Each Jacobite Rising formed part of a series of military campaigns by Jacobites attempting to restore the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland (and after 1707, Great Britain) after James VII of Scotland and II of England was deposed in 1688 and the thrones "usurped" by his daughter Mary II jointly with her husband William of Orange. This article concerns the political movement supporting the restoration of the House of Stuart, not the earlier Jacobean period. ... The Coat of Arms of Queen Anne, the last British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Don Torro Stuart or Stewart was a Scottish, and then Great Britains, Royal House of Breton(British) origin. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: England Travel guide to England from Wikitravel English language English law English (people) List of monarchs of England – Kings of England family tree List of English people Angeln (region in northern Germany, presumably the origin of the Angles for whom England is named) UK... Travel guide to Scotland from Wikitravel Transport in Scotland Timeline of Scottish history Caledonia List of not fully sovereign nations Subdivisions of Scotland National parks (Scotland) Traditional music of Scotland Flower of Scotland Wars of Scottish Independence National Trust for Scotland Historic houses in Scotland Castles in Scotland Museums in... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal March 26 - The Act of Union becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... James II of England and VII of Scotland ( 14 October 1633–16 September 1701 ) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... Mary II (30 April 1662–28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 until her death, and as Queen of Scotland (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death. ... William III King of England, Scotland and Ireland William III and II (14 November 1650–8 March 1702; also known as William Henry and William of Orange) was Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scotland from 11 April...

The major Jacobite Risings were called the Jacobite Rebellions by the new governments. The "First Jacobite Rebellion" was the 'Fifteen, and the "Second Jacobite Rebellion" was the 'Forty-Five.

For the context and details of abortive attempts to plot risings, see Jacobitism. This article concerns the political movement supporting the restoration of the House of Stuart, not the earlier Jacobean period. ...

"Glorious" Revolution

Jacobite war in Ireland

See the Williamite war in Ireland. For the context of this war see Jacobitism and Glorious Revolution. ...

The Williamite war in Ireland was the opening conflict in James' attempts to regain the throne. It influenced the Jacobite Rising in Scotland which "Bonnie Dundee" started at about the same time. When it ended in October 1691 the Irish army left Ireland for France, becoming the Irish Brigade which provided forces assisting The 'Forty-Five Jacobite Rising in Scotland. Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... The Irish Brigade was a brigade in the French army composed of Irish exiles. ...

Bonnie Dundee

Morier's painting "Culloden" shows the highlanders still wearing the plaids which they normally set aside before battle, where they would fire a volley then run full tilt at the enemy with broadsword and targe in the Highland charge wearing only their shirts

On April 16th 1689, Viscount Dundee, known as Bonnie Dundee, raised James' standard on the hilltop of Dundee Law with less than 50 men in support. James had already arrived in Ireland and his letter was on the way promising Irish troops to assist the rising in Scotland. At first Viscount Dundee had difficulty in raising many supporters, but that changed after the Williamite commander Major-General Hugh Mackay of Scourie proved ineffective in chasing after Dundee around the north, and 200 Irish troops successfully landed at Kintyre. Dundee received support in the western Scottish Highlands from Catholic and Episcopalian Clans. Battle of Culloden, by David Morier. ... James Justinian Morier (1780? - 1849), traveller and novelist, son of Isaac Morier, descended from a Huguenot family resident at Smyrna, where he was born, was educated at Harrow. ... The Battle of Culloden (April 16, 1746), was the last military clash in mainland Britain, between the forces of the Jacobites and the British Army. ... The kilt is seen as an item of traditional Scottish Highland dress, although the origin of that tradition is more recent than is commonly believed. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... John Graham, Viscount Dundee (c. ... Dundees location in Scotland Dundee (Dùn Dèagh in Gaelic) is Scotlands fourth largest city, population 154,674 (2001), situated on the North bank of the Firth of Tay. ... Hugh Mackay Hugh Mackay (c. ... Kintyre shown within Argyll Kintyre is a region of western Scotland located at the south-western tip of the Argyll Peninsula. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... The word Episcopal is derived from the Greek επισκοπος epískopos, which literally means overseer; the word however is used in religious terms to mean bishop. ...

By July the Jacobites had 8 battalions and 2 companies, almost all Highlanders. Bonnie Dundee gained the confidence of the Clans by understanding the need to treat each Highlander as a touchy gentleman whose allegiance to his chieftain and clan with its etiquette and precedence was much more important than a secondary cause such as Jacobitism. At a time when infantry were trained to fight in formation, the Highlander's method was to set aside their plaids and other encumbrances before the battle, drop to the ground if their enemy fired a volley then, after quickly returning fire, run screaming at their foe in the Highland charge with broadsword and targe (shield) or whatever other weapon they had, sometimes pitchforks or Lochaber axes (a combined axe and spear on a long pole). This charge could be devastating to troops in formation still struggling to fix their "plug" bayonets which were inserted in the barrel of their muskets. Clan map of Scotland Scottish clans give a sense of Scottish Highland identity and shared descent both to people in Scotland and to their relations throughout the world, with a formal structure of Clan Chiefs officially registered with the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms which controls the... The kilt is seen as an item of traditional Scottish Highland dress, although the origin of that tradition is more recent than is commonly believed. ... Moriers painting Culloden depicts the Highland Charge in 1745. ... The term broadsword was originally used to describe the straight double-edged basket-hilted swords of Europe during the 17th through 19th centuries. ... Targe (from Old Franconian *targa shield, Proto-Germanic *targo border) was a general word for shield in late Old English. ... The Lochaber axe, also called a Juddart axe, was a Scottish war axe that came into use around 1600. ... The US Marine Corps OKC-3S bayonet A bayonet is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle of a rifle or similar weapon. ...

