Jadids (جديد "new" in Arabic): the name given to Muslim Reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th century (1880s). They normally referred to themselves by the Turkic terms Taraqqiparvalar (progressives) or simply Yäşlär/Yoshlar (Youth). Although their beliefs were manifold, one of their principle aims was the introduction of the usul ul-jadid or "new methods" of teaching in the maktabs of the Empire, hence the term Jadidism normally used to describe their programme. Some of the changes thus initiated, such as the introduction of benches, desks, blackboards and maps into classrooms, were perhaps merely cosmetic; others, such as the use of textbooks printed in Cairo, Kazan or Constantinople, were rather more substantial. Originating with the Tatars of the Volga and Crimea, among whom it was popularized by such thinkers as Volgan Musa Bigiev, it later spread to Central Asia, in particular the cities of Bukhara and Kokand. A leading figure was the Crimean Tatar İsmail Gaspıralı (Gasprinskiy) whose newspaper Terciman (Interpreter) was a major organ of Jadid opinion, together with the Azeri satirical Journal Mollah Nasreddin. The Jadids were treated with suspicion by the Russian Government, which disliked their connections with similar Muslim reform movements in the Ottoman Empire and British India, and suspected them of having Pan-Turkic and Pan-Islamic aims. The Jadids had many opponents amongst the ulama as well, normally known as Qadimists or devotees of the old. However the beliefs of so-called Qadimist thinkers have often been stereotyped and distorted, and their beliefs and aims were often not very different from those of the Jadids, who normally came from similar backgrounds and also counted many of the ulama in their ranks. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... // Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... Modern Cairo Cairo Minarets Cairo (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: , transl. ... Kazan (Tatar Qazan, Казан; Russian Казань) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russias largest cities. ... Constantinople[1] was the name of the modern-day city of Ä°stanbul, Turkey over the centuries that it served as the second capital of the unified Roman Empire, and after its division into East and West, of the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire (from the city... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... Musa Bigiev is a Tatar Jadid. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Bukhara (Bokhara in XIX century English, Buxoro or Бухоро in Uzbek (the Cyrillic alphabet was officially phased out for Uzbek after independence); بُخارا /Bukhârâ/ in Persian, Buhe/Puhe Tang Chinese, Бухара in Russian; also Boxara in Tatar) is the fifth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and capital of the Bukhara region (Bukhoro Wiloyati). ... Kokand (or Khokand or Kokhand or Quqon or Коканд) is a city in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. ... For Crimean Tatar ethos see Crimean Tatars For Crimean Tatar language and alphabet see Crimean Tatar language ... Ä°smail Gaspıralı (Gasprinskiy) (March 8, 1851-September 11, 1914) was a famous Crimean Tatar intellectual, educator, publisher and political figure. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... It has been suggested that Turanism be merged into this article or section. ... Pan-Islamism is the loose unification of all Islamic countries and peoples. ... Ulema is a common romanisation for the plural of Arabic ˤĀlim Scholar, namely ˤUlamā (علماء). The same word appears in Turkish as Ulema and in Persian as Olæma. ...

Jadids in Tatarstan

Some of them were supporters of religious reforms (Ğ. Barudi, M. Bigiev, Ğäbdräşid İbrahimov, Q. Tärcemäni C. Abızgildin, Z Qadíri, Z. Kamali, Ğ Bubí et al.), while others wanted educational reforms only (R. Fäxretdinev, F. Kärimi, Ş. Kültäsi et al.). The Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ...

The 1917 Revolution

Flag of Kokand Autonomy 1917-1918

In 1917 the reformers appeared to have a chance to acquire some real power. A provisional Government of Jadid Reformers in the settled regions of Russian Turkestan was established in the city of Kokand, whilst a parallel organisation in the Steppe, the Alash Orda (a leading member of which was Mustafa Chokay), was set up in the city of Semipalatinsk. The Kokand Autonomy was brutally crushed by the forces of the Tashkent Soviet, and around 14,000 people were killed in the ensuing massacre, including many leading Jadids. In the early years of Bolshevik rule the authorities sought the assistance of the Jadids in pushing through radical social and educational reforms. Under Faizullah Khojaev they controlled the Government of the Bukharan People's Republic (1921-4) but this proved to be a false dawn. When the new 'national' boundaries were drawn up in 1924 Khojaev became the first President of the Uzbek SSR, but he was purged in the 1930s together with virtually the entire intelligentsia of Central Asia, including leading Jadid writers and poets such as Cholpan and Abdur Rauf Fitrat. The Jadids have now been rehabilitated as 'Uzbek National Heroes' in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan. Image File history File links Kokand-1917-1918. ... Image File history File links Kokand-1917-1918. ... Russian Turkestan (Russian: Ру́сский Туркеста́н), also known as Turkestansky Krai (Туркеста́нский край), was a subdivision (Krai or Governor-Generalship) of Imperial Russia, comprising the oasis region to the South of the Kazakh steppes, but not the Protectorates of Bukhara and Khiva. ... Kokand (or Khokand or Kokhand or Quqon or Коканд) is a city in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. ... A steppe in Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: - step, Ukrainian: степ - step), pronounced in English as step, is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by... Semey (Семей, sometimes transliterated as Semij or Semei) is a city in north eastern Kazakhstan, near the border with Siberia. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... Fauzullah Khojaev (1896-1938) (or “Khodjaev”) Born in Bukhara to a family of wealthy traders, Khojaev was sent to Moscow by his father in 1907. ... Bukharan Peoples republic flag of 1921-1923 The Bukharan Peoples Republic was a short-lived Soviet puppet state, which governed the former Emirate of Bukhara during the period immediately following the Russian Revolution from 1920-1924. ... State motto: Бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз! (transliteration: Butun dunyo proletarlari, birlashingiz! (Uzbek: Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... The Great Purge (Russian: ) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

References

• Paul Bergne "The Kokand Autonomy 1917-18: political background, aims and reasons for failure", in Tom Everett-Heath Central Asia: Aspects of Transition (London) 2003
• Hélène Carrére d’Encausse Réforme et Révolution chez les Musulmans de l’Empire Russe (Paris) 1981, translated as Islam and the Russian Empire (London) 1988
• Adeeb Khalid The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform (Berkeley) 1997
• Adeeb Khalid “Tashkent 1917: Muslim Politics in Revolutionary Turkestan” Slavic Review Vol.55 №.2 (1996)
• S.A. Dudoignon & F. Georgeon (Eds.) “Le Réformisme Musulman en Asie Centrale. Du ‘premier renouveau’ à la Soviétisation 1788-1937” Cahiers du Monde Russe Vol. XXXVII (1-2) Jan-Jun 1996
• Gero Fedtke “Jadids, Young Bukharans, Communists and the Bukharan Revolution: from an ideological debate in the early Soviet Union” in Von Kügelgen et al (Eds): Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia Vol.II - Inter-regional & inter-ethnic relations (Berlin) 1998 pp483-512
• И.И. Минтс (Ред.) Победа Советской Власти в Средней Азии и Казахстане (Ташкент) 1967

External links

• Central Asia: Jadidism -- Old Tradition Of Renewal from RFE/RL