Jaffa port

Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ, Yafo Arabic: يَافَا Yāfā (help· info); also Japho, Joppa; also, per c.1350 BCE Amarna Letters, Yapu) is an ancient port city located south of Tel Aviv, Israel on the Mediterranean Sea. Today it is a neighborhood of the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo. Jaffa may refer to: Jaffa Homewares, a buissness in Moura, Qld (Australia) Jaffa, Israel, a historic port city on the Mediterranean Sea Jaffa orange, a tradename for oranges in the United Kingdom Jaffa cake, a popular brand of cake sold in the UK Jaffas (candy), an orange-flavored candy with... Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 613 KB)jaffa port. ... Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 613 KB)jaffa port. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Image File history File links ArJaffa. ... EA 161, letter by Aziru, leader of Amurru, (stating his case to pharaoh), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet. ... Categories: Stub | Commercial item transport and distribution | Transportation ... Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... Tel Aviv at night Dizengof Center Allenby Street Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew תל אביב-יפו; Arabic تل ابيب-يافا Tal Abīb-Yāfā) is an Israeli city on the coast of the Mediterranean...

It is mentioned four times in the Hebrew Bible, as one of the cities given to the Tribe of Dan (Book of Joshua 19:46), as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for Solomon's Temple (2 Chronicles 2:16), as the place whence the prophet Jonah embarked for Tarshish (Book of Jonah 1:3) and as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for the Second Temple of Jerusalem (Book of Ezra 3:7). It was also an important city in the Arab Middle East. During the Crusades, it was the County of Jaffa, a stronghold of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. ^[1] 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ... Tribe of Dan was also a band from the mid 1990s. ... The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in both the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Binomial name Cedrus libani A. Rich. ... Solomons Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Beit HaMikdash), also known as the First Temple, was, according to the Bible, the first Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. ... (Redirected from 2 Chronicles) The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ... The Prophet Jonah, as depicted by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel Jonah (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; Arabic: يونس, Yunus or يونان, Yunaan ; Latin Ionas ; Dove) was a prophet in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) and Quran who was swallowed by a great fish. ... Tarshish occurs in the Hebrew Bible with these meanings: One of the sons of Javan. ... In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Jonah is the fifth book in a series of books called the Minor Prophets (itself a subsection of the Nevi’im or Prophets). ... A stone (2. ... The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin. ... Official language Latin, French, Italian, and other western languages; Greek and Arabic also widely spoken Capital Jerusalem, later Acre Constitution Various laws, so-called Assizes of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 by the First Crusade. ...

History

Name sources

Jaffa (or Yafo) is one of the most ancient port cities in the world. Some claim that Jaffa was named after Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah, who built it forty years after the Great Flood. A Hebrew etymology indicates that the city is called Jaffa because of its beauty (yofi in Hebrew). The Hellenist tradition links the name to "Iopeia", which is Cassiopeia, the mother of Andromeda. Following Pliny the Elder the name is connected with Jopa, who was the daughter of Aeolus, the god of wind. However, the Hellenist and Roman accountings for the name date from hundreds of years after the original (most probably west-semitic) naming.^{[citation needed]} Japheth (Hebrew. ... This article is about the biblical Noah. ... This article is on mythology involving great floods. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... The term Hellenistic, established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen, is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities, and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. ... It has been suggested that Andromeda (mythology) be merged into this article or section. ... See Andromeda (disambiguation) for other uses of Andromeda. Andromeda Chained to the Rock by the Nereids (1840) Théodore Chassériau, Louvre Andromeda was a Greek mythological figure who was chained to a rock to be eaten by a sea monster and was saved by Perseus, whom she later married. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Ancient period

The ancient site of Jaffa is Tel Yafo, or "Jaffa Hill," which rises to a height of 40 meters (130 feet) and offers a commanding view of the coastline. Hence its strategic importance in military history. At the foot of the hill were springs of fresh water. The accumulation of debris and landfill over the centuries made the hill even higher. Tell Mar Elias, North Jordan in 2005 Tell or tall (Arabic: ‎, tall, and Hebrew: , tel), meaning hill or mound, is an archaeological site in the form of an earthen mound that results from the accumulation and subsequent erosion of material deposited by human occupation over long periods of time. ...