This charge defeated a larger lowland Scots force at the Battle of Killiecrankie on July 27th, 1689, but a third of the Highlanders and Bonnie Dundee were killed in the fighting. At the street fighting of the Battle of Dunkeld on August 21st the Jacobite Highlanders were set back by the Cameronians (now a government regiment), but much of the north remained hostile to the government and expeditions to subdue the highlands met with a series of skirmishes. Jacobite forces suffered a heavy defeat at the Haughs of Cromdale on May 1st 1690 and later that month Mackay constructed Fort William on the site of an old fort built by Cromwell. Then in June news arrived of William's victory over James at the Battle of the Boyne and Jacobite hopes petered out. A year later they were forced to agree to a truce while the Clan chieftains sent requests to the exiled James VII and II for permission to submit to William, and in January 1692 the Jacobite Clans formally surrendered to the government. Battle of Killiecrankie Conflict Jacobite Rising Date July 27, 1689 Place Killiecrankie Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Killiecrankie was fought between Highland clans supporting James II and English troops (though mostly lowland Scots) supporting William of Orange on July 27, 1689 during the Glorious Revolution. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... The Battle of Dunkeld was fought between Highland clans supporting James II and a government regiment of covenanters supporting William of Orange, in the streets around Dunkeld Cathedral, Dunkeld, Scotland, on August 21, 1689, and formed part of the first Jacobite rising. ... Cameronian was a name given to a section of the Scottish Covenanters who followed the teachings of Richard Cameron, and who were composed prinicpally of those who signed the Sanquhar Declaration in 1680. ... The Battle of Cromdale took place at the Haugh of Cromdale in Speyside on April 30 and May 1, 1690. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Fort William from Loch Linnhe Fort William is the largest town in the western Scottish Highlands (in the Highland unitary authority), and a major tourist centre. ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... William III (William of Orange) King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands The Battle of the Boyne was a turning point in the Williamite war in Ireland between the deposed King James II of England and VII of Scotland and his son-in-law and successor, William... Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ...

The "Old Pretender"

The Old Pretender's attempted invasion

After a brief peace, the War of the Spanish Succession renewed French support for the Jacobites and in 1708 James Stuart, the Old Pretender, sailed from Dunkirk with 6000 French troops in almost 30 ships of the French navy. Their intended landing in the Firth of Forth was thwarted by the Royal Navy under Admiral Byng which pursued the French fleet and made them retreat round the north of Scotland, losing ships and most of their men in shipwrecks on the way back to Dunkirk. Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain. ... // Events March 23 - James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth July 1 - Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia September 28 - Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya Kandahar conquered by Mir Wais In Masuria one third of the population die during the plague J... Prince James Francis Edward Stuart or Stewart (June 10, 1688 – January 1, 1766) was a claimant of the thrones of Scotland and England (September 16, 1701 – January 1, 1766) who is more commonly referred to as The Old Pretender. ... Location within France For other uses of Dunkirk or Dunkerque, see Dunkirk (disambiguation). ... The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth The Firth of Forth is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea between Fife to the north, and West Lothian, the City of Edinburgh, and East Lothian to... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services, being the oldest of its three branches. ... The Right Honourable George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington (1668) - (Jan. ...

The 'Fifteen

Following the Act of Union of 1707 and the arrival from Hanover of George I in 1714, Tory Jacobites in England conspired to organise armed rebellion, but were to prove indecisive and frightened by government arrests of their leaders. In Scotland discontent with the Union led to what is often referred to as the First Jacobite Rising (or Rebellion). The Acts of Union were twin Acts of Parliament passed in 1707 (taking effect on 26 March) by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. ... George I King of Great Britain and Ireland George I (George Ludwig von Guelph-dEste) (28 May 1660–11 June 1727) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) from 23 January 1698, and King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 1 August 1714, until his death. ... // Events August 1 - George, elector of Hanover becomes King George I of Great Britain. ...

James Stuart, the "Old Pretender"

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) had ended hostilities between France and Britain. From France, as part of widespread Jacobite plotting, James Stuart, the Old Pretender, had been corresponding with the Earl of Mar and in the summer of 1715 called on him to raise the Clans. Mar, nicknamed Bobbin' John, rushed from London to Braemar and summoned clan leaders to "a grand hunting-match" on August 27, 1715. On September 6th he proclaimed James as "their lawful sovereign" and raised the old Scottish standard, whereupon (ominously) the gold ball fell off the top of the flagpole. Mar's proclamation called on men to fight "for the relief of our native country from oppression and a foreign yoke too heavy for us or our posterity to bear". This brought in an alliance of clans and northern Lowlanders united mainly in detesting the Union and recent Whig repression, and they quickly overran many parts of the Highlands. Image File history File links James Stuart File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links James Stuart File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Prince James Francis Edward Stuart or Stewart (June 10, 1688 – January 1, 1766) was a claimant of the thrones of Scotland and England (September 16, 1701 – January 1, 1766) who is more commonly referred to as The Old Pretender. ... The Treaties of Utrecht (April 11, 1713) were signed in Utrecht, a city of the United Provinces. ... Prince James Francis Edward Stuart or Stewart (June 10, 1688 – January 1, 1766) was a claimant of the thrones of Scotland and England (September 16, 1701 – January 1, 1766) who is more commonly referred to as The Old Pretender. ... John Erskine, 6th (or 11th) Earl of Mar (1675 - May, 1732), Scottish Jacobite, was the eldest son of Charles, the 5th earl (1650-1689), from whom he inherited estates which were heavily loaded with debt. ... // Events July 24 - Spanish treasure fleet of ten ships under admiral Ubilla leave Havana, Cuba for Spain. ... for the former M/S Braemar, see M/S Regina Baltica Braemar (Scottish Gaelic, Braigh Mhàrr) is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, around 58 miles west of Aberdeen, being closest significantly-sized settlement to the upper course of the River Dee. ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... // Events July 24 - Spanish treasure fleet of ten ships under admiral Ubilla leave Havana, Cuba for Spain. ... While the Whigs (along with the Tories) are often described as one of the two political parties in late 17th to mid 19th century Great Britain, it is more accurate to describe them as loose political groupings or tendencies. ...

