: H61 - Budget; Budget Systems

JEL: H62 - Deficit; Surplus

JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management

JEL: H69 - Other

JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations Budget generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues. ... A budget deficit occurs when an entity (often a government) spends more money than it takes in. ... Surplus means the quantity left over, after conducting an activity; the quantity which has not been used up, and can refer to: budget surplus, the opposite of a budget deficit economic surplus Surplus product or surplus value in Marxian economics physical surplus in the economic theory of Piero Sraffa Operating... Government debt (also known as public debt or national debt) is money (or credit) owed by any level of government; either central government, federal government, municipal government or local government. ...

JEL: H70 - General

JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures

JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects

JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing

JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism

JEL: H79 - Other

JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

JEL: H80 - General

JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits

JEL: H82 - Governmental Property

JEL: H83 - Public administration

JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods

JEL: H89 - Other

It has been suggested that public management be merged into this article or section. ...

Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories

JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare

Category:Health, education, and welfare economics

JEL: I0 - General

JEL: I00 - General

JEL: I1 - Health

JEL: I10 - General

JEL: I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets

JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior

JEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public health

JEL: I19 - Other

JEL: I2 - Education This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...

JEL: I20 - General

JEL: I21 - Analysis of Education

JEL: I22 - Educational finance

JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions

JEL: I28 - Government Policy

JEL: I29 - Other

JEL: I3 - Welfare and Poverty Education policy refers to the collection of rules, both stated and implicit, or the regularities in practice that govern the behavior of persons in schools. ...

JEL: I30 - General

JEL: I31 - General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness

JEL: I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

JEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

JEL: I39 - Other

The basic needs model in development discourse focuses on the elimination of poverty in the shortest amount of time. ... The Standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people. ... The well-being or quality of life of a population is an important concern in economics and political science. ... Happiness is an emotional or affective state that feels good or pleasing. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ...

Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories

JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics

Category:Labor and demographic economics

JEL: J0 - General

JEL: J00 - General

JEL: J1 - Demographic economics

JEL: J10 - General

JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts

JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure

JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped

JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination

JEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination

JEL: J17 - Value of Life; Foregone Income

JEL: J18 - Public Policy

JEL: J19 - Other

JEL: J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital Human capital is a way of defining and categorizing peoples skills and abilities as used in employment and as they otherwise contribute to the economy. ...

JEL: J20 - General

JEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and Structure

JEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supply

JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employment

JEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivity

JEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policies

JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy

JEL: J29 - Other

JEL: J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the income distribution consequences associated with it. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Human capital is a way of defining and categorizing peoples skills and abilities as used in employment and as they otherwise contribute to the economy. ... Skill is human (usually learned) ability to perform actions. ... In labor economics Labor Productivity is a measure of the efficiency of the labor force. ... Retirement is the status of a worker who has stopped working. ... A wage is the amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour. ...

JEL: J30 - General

JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.

JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensions

JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods

JEL: J38 - Public Policy

JEL: J39 - Other

JEL: J4 - Particular Labor Markets

JEL: J40 - General

JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internal labor markets

JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets

JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets

JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations

JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

JEL: J48 - Public Policy

JEL: J49 - Other

JEL: J5 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

JEL: J50 - General

JEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargaining

JEL: J53 - Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence

JEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firms

JEL: J58 - Public Policy

JEL: J59 - Other

JEL: J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... Arbitration is a final and binding dispute resolution process. ... Collective agreement is a labor contract between an employer and one or more unions. ... availability and tranportation of labor from the available source to required source ... An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ...

JEL: J60 - General

JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobility

JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

JEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

JEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closings

JEL: J68 - Public Policy

JEL: J69 - Other

JEL: J7 - Labor Discrimination Downsizing refers to layoffs initiated by a company in order to cut labor costs by reducing the size of the company. ... An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ... Unemployment benefits are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. ...