Jaffa's natural harbor has been in use since the Bronze Age. It is mentioned in an Ancient Egyptian letter from 1470 BCE, glorifying its conquest by Pharaoh Thutmose III, who hid armed warriors in large baskets and gave the baskets as a present to the Canaanite city's governor. The city is also mentioned in the Amarna letters under its Egyptian name Ya-Pho, ( Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33). In 1991, a replica of the Egyptian gate lintels, bearing the titles of Pharaoh Ramesses II, was re-erected on its original site. The city was under Egyptian rule until around 800 BCE. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Khafres Pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza, built about 2550 BC during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom,[1] are enduring symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization in Northeastern Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River... For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation). ... Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re[1] Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Thoth is born, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Powerful of strength, holy of diadems Consort(s) Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu... // [[Image:]] Map of Canaan For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ... EA 161, letter by Aziru, leader of Amurru, (stating his case to pharaoh), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet. ... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name [2] Kanakht Merymaa Golden Horus [2] Userrenput-aanehktu[1] Consort(s) Henutmire, Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issue Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef, Meritamen see also: List of children... (9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC - other centuries) (800s BC - 790s BC - 780s BC - 770s BC - 760s BC - 750s BC - 740s BC - 730s BC - 720s BC - 710s BC - 700s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Golden age in Armenia Assyria...

Jaffa is mentioned in the Book of Joshua as the territorial border of the Tribe of Dan, hence the term "Gush Dan", used today for the coastal plain. Many descendants of Dan lived along the coast and earned their living from shipmaking and sailing. In the "Song of Deborah" the prophetess asks: "דן למה יגור אוניות": "Why doth Dan dwell in ships?" ^{[citation needed] [2]} The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in both the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Tribe of Dan was also a band from the mid 1990s. ... Gush Dan (Hebrew: גּוּשׁ דָּן, Standard Hebrew GuÅ¡ Dan) is the name of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area including areas from both the Tel Aviv District and the Central District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast. ... Dan (דָּן Judge, Standard Hebrew Dan, Tiberian Hebrew Dān) is one of the sons of Jacob and Bilhah, Rachels maidservant (Genesis 30:4). ... For information on the nurse of Rebeccah, mentioned in Genesis, see Deborah (Genesis) Deborah or Dvora (Hebrew: ‎ Bee, Standard Hebrew DÉ™vora, Tiberian Hebrew Dəḇôrāh) was a prophetess and the fourth Judge and only female Judge of pre-monarchic Israel in the Old Testament (Tanakh). ...

Interior of St. Peter's Church and the Vision of St. Peter

King David and his son King Solomon conquered Jaffa and used its port to bring the cedars used in the construction of the First Temple from Tyre. The city remained in Jewish hands even after the split of the Kingdom of Israel. In 701 BCE, in the days of King Hezekiah (חזקיהו), Sennacherib, king of Assyria, invaded the region from Jaffa. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 381 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1050 × 1650 pixels, file size: 387 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 381 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1050 × 1650 pixels, file size: 387 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... This page is about the Biblical king David. ... It has been suggested that Sulayman be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Cedar (disambiguation). ... Solomons Temple was the first Jewish temple in Jerusalem which functioned as a religious focal point for worship and the sacrifices known as the korbanot in ancient Judaism. ... The Triumphal Arch Tyre (Arabic , Phoenician , Hebrew Tzor, Tiberian Hebrew , Akkadian , Greek Týros) is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... 10th century BCE: The Land of Israel, including the United Kingdom of Israel Commonwealth of Israel redirects here. ... Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 750s BC 740s BC 730s BC 720s BC 710s BC - 700s BC - 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC 660s BC 650s BC Events and trends 708 BC - Spartan immigrants found Taras (Tarentum, the modern Taranto) colony in southern Italy. ... Hezekiah (or Ezekias) (Hebrew: חזקיה or חזקיהו, God has strengthened) was the 13th king of indepedent Judah and the son of King Ahaz and Abijah (2 Chronicles 29:1), who was a daughter of a man (who was not the prophet) named Zechariah. ... Sennacherib during his Babylonian war, relief from his palace in Nineveh Sennacherib (in Akkadian Śïn-ahhe-eriba (The moon god) Śïn has Replaced (Lost) Brothers for Me) was the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (705 BC–681 BC). ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ...