Mar's Jacobites captured Perth on September 14th without opposition and his army grew to around 8,000 men, but a force of less than 2,000 men under the Duke of Argyll held the Stirling plain for the government and Mar indecisively kept his forces in Perth. He waited for the Earl of Seaforth to arrive with a body of northern clans, but Seaforth was delayed by attacks from other clans loyal to the government. Planned risings in Wales and Devon were forestalled by the government arresting the local Jacobites. Perths location in Scotland Perth (Peairt in Scottish Gaelic) is a town in central Scotland. ... Stirling (Sruighlea in Gaelic) is a city in central Scotland, in the council area of Stirling. ... Earl of Seaforth, a Scottish title held by the family of Mackenzie from 1623 to 1716, and again from 1771 to 1781. ... National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location within the UK Official languages English, Welsh Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff First Minister Rhodri Morgan Area  - Total Ranked 3rd UK 20,779 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 3rd UK 2,903,085 140/km² NUTS 1... The inner harbour, Brixham, south Devon, at low tide Devon is a large county in South West England, bordering on Cornwall to the west, Dorset and Somerset to the east. ...

Starting around October 6th a rising in the north of England grew to about 300 horsemen under Thomas Forster, a Northumberland squire, then joined forces with a rising in the south of Scotland under Lord Kenmure. Mar sent a Jacobite force under Brigadier Mackintosh of Borlum to join them. They left Perth on October 10th and were ferried across the Firth of Forth from Burntisland to East Lothian. Here they were diverted into an attack on an undefended Edinburgh, but having seized Leith citadel they were chased away by the arrival of Argyll's forces. Mackintosh's force of about 2,000 then made their way south and met their allies at Kelso in the Scottish Borders on October 22nd, and spent a few days arguing over their options. The Scots wanted to fight government forces in the vicinity or attack Dumfries and Glasgow, but the English were determined to march towards Liverpool and led them to expect 20,000 recruits in Lancashire. For other places with this name, see Northumberland (disambiguation) Northumberland is a traditional, ceremonial and administrative county in northern England. ... The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth The Firth of Forth is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea between Fife to the north, and West Lothian, the City of Edinburgh, and East Lothian to... Burntisland is a burgh in Fife, Scotland on the Firth of Forth. ... East Lothian (Lodainn an Ear in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy Area. ... Edinburghs location in Scotland Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ... Former Royal Yacht Britannia is permanently moored at Leith harbour. ... The centre of Kelso with its cobbled square. ... Scottish Borders (Crìochan na h-Alba in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland. ... The Buccleuch St Bridge The Auld Brig at low water The Queensberry Monument Dumfries the Sally Army hall Overlooking Dumfries The Old Bridge House Dumfries High School Dumfries location in Scotland Dumfries (Dùn Phris in Scottish Gaelic: pronounced dum-freece, not dum-fries) is a Royal Burgh and town of... Glasgows location in Scotland Glasgow (or Glaschu in Gaelic) is Scotlands largest city and unitary council, situated on the River Clyde in the countrys west central lowlands. ... Liverpools skyline, as seen from the River Mersey. ... Red Lancashire rose Lancashire is a county of England, lying on the Irish Sea. ...

The Highlanders resisted marching into England and there were some mutinies and defections, but they pressed on. Instead of the expected welcome the Jacobites were met by hostile militia armed with pitchforks and very few recruits. They were unopposed in Lancaster and found about 1,500 recruits as they reached Preston on November 9th, bringing their force to around 4,000. Then Hanoverian forces (including the Cameronians) arrived to besiege them at the Battle of Preston (1715), and the surviving Jacobites surrendered on November 14th. A view of Lancaster showing the Lune, the Millennium Bridge and the Ashton Memorial Lancaster (2001 census population 45,952: source ONS) is a city in Lancashire, in the north-west of England, UK. It is a commercial, cultural and educational centre. ... Preston is a city and local government district in North West England. ... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ... Cameronian was a name given to a section of the Scottish Covenanters who followed the teachings of Richard Cameron, and who were composed prinicpally of those who signed the Sanquhar Declaration in 1680. ... The Battle of Preston (9 November–14 November 1715), was fought during the Jacobite Rising of 1715. ...