JEL: J70 - General

JEL: J71 - Discrimination

JEL: J78 - Public Policy

JEL: J79 - Other

JEL: J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

JEL: J80 - General

JEL: J81 - Working conditions

JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition

JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights

JEL: J88 - Public Policy

JEL: J89 - Other

It has been suggested that Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act be merged into this article or section. ...

Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories

JEL: K - Law and Economics

Category:Law and economics

JEL: K0 - General

JEL: K00 - General

JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law

JEL: K10 - General

JEL: K11 - Property Law

JEL: K12 - Contract Law

JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability

JEL: K14 - Criminal Law

JEL: K19 - Other

JEL: K2 - Regulation and Business Law

JEL: K20 - General

JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law

JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law

JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

JEL: K29 - Other

JEL: K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

JEL: K30 - General

JEL: K31 - Labor Law

JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

JEL: K33 - International Law

JEL: K34 - Tax Law

JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law

JEL: K39 - Other

JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

JEL: K40 - General

JEL: K41 - Litigation Process

JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

JEL: K49 - Other

Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories

Category:Industrial organization

JEL: L - Industrial Organization

JEL: L0 - General

JEL: L00 - General

JEL: L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

JEL: L10 - General

JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

JEL: L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies

JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility

JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices

JEL: L19 - Other

JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior An oligopoly is a market form in which a market is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). ...

JEL: L20 - General

JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm

JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration; Conglomerates

JEL: L23 - Organization of Production

JEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint ventures

JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales

JEL: L29 - Other

JEL: L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise It has been suggested that Vertical expansion be merged into this article or section. ... Conglomerate is: A large company; see conglomerate (company). ... Contracting-out is the practice of eliminating jobs at an employers existing worksite(s) and replacing them with contracts for services to be performed by non-employees, who may be individuals or corporations. ... A joint venture (often abbreviated JV) is a strategic alliance between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together. ...

JEL: L30 - General

JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs

JEL: L32 - Public enterprises

JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out

JEL: L39 - Other

JEL: L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is not part of a government and was not founded by states. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Contracting-out is the practice of eliminating jobs at an employers existing worksite(s) and replacing them with contracts for services to be performed by non-employees, who may be individuals or corporations. ...

JEL: L40 - General

JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices

JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts

JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation

JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations

JEL: L49 - Other

JEL: L5 - Regulation and Category:Industrial policy

JEL: L50 - General

JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation

JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms

JEL: L59 - Other

JEL: L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

JEL: L60 - General

JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics

JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment

JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment

JEL: L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments

JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology

JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco

JEL: L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather

JEL: L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables

JEL: L69 - Other

JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

JEL: L70 - General

JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels

JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources

JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper

JEL: L74 - Construction

JEL: L78 - Government Policy

JEL: L79 - Other

JEL: L8 - Industry Studies: Services

JEL: L80 - General

JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce

JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)

JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism

JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services

JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services

JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services

JEL: L88 - Government Policy

JEL: L89 - Other

JEL: L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

JEL: L90 - General

JEL: L91 - Transportation: General

JEL: L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports

JEL: L93 - Air Transportation

JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities

JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities

JEL: L96 - Telecommunications

JEL: L97 - Utilities: General

JEL: L98 - Government Policy

JEL: L99 - Other

Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories

JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting

Category:Business economics

JEL: M0 - General

JEL: M00 - General

JEL: M1 - Business Administration

JEL: M10 - General

JEL: M11 - Production Management

JEL: M12 - Personnel Management

JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship

JEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social Responsibility

JEL: M19 - Other

JEL: M2 - Business Economics Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations, particularly new businesses generally in response to identified opportunities. ... Organizational Culture refers to the values, beliefs and customs of an organization. ... Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an expression used to describe what some see as a company’s obligation to be sensitive to the needs of all of the stakeholders in its business operations. ...