Jaffa was a Seleucid port until it was taken over by the Maccabean rebels (1 Maccabees x.76, xiv.5). In the Roman suppression of the Jewish Revolt, Jaffa was captured and burned by Cestius Gallus. The Roman Jewish historian Josephus writes that eight thousand inhabitants were massacred. Pirates operating from the rebuilt port incurred the wrath of Vespasian, who razed the city and erected a citadel in its place, installing a Roman garrison there. The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexanders empire. ... Wojciech Stattlers Machabeusze (Maccabees), 1844 The Maccabees (Hebrew: מכבים or מקבים, Makabim) were Jewish rebels who fought against the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, who was succeeded by his infant son Antiochus V Eupator. ... 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. ... The Great Jewish Revolt (66–73 CE), sometimes called The first Jewish-Roman War, was the first of two major rebellions by the Jews of Judea against the Roman Empire (the second was Bar Kokhbas revolt in 132-135). ... Gaius Cestius Gallus (d. ... A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 CE),[1] who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus,[2] was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and... Look up pirate and piracy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (born November 17, 9, died June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... This article is about a type of fortification. ...

The New Testament account of St. Peter's resurrection of the widow Tabitha, (Dorcas) (Acts, ix, 36-42) takes place in Jaffa. St. Peter later had a vision in which God told him not to distinguish between Jews and Gentiles or between kosher and non-kosher (Acts, x, 10-16). This vision heralded a major ideological split between Judaism and Christianity. A painting in St. Peter's, a Roman Catholic church in Jaffa, depicts this event. This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... Interior view, with the nave of the Basilica in the back St. ... Tabitha is a female given name. ... Dorcas is a female name of Greek origins, (in Aramaic - Tabitha), which means gazelle. ... For the literature genre, see Acts of the Apostles (genre). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is...

Medieval period

Saladin's attack on Jaffa

Unimportant during the first centuries of Christianity, Jaffa did not have a bishop until the fifth century CE. In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of Ramla, then the provincial capital. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      This article... Ramla (Hebrew רמלה Ramlāh; Arabic الرملة ar-Ramlah, colloquial Ramleh), is a city in the Center District of Israel in Israel. ...

Jaffa was captured during the Crusades, and became the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, one of the vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. One of its counts, John of Ibelin, wrote the principal book of the Assizes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. During the period of the Crusades, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela (1170) sojourned at Jaffa, and found there just one Jew, a dyer by trade. Saladin took it in 1187. The city surrendered to King Richard the Lionheart on September 10, 1191, three days after the Battle of Arsuf. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in July 1192 (see Battle of Jaffa) the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders, and on 2nd September 1192 the Treaty of Jaffa was formally sworn, guaranteeing a three year truce between the two armies. In 1268 Jaffa was conquered by Egyptian mamluks, led by Baibars. In 14th century they completely destroyed the city for fear of new crusades. According to the traveler Cotwyk, Jaffa was a heap of ruins at the end of the 16th century. This article is about the medieval crusades. ... The Crusader state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, created in 1099, was divided into a number of smaller seigneuries. ... John of Ibelin (1215– December, 1266), count of Jaffa and Ascalon, was a noted jurist and the author of the longest legal treatise from the Kingdom of Jerusalem. ... Official language Latin, French, Italian, and other western languages; Greek and Arabic also widely spoken Capital Jerusalem, later Acre Constitution Various laws, so-called Assizes of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 by the First Crusade. ... Map of the route Benjamin of Tudela (flourished 12th century) was a medieval Spanish Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer. ... Saladin, properly known as Salah al-DÄ«n Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: , Kurdish: ) (c. ... // Events May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events May 12 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. ... The Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade in which Richard I of England defeated Saladin at Arsuf. ... On September 7 the army proceeded from Arsuf to Jaffa, which the Crusaders took and fortified strongly. ... Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy History  - As-Salih Ayyub Death 1250  - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of  Egypt  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Palestine  Israel  Lebanon  Jordan  Turkey  Libya A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ...