In Scotland, at the Battle of Sheriffmuir on November 13th, Mar's forces were unable to defeat a smaller force led by the Duke of Argyll and Mar retreated to Perth while the government army built up. Belatedly, on December 22nd 1715 a ship from France brought the Old Pretender to Peterhead, but he was too consumed by melancholy and fits of fever to inspire his followers. He briefly set up court at Scone, Perthshire, visited his troops in Perth and ordered the burning of villages to hinder the advance of the Duke of Argyll through deep snow. The highlanders were cheered by the prospect of battle, but James' councillors decided to abandon the enterprise and ordered a retreat to the coast, giving the pretext of finding a stronger position. James boarded a ship at Montrose and fled to France on February 4th, 1716, leaving a message advising his Highland followers to shift for themselves. The Battle of Sheriffmuir was an engagement in 1715 at the height of the Jacobite rebellion in England and Scotland. ... Perths location in Scotland Perth (Peairt in Scottish Gaelic) is a town in central Scotland. ... Peterhead is a town in Scotland with a population of approximately 18,000. ... Scone is a large village, a mile north of Perth, Scotland. ... Montrose is a minor port and tourist resort in the county of Angus on the east coast of Scotland. ... // Events August 5 - In the Battle of Peterwardein 40. ...

Spanish supported Jacobite invasion

Cardinal Giulio Alberoni

With France still at peace, the Jacobites found a new ally in Spain's Minister to the King, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni. An invasion force set sail in 1719 with two frigates to land in Scotland to raise the clans, and 27 ships carrying 5,000 soldiers to England, but the latter were dispersed by storms before they could land. When the two Spanish frigates successfully landed a party of Jacobites led by Lord Tullibardine and Earl Marischal with 300 Spanish soldiers at Loch Duich they held Eilean Donan castle, but met only lukewarm support from a few clans and at the Battle of Glen Shiel the Spanish soldiers were forced to surrender to government forces. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (456x640, 37 KB)Cardinal Giulio Alberoni File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (456x640, 37 KB)Cardinal Giulio Alberoni File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Cardinal Alberoni Giulio Alberoni (May 21, 1664 OS - June 26 NS, 1752), Italian cardinal and statesman in the service of Philip V of Spain, was born near Piacenza, probably at the village of Fiorenzuola dArda in the Duchy of Parma. ... Cardinal Alberoni Giulio Alberoni (May 21, 1664 OS - June 26 NS, 1752), Italian cardinal and statesman in the service of Philip V of Spain, was born near Piacenza, probably at the village of Fiorenzuola dArda in the Duchy of Parma. ... // Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused... In Scotland, the office of Great Marischal of Scotland, which was granted to the Keith family as Knight Marischal and later on changed to Lord Marischal and later on again to Earl Marischal of Scotland, died out when a member of the family of Keith forfeited it by being part... Loch Duich is a sea loch situated on the western coast of Scotland, in the Highlands. ... Loch Duich and Eilean Donan castle Eilean Donan castle and some surroundings Eilean Donan (Scottish Gaelic for Island of Donan), is a small island in Loch Duich in the western Highlands of Scotland. ... The Battle of Glen Shiel occurred near the western coast of Scotland on June 10, 1719 between the British and an alliance of Jacobite Highlanders and Spaniards, resulting in a victory for the British forces. ...

Aftermath of the 'Fifteen

In the aftermath of the 'Fifteen, the Disarming Act and the Clan Act made ineffectual attempts to subdue the Scottish Highlands. Government garrisons were built or extended in the Great Glen at Fort William, Kiliwhimin (later renamed Fort Augustus) and Fort George, Inverness, as well as barracks at Ruthven, Bernera and Inversnaid, linked to the south by the Wade roads constructed for Major-General George Wade. The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... The Great Glen, also known as Glen Albyn or Glen Mor is a series of valleys in Scotland running 100 kilometers from Inverness on the Moray Firth to Fort William at the head of Loch Linnhe. ... Fort William may refer to Fort William, Scotland, a town in the Scottish Highlands. ... Fort Augustus is a settlement in the Scottish Highlands, at the south west end of Loch Ness. ... Inverness (Inbhir Nis in Scottish Gaelic) is the only city in the Scottish Highlands. ... Ruthven Barracks are the smallest but best preserved of the 4 barracks built in 1717 after the 1715 Jacobite rising, set on an old castle mound. ... Great Bernera, often known just as Bernera (Scottish Gaelic: Bearnaraigh) is an island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. ... The Rt. ...

In 1725 Wade raised the independent companies of the Black Watch as a militia to keep peace in the unruly Highlands, but in 1743 they were moved to fight the French in Flanders. Tellingly, their commander at the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745 was the Duke of Cumberland, soon to command at Culloden. Events February 8 - Catherine I became empress of Russia February 20 - The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony. ... ... // Events February 14 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister February 21 - - The premiere in London of George Frideric Handels oratorio, Samson. ... This article is about the Belgian region Flanders and the eponymous historical region of the Low Countries. ... The Battle of Fontenoy was fought at Fontenoy in the Austrian Netherlands on May 11, 1745, during the War of Austrian Succession. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (April 15, 1721–October 31, 1765), a younger son of King George II of Great Britain and Queen Caroline, was a noted military leader. ...