JEL: M20 - General

JEL: M21 - Business Economics

JEL: M29 - Other

JEL: M3 - Marketing and Advertising

JEL: M30 - General

JEL: M31 - Marketing

JEL: M37 - Advertising

JEL: M39 - Other

JEL: M4 - Accounting and Auditing Marketing is a social and managerial function that attempts to create, expand and maintain a collection of customers. ... Billboards and street advertising in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, (2005) Advertising is the business of drawing public attention to goods and services, performed through a variety of media. ...

JEL: M40 - General

JEL: M41 - Accounting

JEL: M42 - Auditing

JEL: M49 - Other

JEL: M5 - Personnel economics It has been suggested that Accounting scholarship be merged into this article or section. ... Basic definition Audit is the examination of records and reports of a company, in order to check that what is provided is relevant and accurate. ...

JEL: M50 - General

JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues)

JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues)

JEL: M53 - Training

JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction)

JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Other

JEL: M59 - Other

A stock option is a specific type of option with a stock as the underlying instrument (the security that the value of the option is based on). ... Employee benefits (also called fringe benefits, perquisites, or perks) are various non-wage compensations provided to employees in addition to their normal wages or salaries. ... Job satisfaction is a term used to describe how content an individual is with their job. ... Outsourcing (or contracting out) is often defined as the delegation of non-core operations or jobs from internal production within a business to an external entity (such as a subcontractor) that specializes in that operation. ... Franchising (from the French for free[citation needed]) is a method of doing business wherein a franchisor licenses trademarks and tried and proven methods of doing business to a franchisee in exchange for a recurring payment, and usually a percentage piece of gross sales or gross profits as well as...

Economic history JEL: N Subcategories

JEL: N - Economic History

Category:Economic history

JEL: N0 - General

JEL: N00 - General

JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations

JEL: N10 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

JEL: N20 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth

JEL: N30 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation

JEL: N40 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

JEL: N50 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction

JEL: N60 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

JEL: N70 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History

JEL: N80 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History

JEL: N90 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania

Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: O Subcategories

JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth

Category:Economic development, technological change, and growth

JEL: O1 - Economic development Economic development is the development of the economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. ...

JEL: O10 - General

JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology

JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment

JEL: O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political

JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses

JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy

JEL: O20 - General

JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy

JEL: O22 - Project Analysis

JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development

JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy

JEL: O29 - Other

JEL: O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development

JEL: O30 - General

JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

JEL: O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues

JEL: O38 - Government Policy

JEL: O39 - Other

JEL: O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

JEL: O40 - General

JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models

JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models

JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity

JEL: O49 - Other

JEL: O5 - Economywide Country Studies Economic growth is the increase in the value of goods and services produced by an economy. ...

JEL: O50 - General

JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada

JEL: O52 - Europe

JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: O54 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: O55 - Africa

JEL: O56 - Oceania

JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

This article is a blank template based on the Economy of Europe article, therefore many headings and dates etc. ... The economy of Europe is comprised of more than 665 million people in 48 different states. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The economy of South America comprises more than 360 million people living in 14 states and territories. ... The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, and resources of the peoples of Africa. ... The economy of Oceania is comprised of more than. ...

Economic systems JEL: P Subcategories

JEL: P - Economic Systems

Category:Economic systems

JEL: P0 - General

JEL: P00 - General

JEL: P1 - Capitalist Systems Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned, and capital is invested in the production, distribution and other trade of goods and services, for profit in a competitive free market. ...

JEL: P10 - General

JEL: P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform

JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises

JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises

JEL: P14 - Property Rights

JEL: P16 - Political Economy

JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects

JEL: P19 - Other

JEL: P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

JEL: P20 - General

JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform

JEL: P22 - Prices

JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population

JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation

JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation

JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects

JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment

JEL: P29 - Other

JEL: P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

JEL: P30 - General

JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions

JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture

JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid

JEL: P34 - Financial Economics

JEL: P35 - Public Economics

JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty

JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior

JEL: P39 - Other

JEL: P4 - Other Economic Systems

JEL: P40 - General

JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform

JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population

JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics

JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation

JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid

JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty

JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects

JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights

JEL: P49 - Other

JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems

JEL: P50 - General

JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems

JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies

JEL: P59 - Other

Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics JEL: Q Subcategories

JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Category:Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics Category:Resource economics

JEL: Q0 - General

JEL: Q00 - General

JEL: Q01 - Sustainable development

JEL: Q1 - Agriculture It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Sustainability. ...