The Ottoman period

On March 7, 1799 Napoleon I of France captured Jaffa and his troops proceeded to kill more than two thousand Albanian captives. is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...

Jaffa was well known for its cash crops such as citrus and bananas. Until the establishment of Tel Aviv and the era of the Mandate for Palestine, Jaffa had the most advanced commercial, banking, fishing, and agriculture industries in Palestine. It had many factories specializing in cigarette making, cement making, tile and roof tile production, iron casting, cotton processing plants, traditional handmade carpets, leather products, wood boxes for Jaffa oranges, textiles, presses and publications. The majority of all publications and newspapers in Palestine were published in Jaffa. Species & major hybrids Species Citrus aurantifolia - Key lime Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus ×sinensis - Sweet Orange Citrus ×aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus ×paradisi - Grapefruit Citrus ×limon - Lemon Citrus ×limonia - Rangpur lime Citrus ×latifolia - Persian lime See also main text for other hybrids Citrus... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... Flag Palestine and Transjordan were incorporated (under different legal and administrative arrangements) into the British Mandate of Palestine, issued by the League of Nations to Great Britain on 29 September, 1923 Capital Not specified Organizational structure League of Nations Mandate High Commissioner  - 1920 — 1925 Sir Herbert Louis Samuel  - 1945 — 1948... The Jaffa orange, also known as the Shamouti orange, is a very sweet, almost seedless orange. ...

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably and new suburbs were built on the sand dunes along the coast. By 1909, the new Jewish suburbs north of Jaffa were reorganized as the city of Tel Aviv. Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ...

In 1904 Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864-1935) moved to Palestine and took up the position of chief rabbi of Jaffa: Popular common picture of a smiling Rabbi A.Y. Kook. ... Abraham Isaac Kook (1864 - 1935) was the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandate for Palestine, the founder of the (now) Religious Zionist Yeshiva Merkaz HaRav, and a renowned Torah scholar. ... // Chief rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognised religious leader of that countrys Jewish community. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... For the town in Italy, see Rabbi, Italy. ... Abraham Isaac Kook (1864 - 1935) was the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandate for Palestine, the founder of the (now) Religious Zionist Yeshiva Merkaz HaRav, and a renowned Torah scholar. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... This article is about the geographical area known as Palestine. ... // Chief rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognised religious leader of that countrys Jewish community. ...

In 1904, he came to the Land of Israel to assume the rabbinical post in Jaffa, which also included responsibility for the new secular Zionist agricultural settlements nearby. His influence on people in different walks of life was already noticeable, as he attempted to introduce Torah and Halakha into the life of the city and the settlements.^[3]

In 1917, the Ottomans banished all of Jaffa's residents as they feared the British army would occupy the city. The British did indeed occupy the city (see Sinai and Palestine Campaign), but let its residents return after a year. Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Combatants United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir John Maxwell Archibald Murray Henry George Chauvel Philip Chetwode Charles Dobell Edmund Allenby Djemal Pasha Kress von Kressenstein Jadir Bey Tala Bey Erich von Falkenhayn Otto Liman von Sanders The Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the Middle Eastern Theatre of...

Under the British mandate

British Commonwealth soldiers stand outside the Jaffa municipal building.