The "Young Pretender"

1744 French invasion attempt

During 1743 the War of the Austrian Succession drew Britain and France into open, though unofficial, hostilities against each other. Leading English Jacobites made a formal request to France for armed intervention and the French king's Master of Horse toured southern England meeting Tories and discussing their proposals. In November 1743 Louis XV of France authorised a large-scale invasion of southern England in February 1744 which was to be a surprise attack with troops marching from their winter quarters to hidden invasion barges which were to take them and Charles Edward Stuart with the guidance of English Jacobite pilots to Maldon in Essex where they were to be joined by local Tories in an immediate march on London. Charles, (later known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender) who was in exile in Rome with his father (James Stuart, the Old Pretender) rushed to France. // Events February 14 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister February 21 - - The premiere in London of George Frideric Handels oratorio, Samson. ... The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). ... Louis XV in 1712, dressed as a girl, as was customary at the time for very young boys of the aristocracy The regent, Philippe dOrléans Louis XV (February 16, 1710 – May 10, 1774), called the Well-Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1715 to... // Events The third French and Indian War, known as King Georges War, breaks out at Port Royal, Nova Scotia The First Saudi State founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud Prague occupied by Prussian armies Ongoing events War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Births January 10 - Thomas Mifflin, fifth President... Bonnie Prince Charlie Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Maria Stuart (December 31, 1720 – January 31, 1788), was the exiled claimant to the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland, commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. Charles was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, who was in... Maldon is a town on the Blackwater estuary in Essex, England. ... Essex is a county in the East of England. ... Prince James Francis Edward Stuart or Stewart (June 10, 1688 – January 1, 1766) was a claimant of the thrones of Scotland and England (September 16, 1701 – January 1, 1766) who is more commonly referred to as The Old Pretender. ...

As late as February 13 the British were still unaware of these intentions, and while they then arrested many suspected Jacobites the French plans really went astray on February 24 when one of the worst storms of the century scattered the French fleets which were about to battle for control of the English Channel, sinking one ship and putting five out of action. Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel, also for some time known as the British Sea (French: La Manche, the sleeve) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. ...

The barges had began embarking some 10,000 troops and the storm wrecked the troop and equipment transports, sinking some with the loss of all hands. Charles was officially informed on February 28 that the invasion had been cancelled. The British lodged strong diplomatic objections to the presence of Charles, and France declared war but gave Charles no more support.

The 'Forty-Five

Charles continued to believe that he could reclaim the kingdom and recalled that early in 1744 a small number of Scottish Highland clan chieftains had sent a message that they would rise if he arrived with as few as 3,000 French troops. Living at French expense, he continued to badger ministers for commitment to another invasion, to their increasing irritation. In secrecy he also developed a plan with a consortium of Nantes privateers, funded by exiled Scots bankers and pawning of his mother's jewellery. They fitted out a small frigate le Du Teillay and a ship of the line the Elisabeth and set out from Nantes for Scotland in July 1745 on the pretence that this was a normal privateering cruise, leaving a personal letter from Charles to Louis XV of France announcing the departure and asking for help with the rising. The Elisabeth, carrying weapons, supplies and 700 volunteers from the Irish Brigade, encountered the British Navy ship HMS Lion and with both ships badly damaged in the ensuing battle the Elisabeth was forced back, but the Frigate successfully landed Charles with his seven men of Moidart on the island of Eriskay in the Outer Hebrides on August 2nd 1745. City motto: Favet Neptunus eunti. ... Louis XV in 1712, dressed as a girl, as was customary at the time for very young boys of the aristocracy The regent, Philippe dOrléans Louis XV (February 16, 1710 – May 10, 1774), called the Well-Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1715 to... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Eighteen vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Lion, after the lion, an animal traditionally associated with courage, and also used in several heraldric motifs representing England and the British Monarchy. ... The Isle of Eriskay is an island of the Outer Hebrides in northern Scotland. ... The Outer Hebrides or Western Isles (officially known by their Gaelic name, Na h-Eileanan Siar) comprise an island chain off the west coast of Scotland. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected...

The Scottish clans and their chieftains initially showed little enthusiasm about his arrival without troops or munitions (with Alexander MacDonald of Sleat and Norman MacLeod of MacLeod refusing even to meet with him), but Charles went on to Moidart and on August 19th 1745 raised the standard at Glenfinnan to lead the Second Jacobite Rising in his father's name. This attracted about 1,200 men, mostly of Clan MacDonald of Clanranald, Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, Clan MacDonnell of Keppoch, and Clan Cameron. The Jacobite force marched south from Glenfinnan, increasing to almost 3,000 men, though two chieftains insisted on pledges of compensation before joining. Moidart is a district in Lochaber, Highland, Scotland to the west of Fort William; the area is very remote and Loch Shiel cuts off the south-west boundary of the district. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... About half-way along the picturesque Scottish West Highland Railway line between Fort William and Mallaig lies Glenfinnan station. ... Clan MacDonell of Glengarry is a Scottish clan, sometimes considered a branch of Clan Donald, taking its name from Glen Garry where the river Garry runs eastwards through Loch Garry to join the Great Glen about 16 miles (25 km) north of Fort William. ...