JEL: Q10 - General

JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices

JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

JEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness

JEL: Q14 - Agricultural finance

JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation

JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services

JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade

JEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policy

JEL: Q19 - Other

JEL: Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation In agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various businesses involved in the food production chain, including farming, seed, agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesaling, processing, distribution, and retail sales. ... Land reform (also agrarian reform although that can have a broader meaning) is the government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of — i. ... Land use is the pattern of construction and activity land is used for. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Food policy is a plan or course of action intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters to enable people access enough food for an active, healthy life. ...

JEL: Q20 - General

JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply

JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture

JEL: Q23 - Forestry

JEL: Q24 - Land

JEL: Q25 - Water

JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources

JEL: Q28 - Government Policy

JEL: Q29 - Other

JEL: Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

JEL: Q30 - General

JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply

JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development

JEL: Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts

JEL: Q33 - Resource Booms

JEL: Q38 - Government Policy

JEL: Q39 - Other

JEL: Q4 - Energy

JEL: Q40 - General

JEL: Q41 - Demand and Supply

JEL: Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

JEL: Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy

JEL: Q48 - Government Policy

JEL: Q49 - Other

JEL: Q5 - Environmental economics Energy policy is the manner a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of energy production, distribution and consumption. ... Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues (other usages of the term are not uncommon). ...

JEL: Q50 - General

JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects

JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling

JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters

JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation

JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental accounting

JEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics

JEL: Q58 - Government Policy

JEL: Q59 - Other

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Sustainable Development. ... Environmental accounting aims to develop a system of accounts that takes the flows of both money and energy into consideration. ... Ecological economics is a branch of economics that addresses the interdependence and co-evolution between human economies and natural ecosystems. ...

Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories

JEL: R - Urban, rural, and regional economics

Category:Urban, rural, and regional economics

JEL: R0 - General

JEL: R00 - General

JEL: R1 - General Regional economics Regional science is a field of the social sciences concerned about analytical approaches to problems that are specifically urban, rural, or regional. ...

JEL: R10 - General

JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes

JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade

JEL: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies

JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns

JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other Models

JEL: R19 - Other

JEL: R2 - Household Analysis

JEL: R20 - General

JEL: R21 - Housing Demand

JEL: R22 - Other Demand

JEL: R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population

JEL: R29 - Other

JEL: R3 - Production Analysis and Firm Location

JEL: R30 - General

JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets

JEL: R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis

JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets

JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis

JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies

JEL: R39 - Other

JEL: R4 - Transportation Systems Transport economics is a cross-disciplinary study linking civil engineering and economics. ...

JEL: R40 - General

JEL: R41 - Transportation: Demand; Supply; Congestion; Safety and Accidents

JEL: R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis

JEL: R48 - Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies

JEL: R49 - Other

JEL: R5 - Regional Government Analysis

JEL: R50 - General

JEL: R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies

JEL: R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

JEL: R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock

JEL: R58 - Regional Development Policy

JEL: R59 - Other

Other special topics (economics) JEL: Z Subcategories

Category:Other special topics (economics)

JEL: Z - Other Special Topics

JEL: Z0 - General

JEL: Z00 - General

JEL: Z1 - Cultural Economics

JEL: Z10 - General

JEL: Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature

JEL: Z12 - Religion

JEL: Z13 - Social Norms and Social Capital; Social Networks

JEL: Z19 - Other