During 1917-1920, there were thousands of Jewish residents in Jaffa. A wave of Arab pogrom attacks during 1920 and 1921 caused many Jewish residents to flee and resettle in Tel Aviv. The 1921 riots (known as the Meoraot Tarpa by the Jews) began with a May Day parade that turned violent. The Arab rioters attacked Jewish people and buildings, including the residents of "The House of Immigrants" and the Jewish author Yosef Haim Brenner. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 774 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (838 × 649 pixels, file size: 82 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 774 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (838 × 649 pixels, file size: 82 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... On May 1, 1921, a scuffle began in Tel Aviv-Jaffa between rival groups of Jewish Bolsheviks, carrying Yiddish banners demanding Soviet Palestine, and Socialists parading on May Day. ... May Day is May 1, and refers to any of several holidays celebrated on this day. ... Yosef Haim Brenner, alternately Yosef Chaim Brenner, (1881 - 1921) was a Ukrainian-born Hebrew-language author, one of the pioneers of literature in modern Hebrew. ...

In 1921 Rabbi Kook moved to Jerusalem when he was appointed as the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandate of Palestine and is still regarded as Israel's first chief rabbi as well. Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, Aškanazi,Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAškănāzî, ʾAškănāzîm, pronounced sing. ...

At the end of 1922 Jaffa had 32,000 residents while Tel Aviv had 15,000. However, in 1927, Tel Aviv had 38,000 residents. The Jews of Jaffa lived on the outskirts of Jaffa, close to Tel Aviv. The old city of Jaffa, which was controlled by the Arabs, was almost empty of Jews. During the 1930s both cities had a combined population of 80,000 residents. In 1945, Arabs planted 146,316 dunams (146 km²) of citrus, and Jews planted 66,403 dunams (66 km²). Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A dunam or dönüm, dunum, donum is a unit of area. ...

The 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, also known as the Great Arab uprising, inflicted great economic and infrastructural damage on Jaffa. Urban warfare between the British forces and Arab resistance destroyed many of the city's narrow alleys. The British demolished many houses belonging to Arab resistance. Jewish and British citizens moved their businesses out of Jaffa. As a reaction to the strike of the Arab seaport workers, the Jews built a modern seaport in Tel Aviv, which resulted in decreased income for Jaffa's Arab seaport. The 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939. ... Urban warfare is a modern warfare conducted in urban areas such as towns and cities. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Port. ... Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ...

In 1945 Jaffa had a population of 101,580; of whome 53,930 were Muslims, 30,820 were Jews and 16,800 were Christians.^[4] The Christians were mostly Greek-Orthodox with about one sixth of them being Greek-Catholic. One of the most prominent members of the Arab Christian community was the Arab Orthodox publisher of Filastin, Daoud Isa. The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... The Arab Orthodox are Arabic language speaking Greek Orthodox Christians who have resided in Palestine, Jordan and Israel since the Byzantine era. ... Palestine (Latin: Syria Palæstina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina, ארץ־ישראל Eretz Yisrael; Arabic: فلسطين Filasṭīn), is a region in the Middle East extending inland from the eastern shore of... Daoud Isa(1878-1950) was born in Jaffa. ...

The 1948 Arab-Israeli War

Prior to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the UN's Special Commission on Palestine in 1947 recommended that Jaffa become part of the planned Jewish state. Due to the large Arab majority, however, it was instead designated as an Arab enclave in the Jewish state in the 1947 UN Partition Plan. Combatants  Israel Haganah Irgun Lehi Palmach Foreign Volunteers Egypt, Syria, Transjordan,  Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin John Bagot Glubb, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji, Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi Strength  Israel: 29,677 initially rising... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly. ...

The Arabs rejected the plan and on 30 November, 1947, the day following the adoption of the UN resolution, seven Jews were killed by Arabs in Palestine in three separate incidents: at 8 o'clock in the morning, in what came to be seen as the opening shots of the 1948 War,^[5] three Arabs attacked a bus from Netanya to Jerusalem, killing five Jewish passengers. Half an hour later a second bus attack left a Jewish passenger dead. Later in the day a twenty-five-year old Jewish man was shot dead in Jaffa,^[6] where there were alleged attacks on Arabs by Jews.^[7] In Jerusalem, the Arab Higher Committee called a three-day general strike from Tuesday, December 2 to be followed by mass demonstrations after Friday prayers. is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Early morning in Netanya, Israel Netanya (Hebrew: נְתַנְיָה, Standard Hebrew Nətanya) is a city in the Center District of Israel and is the capital of the Sharon plain. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The Arab Higher Committee was the central political organ of the Arab community of Palestine, established in 1936. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