Eventually the following clans "came out" to join the Prince: Clan Cameron, Clan Chisholm, Clan Drummond, Clan Farquharson, Clan Fraser of Lovat, Clan Gordon, Clan Grant of Glenmorriston, Clan Hay, Clan Livingstone, Clan MacBean, Clan MacColl, Clan MacDonald of Clanranald, Clan MacDonald of Glencoe, Clan MacDonnell of Glengarry, Clan MacDonell of Keppoch, Clan MacFie, Clan MacGillivray, Clan MacGregor, Clan MacInnes, Clan MacIntosh, Clan MacIver, Clan MacKinnon, Clan MacLachlan, Clan MacLaren, Clan MacLeod of Raasay, Clan MacNab, Clan MacNeil of Barra, Clan MacPherson, Clan Menzies, Clan Ogilvy, Clan Oliphant, Clan Robertson, Clan Sinclair, and Clan Stewart of Appin. Furthermore, the regiment of Atholl Highlanders was mostly made up of members of Clan Murray, Clan Ferguson, and Clan Stewart of Atholl. Significant numbers of men from Clan Boyd, Clan Elphinstone, Clan Forbes, Clan Keith, Clan MacIntyre, Clan MacKenzie, Clan MacLean, Clan MacLeod of MacLeod, Clan MacLeod of Lewis, Clan MacTavish, Clan MacMillan, Clan Maxwell, Clan Ramsay, and Clan Wemyss also joined the Jacobite army. Some chieftains who were trying or planning to raise their clan for the Prince were stopped or even imprisoned, notably sir James Campbell of Auchnabreck and Alexander MacDougall of Dunollie, who were stopped from raising Clan Campbell of Auchnabreck and Clan MacDougall by Campbell of Argyll, and sir Hector MacLean and Dugald MacTavish of Dunardry, who would have raised Clan MacLean and Clan MacTavish had they not been imprisoned by the English. Clan Farquharson of Invercauld is a Scottish clan which derives its name from Farquhar Shaw, 4th son of Alexander Ciar Mackintosh of Rothiemurchus, 5th Chief of the Clan Shaw, who settled in the Braes of Mar, the source of the River Dee. ... Clan Fraser of Lovat is a Scottish clan, based in Inverness-shire. ... Clan Gordon, also known as the House of Gordon, is a traditional Scottish clan name and it is now a common forename. ... Clan Hay is a Scottish clan, associated with the regions of Perth and Aberdeen, which has played an important part in the history and politics of Scotland. ... Also known as the clan MacOnlea, or the highland Livingstone clan. ... Clan MacDonell of Glengarry is a Scottish clan, sometimes considered a branch of Clan Donald, taking its name from Glen Garry where the river Garry runs eastwards through Loch Garry to join the Great Glen about 16 miles (25 km) north of Fort William. ... The Clan MacGregror is a Highland Scottish clan. ... Clan MacInnes is a Scottish clan from the highlands The tartan of the MacInnes Clan The dress tartan of the MacInnes Clan // History of the name From the Gaelic MacAonghais (Sons of Angus). ... Clan Robertson is a Scottish clan. ... The Atholl Highlanders cap badge and tartan The Atholl Highlanders is a British regiment. ... Clan Keith is a Scottish clan associated with lands in northeastern and northwestern Scotland. ... The Clan MacKenzie are a Scottish clan, whose traditional lands include Kintail and Ross-shire. ... // Clan history The name MacLean is rendered in gaelic MacGille Eoin or son of the servant of St. ... Clan Ramsay is a Scottish clan that has existed since the 11th century. ... Clan MacDougall is a Scottish clan traditionally associated with the lands of Argyll and Lorn in Scotland. ... // Clan history The name MacLean is rendered in gaelic MacGille Eoin or son of the servant of St. ...

Most of the British army was in Flanders and Germany, leaving an inexperienced army of about 4,000 in Scotland under Sir John Cope. His force marched north into the Highlands, but found little support because of the unpopularity of King George II's government and, believing the rebel force to be stronger than it really was, avoided an engagement with the Jacobites at the Pass of Corryairack and withdrew northwards to Inverness. The Jacobites captured Perth and at Coltbridge on the way to Edinburgh routed two regiments of government Dragoons. In Edinburgh there was panic with a melting away of the City Guard and Volunteers, and when the city gate at the Netherbar Port was opened at night to let a coach through a party of Camerons rushed the sentries and seized control of the city. The next day King James VIII was proclaimed at the Mercat Cross and a triumphant Charles entered Holyrood palace. John Cope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... George II King of Great Britain and Ireland George II (George Augustus) (10 November 1683–25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. ... This is an 810m, 2657 foot pass. ... Inverness (Inbhir Nis in Scottish Gaelic) is the only city in the Scottish Highlands. ... Perths location in Scotland Perth (Peairt in Scottish Gaelic) is a town in central Scotland. ... Edinburghs location in Scotland Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ... A light dragoon from the American Revolution Statue of a dragoon on the Triumph Arc of the Louvres in Paris During the late 17th and early 18th centuries a dragoon was traditionally a soldier trained to fight on foot, but transported himself on horseback. ... Holyrood Palace The Palace of Holyroodhouse, more commonly known as Holyrood Palace, originally founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence of the Kings and Queens of Scotland since the 15th century. ...

Cope's army got supplies from Inverness then sailed from Aberdeen down to Dunbar to meet the Jacobite forces near Prestonpans to the east of Edinburgh. On September 21 1745 at the Battle of Prestonpans a surprise attack planned by Lord George Murray routed the government forces, as celebrated in the Jacobite song "Hey, Johnny Cope, are you waking yet?". Charles immediately wrote again to France pleading for a prompt invasion of England. There was alarm in England, and in London a patriotic song which included a prayer for Marshal Wade's success in crushing the Scots was performed, later to become the National Anthem. Aberdeens location in Scotland Aberdeen (Obar Dheathain in Scottish Gaelic) is Scotlands third largest city, with a population of 212,125. ... View towards John Muir beach with North Berwick Law and the Bass Rock in the distance. ... Prestonpans is a small town found to the East of Edinburgh, Scotland. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... In the Battle of Prestonpans Jacobite Stuarts under Bonnie Prince Charlie defeated Government forces under General Cope on September 21, 1745. ... God Save the Queen is a patriotic song whose origin remains a matter of speculation. ...