From the beginning of the strike onwards, Arab and Jewish clashes escalated and by December 11 the Jerusalem correspondent of The Times estimated that at least 130 people had died, "about 70 of them being Jews, 50 Arabs, and among the rest three British soldiers and one British policeman". ^[8] December 11 is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On April 25, 1948, Irgun launched an offensive on Jaffa, then the largest Arab city in Palestine, during which many of its Arab residents fled through the harbor. Haganah units took the city on May 14. From a population of about 70,000-80,000 Arabs, only about 4,100 did not flee.^[9] To commemorate the Jewish soldiers who died in the battle for Jaffa, the "Conquest Garden" was planted in the city. is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Irgun emblem. ... Haganah Poster (1940s) The Haganah (Hebrew: The Defense, ×”×”×’× ×”) was a Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Modern Jaffa

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Waterfront promenade along Jaffa's Old City

In the years following the end of Israel's War of Independence, there was a massive influx of Jewish immigrants from Bulgaria, Morocco, Romania, Iraq, Yemen, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and other countries, who were settled all over Israel, Jaffa included. Severely damaged during Arab uprising and the 1948 War, Jaffa's Al Ajami neighborhood slowly turned into a slum. Jaffa in those days had the reputation of a "crime city". Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ...

In 1954, Jaffa became integral part of the municipality of Tel Aviv, and since then both cities are known as Tel Aviv-Yafo. Currently, Jaffa's Old City neighborhood is being renovated, and is inhabited mostly by artists and other gentrifying elements. Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... Gentrification (a. ...

Modern Jaffa has a heterogeneous population of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Jaffa's Arab population now numbers around 10,000 people. Jaffa is a major tourist attraction with an exciting combination of ancient, new and restored architecture. It offers art galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, exclusive restaurants, sidewalk cafes, boardwalks and shopping opportunities and a rich variety of culture, entertainment and food. Look up Heterogeneous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Jaffa beyond the Old City

Beyond the Old City and other tourist sites, much of Jaffa, including the districts of Al Ajami, Yafo Gimmel, Yafo Daled, Neve Ofer and Lev Yafo, have become a poor district of Tel Aviv despite the town's 5000 year old history. There have been some attempts at gentrification in Al Ajami and Lev Yafo. However, as a result of the gentrification in Al Ajami, for example, housing prices soared to the extent that young families are unable to afford housing there.

The public education system for Arabic speaking children has a 53% dropout rate, and a significant proportion of those who finish high school do so without a matriculation certificate (bagrut), with some being unable to read and write. The Hebrew-speaking public educational system is not much better, and as a result, parents who can afford to, send their children to schools in Tel Aviv or to private Christian schools. Having said this, things are beginning to change and some better new schools have been established, such as The Democratic School, a private, Jewish school, and the Jaffa School, an Arabic speaking school run by Jaffa's Al-rabita. Teudat Bagrut (Hebrew: The entire process of the examination is governed by the the countrys Ministry of Education. ...

It is reported that Jaffa's Arab population experiences severe problems when looking for jobs, and those who do gain qualification are often discriminated against. As a result, unemployment and poverty rates soar and many Arab residents of Jaffa are dependent on welfare. Jaffa is also characterised by severe drug problems, high crime rates and very high rates of violence. Some Arab residents have alleged that the Israeli authorities are attempting to Judaize Jaffa by evicting Arab residents from houses owned by the Amidar government-operated public housing company. Amidar representatives claim that the residents are invaders who are illegally squatting in those houses.^[10] Amidar is an Israeli housing company, owned and operated by the Israeli government. ...

Jaffa's Jewish population includes the "old timers", mostly the second generation of the immigrants settled in Jaffa during the 1950s and 1960s, as well as some very wealthy newcomers who bought and renovated old houses. Others, in Yafo Gimmel, Daled and Neve Ofer, are more recent immigrants, mostly from the former Soviet Union, some of whom do live in poor quality, cramped public housing. the first thing that was invented was the automatic DILDO. Education grew explosively because of a very strong demand for high school and college education. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ...

Some members of both the Palestinian and Jewish communities in Jaffa have argued that the Palestinian past of the "Bride of the Sea" has been blurred by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality. In the early 1950s, almost all Palestinian street names were replaced by Jewish ones. From the 1990s onwards, however, efforts have been made to renew Arab and Islamic monuments (such as the Mosque of the Sea and Hassan Bek Mosque) and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Image of the Hassan Bek Mosque in Jaffa, Israel The Hassan Bek Mosque, also known as the Hasan Bey Mosque, is considered to be one of the most well-known mosques located in the city of Jaffa, Israel. ...

Places to see

The clock tower at the Clock Square

• The Clock Square, built in 1906 in honor of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's 25th anniversary, became the center of Jaffa, and it is centered between Jaffa's markets.
• The Abulafia bakery in Yeffet Street (the main street of Jaffa) is a famous bakery and a symbol of Jewish-Arab coexistence.
• Mahmoudia Mosque which was built in 1812 by Abu Nabut (the city governor during the 19th century) and includes a public water fountain (Sabil) for pilgrims.
• St. Peter's Church, a Franciscan church, built in the 19th century on the remains of Crusaders' fortress, which serves also as a hostel. It is said that Napoleon stayed in that church while it was a hostel.
• St. Michael and St. Tabitha Church, a Greek Orthodox Monastery, restored in 1994. St. Michael church serving Romanian believers, and St. Tabitha chapel serving Russian believers, in Russian and Hebrew.
• Russian St. Peter Monastery, built in 1895, at the site where St. Peter resurrected St. Tabitha. Inside the monastery is the site of the house where St. Tabitha lived with her family.
• The Andromeda rock, according to legends this was the rock to which beautiful Andromeda was chained.
• The Zodiac alleys, a network of restored alleys filled with art galleries, leading to the Jaffa seaport.
• Jaffa's Old Seaport.
• Jaffa's Hill, a center for archaeological excavations of the ancient cities. The most ancient are the Ancient Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old, which have been restored.
• The Libyan Synagogue called Beit Zunana was purchased by the Jewish landlord Zunana in the 18th century. During the 19th century it stopped being used as a synagogue and became a hostel and later a soap factory. In 1948 it was re-established as a synagogue for Libyan Jewish immigrants, and in 1995 it became a museum.
• Nouzha Mosque, on Jerusalem Boulevard, today's Jaffa's main mosque.
• Al Ajami Mosque, a fairly new and popular mosque in south Ajami, on HaBaal Shemtov Street.
• Abou ElNabut and the sculpture garden. An ancient sabil (drinking place) constructed by Abu El Nabut for visitors on their way to Jaffa.
• Al Ajami or "Aliyah" beach, Jaffa's lovely beach, located in south Al Ajami.
• The Arab Jewish Community Center, on Toulouse Street.
• The Women's Court, a public space for Jaffa's women and girls (women only), on 220 Yefet Street.
• The Seraya Theatre, the Arabic Hebrew theatre in Jaffa's old city, located in the "old" Seraya Building, once part of the Dajani soap factory.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 242 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 2530 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 242 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 2530 pixels, file size: 1. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Abdülhamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی , Turkish: ) (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Greek Orthodox Church can refer to any of several hierarchical churches within the larger group of mutually recognizing Eastern Orthodox churches: the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the first among equals of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... Monastery of St. ... See Andromeda (disambiguation) for other uses of Andromeda. Andromeda Chained to the Rock by the Nereids (1840) Théodore Chassériau, Louvre Andromeda was a Greek mythological figure who was chained to a rock to be eaten by a sea monster and was saved by Perseus, whom she later married. ... For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ... A synagogue (from , transliterated synagogÄ“, assembly; beit knesset, house of assembly; or beit tefila, house of prayer, shul; , esnoga) is a Jewish house of worship. ... A collection of decorative soaps used for human hygiene purposes. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... The Louvre Museum in Paris, one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. ...