The Jacobites held the city of Edinburgh, though not the castle. Charles held court at Holyrood palace for five weeks, exciting great admiration and enthusiasm but failing to raise a regiment locally. Many of the highlanders went home with booty from the battle and recruiting resumed, though Whig clans supporting the government were also getting organised. The French now sent some weapons and funds, and assurances that they would carry out their invasion of England by the end of the year. Charles' Council of war led by Murray was against leaving Scotland, but he told them that he had received English Tory assurances of a rising if he appeared in England in arms, and the Council agreed to march south by a margin of one vote. Edinburghs location in Scotland Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ... Edinburgh Castle and NorLoch, around 1780 by Alexander Nasmyth Edinburgh Castle is an ancient stronghold on the Castle Rock in the centre of the city of Edinburgh, has been in use by assorted military forces since prehistoric times and only transferred from the Ministry of Defence recently. ... While the Whigs (along with the Tories) are often described as one of the two political parties in late 17th to mid 19th century Great Britain, it is more accurate to describe them as loose political groupings or tendencies. ...

The Jacobite army of under six thousand men set out on November 3rd. During the delay the government had brought seasoned troops back from the continent and an army under General George Wade assembled at Newcastle. Charles wanted to confront them, but on the advice of Lord George Murray and the Council they made for Carlisle and successfully bypassed Wade. At Manchester about 250 Episcopalians formed a regiment, but no other Englishmen joined the Prince. At the end of November French ships arrived in Scotland with 800 men from the Eccosais Royeaux (Royal Scots) and Irish Regiments of the French army. The Rt. ... ... Map sources for Carlisle at grid reference NY3955 This article is about the English city. ... Manchester is a city in the North West of England. ... The word Episcopal is derived from the Greek επισκοπος epískopos, which literally means overseer; the word however is used in religious terms to mean bishop. ... Official name The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment) Colonel-in-Chief Honorary-General HRH Mary, Princess Royal (1918) HRH Anne, Princess Royal (1983) Nicknames Pontius Pilates Bodyguard Motto Nemo me impune lacessit (Nobody touches me with impunity) Anniversaries Marches Quick March: Dumbartons Drums Slow March: Garb of Old... The Irish Brigade was a brigade in the French army composed of Irish exiles. ...

The Jacobite army, by now reduced by desertions to under 5,000 men, was manoeuvred by Murray round to the east of a second government army under the Duke of Cumberland and marched on Derby. Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (April 15, 1721–October 31, 1765), a younger son of King George II of Great Britain and Queen Caroline, was a noted military leader. ... This article is about the city of Derby in England. ...

They entered Derby on December 4th, only 125 miles (200 km) from a panicking London, with a resentful Charles by then barely on speaking terms with Murray. Charles was advised of progress on the French invasion fleet which was then assembling at Dunkirk, but at his Council of War he was forced to admit to his previous lies about assurances. While Charles was determined to press on in the deluded belief that their success was due to soldiers of the regulars never daring to fight against their true prince, his Council and Lord George Murray pointed out their position. The promised English support had not materialised, both Wade and Cumberland were approaching, a militia was forming in London and they had a report of a third army closing on them (fictitious, from a government double agent). They insisted that their army should return to join the growing force in Scotland. This time only Charles voted to continue the advance, and he assented while throwing a tantrum and vowing never to consult the Council again. On December 6th the Jacobites sullenly began their retreat, with a petulant Charles refusing to take any part in running the campaign which was fortunate given the excellent leadership of Murray, whose brilliant feints and careful planning extracted the army virtually intact. The French got news of the retreat and cancelled their invasion which was now ready, while English Tories who had just sent a message pledging support if Charles reached London went to ground again. Location within France For the battleship, see Dunkerque Dunkirk (French: Dunkerque; Dutch: Duinkerke; German: Dünkirchen) is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the département of Nord, 10 km from the Belgian border. ...

There was a rearguard action to the north of Penrith. The Manchester regiment was left behind to defend Carlisle and after a siege by Cumberland had to surrender, to face hanging or transportation. By Christmas the Jacobites came to Glasgow and forced the city to re-provision their army, then on January 3rd left to seize the town of Stirling and begin an ineffectual siege of Stirling Castle. Jacobite reinforcements joined them from the north and on January 17th about 8,000 of Charles' 9,000 men took the offensive to the approaching General Henry Hawley at the Battle of Falkirk and routed his forces. Penrith could be Penrith in Australia Penrith in Cumbria, England This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Stirling (Sruighlea in Gaelic) is a city in central Scotland, in the council area of Stirling. ... Stirling Castle (southwest aspect) Stirling Castle is an historic castle in Stirling, Scotland. ... Henry Hawley (c. ... During the Second Jacobite Rising, the Battle of Falkirk was the last noteworthy Jacobite success. ...

The Jacobite army then turned north, losing men and failing to take Stirling Castle or Fort William but taking Fort Augustus and Fort George in Inverness by early April. Charles now took charge again, insisting on fighting an orthodox defensive action, and on April 16th 1746 they were finally defeated near Inverness at the Battle of Culloden by Hanoverian forces made up of English and Scottish troops and Campbell militia, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The seemingly suicidal Highland sword charge against cannon and muskets had succeeded in earlier battles but failed now owing to the completely unsuitable nature of the battlefield chosen by Charles, his irresolute tactics and Cumberland having trained his men well with new bayonet tactics to withstand the charge. Charles promptly abandoned his army, blaming everything on the treachery of his officers, even though after the defeat the stragglers and unengaged units rallied at the agreed rendezvous and only dispersed when ordered to leave. Fort William may refer to Fort William, Scotland, a town in the Scottish Highlands. ... Fort Augustus is a settlement in the Scottish Highlands, at the south west end of Loch Ness. ... There is also a later Fort George in Canada. ... Inverness (Inbhir Nis in Scottish Gaelic) is the only city in the Scottish Highlands. ... Events January 8 - Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling April 16 - Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings October 22 - The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896) October 28 - An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru Catharine de Ricci (born 1522... The Battle of Culloden (April 16, 1746), was the last military clash in mainland Britain, between the forces of the Jacobites and the British Army. ... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ... This article is about the Scottish clan; for other Campbells see Campbell (disambiguation). ... Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (April 15, 1721–October 31, 1765), a younger son of King George II of Great Britain and Queen Caroline, was a noted military leader. ...

Charles fled to France making a dramatic if humiliating escape disguised as a "lady's maid" to Flora Macdonald. Cumberland's forces crushed the rebellion and effectively ended Jacobitism as a serious political force in Britain. Bonnie Prince Charlie Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Maria Stuart (December 31, 1720 – January 31, 1788), was the exiled claimant to the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland, commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. Charles was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, who was in... Flora MacDonald For the Scottish Jacobite heroine, see Flora Macdonald The Honourable Flora Isabel MacDonald, PC , CC , O.ont (born June 3, 1926) is a Canadian politician. ...

Common Misconceptions about the Jacobites and the '45:

It was just a Scottish civil war between Highlanders and Lowlanders.

The campaign was of international significance; it was a bid to reclaim not just the Scottish throne - but ultimately the English throne as well - with support from Europe. Though donning Highland garb for psychological effect, the Jacobite army was made up of both Highland and (about one-third) Lowland troops, not to mention French and Irish troops.

Lowlanders were forced to join the Jacobite army.

Recruiting records show the Lowlands provided many volunteers, including some gentry. Jacobite support was strong in most areas north of the River Tay. England also supplied some volunteers, including a small regiment. Indeed, Highlanders were probably more often pressed into service than Lowlanders. The act of pressing was not exclusive to the Jacobites; it was also used by most other contemporary armies, including the British Army.

More Scots fought against the Jacobites than for them.

Contemporary records clearly show otherwise: Cumberland’s army contained no more than 2500 Scots. By contrast, Prince Charles’ army included well over 10,000 Scots — possibly closer to 15,000.

The Jacobite army's organisation was a backward clan-based relic, with inexperienced commanders and untrained troops.

The Jacobite army’s organisation was similar to that of most other contemporary armies. Many Jacobite commanders had seen service in various armies, and field commander George Murray was easily one of the best of the time. It is interesting to note that while Culloden was Prince Charles’ only defeat (caused by the decision to entrench and defend Inverness as Jacobite funds were very low), it was Cumberland’s only ever victory. While many Jacobite soldiers were of poor appearance, some without even shoes, they were among the most feared troops the English faced. The hardiness, individuality, and resourcefulness of Highlanders made them known as some of the best troops in the British Army.

London was never threatened by the Jacobites.

London had no significant defending forces and the Jacobite army was only two to three days march away. London officials had made evacuation plans for themselves.

Jacobite soldiers were ordered to “give no quarter” at Culloden.

That is what Cumberland’s troops believed, because that is what Cumberland told them after the battle: that an order to that effect, signed by the Jacobite General Lord George Murray, had been found on a prisoner.

But the ‘order’ was apparently a forgery, which helped to dehumanise the Jacobite Scots and perpetuate their image as non-Protestant savages. Many in England at once believed the story of a "no quarter" order, and many also thought it justified their own army’s uncommonly savage behaviour after winning the battle, when government troops abused and butchered many prisoners, wounded, and even onlookers (including children).

To deepen the mystery of who wrote the alleged order, it has been persuasively argued that the 'forgery' was no such thing; that “Whoever wrote it cannot seriously have drawn it up with a view to passing it off as genuine orders issued by Lord George.” On the contrary, the inserted command “to give no Quarters to the Electors Troops on any account whatsoever" may genuinely have been found on the official, signed orders in a Jacobite prisoner's pocket; it may indeed have been interpolated by a Jacobite hand, and Cumberland may have been sincere when he announced the discovery of the apparently incriminating document to his outraged army. After issuing instructions for the coming battle, Lord George Murray tried to pre-empt it by leading a bungled attempt to kill the British government army in their tents as they slept. He refused to give any separate orders for this attack because “everybody knew what he had to do”: that is, “to cut the tent strings and pull down the poles, and where we observed a swelling or bulge in the fallen tent there to strike and push vigorously” with “sword, dirk and bayonet”. It is conceivable that a Jacobite officer, in the absence of any separate orders for the intended merciless night-attack, simply amended those he had already been given. (Speck, 148–155).

Nonetheless, in the morning the exhausted Jacobite soldiers were certainly not ordered to “give no quarter” at the Battle of Culloden itself.

External links

• The Jacobites
• The Jacobite Heritage
• General History of the Highlands

See also

• British military history
• UK topics

This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This is a list of topics related to the United Kingdom. ...

References

• Maritime Scotland, Brian Lavery, B T Batsford Ltd., 2001, ISBN 0-7134-8520-5
• Scotland, A Concise History, Fitzroy Maclean, Thames and Hudson 1991, ISBN 0-500-27706-0
• Bonnie Prince Charlie, Fitzroy Maclean, Canongate Books Ltd. 1989 ISBN 0-86241-568-3
• The Myth of the Jacobite Clans, Murray G. H. Pittock, Edinburgh University Press, 1995.
• The Lion in the North, John Prebble, Penguin Books 1973
• The Butcher: The Duke of Cumberland and the Suppression of the 45, W. A. Speck, Blackwell, 1981.
• The Jacobites, Daniel Szechi, Manchester University Press 1994 ISBN 0-7190-3774-3