Sister city

• Bonn in Germany

Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Historic Town Hall of Bonn (view from the market square). ...

See also

• Tel Aviv
• Jewish navy

Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... Combatants 15 former Jewish Brigade members and 27 other Mercenaries Arab Citizens of Jaffa Commanders Captain David Berger Various Strength 42 unknown: Estimates range from 100 to 2,000 combatants For the Marine Force of the State of Israel see the article on the Israeli Sea Corps A little known...

Footnotes

1. ^ Lily Galili; Ori Nir (Spring, 2001). "Jaffa: City of Strangers". Journal of Palestine Studies 30 (3): 100-102. Hebrew Press. 
2. ^ Judges 5:17
3. ^ Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, Jewish Virtual Library.
4. ^ Supplement to a Survey of Palestine (p. 12-13) which was prepared by the British Mandate for the United Nations in 1946-7
5. ^ Benevisti, 2002, p. 101.
6. ^ Gilbert, 1998, p. 155.
7. ^ '7 Jews Murdered', The Palestine Post, 1 December, 1947, p. 1.
8. ^ 'Fighting in Jerusalem', The Times, 12 December, 1947, p. 4; Issue 50942; col E.
9. ^ Morris, 2003, pp. 211-221.
10. ^ Protesters rally in Jaffa against move to evict local Arab families 28/4/07, Haaretz

is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Pappe, Ilan (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, pp. 204–216. ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0
• Benvenisti, Meron (2002). Sacred Landscape. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23422-7
• Gilbert, Martin (1998). Israel: A History. Black Swan. ISBN 0-552-99545-2
• Mehling Marianne , Mehling Franz N et al.(transl.from German) - Israel- A Phaidon Art and Architecure Guide , Prentice Hall Press , NY,1987
• Moran, William (1987,1992)The Amarna Letters. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Morris, Benny (1987). The Birth of the Palestine Refugee Problem. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Morris, Benny (2003). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7
• Nakhleh, Issa (1991). Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem. (2 vols.). New York: Intercontinental Books.
• Palumbo, Michael (1987). The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from their Homeland. Boston: Faber and Faber.
• Quigley, John (1990). Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice. Durham: Duke University Press, 1990.
• Segev, Tom. (1986). The First Israelis. New York: The Free Press.
• Silver, Eric (1984). Begin: The Haunted Prophet. New York: Random House.
• Levine, Mark (2005). Overthrowing Geography, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880 - 1948, Berkeley, University of California Press.
• Yahav, Dan (2005). Yafo, Kalat Hayam, Me'ir Rasha leShunot Oni, Degem Le'ishivionut Merhavi, Israel, Tamouz.
• Chelouche, Yosef Eliyahu (1931). Parashat Hayai [1870-1930] (Reminiscences of My Life [1870-1930]), Tel Aviv, Babel, 2005.
• Rotbard, Sharon (2005). Ir Levana, Ir Shehora (White City, Black City), Tel Aviv, Babel.
• Hanafi, Sari (2001). "Here and There : Towards an Analysis of the Relationship between the Palestinian Diaspora and the Center" 1st ed. Institute of Jerusalem Studies and Muwatin -The Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy

• LeBor, Adam (2006) "City of Oranges, Arabs and Jews in Jaffa", Bloomsbury, London
• The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary - Revision edited by Allen C. Myers - William B.Eerdmans Publishing Co, Grand Rapids,Michigan,1993

Meron Benvenisti is an Israeli political scientist who was Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem under Teddy Kollek from 1971 to 1978 and administered East Jerusalem and its largely Arab neighbourhoods[1]. He has long been a critic of Israels policies towards Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and... Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE (born October 25, 1936 in London) is a British historian and the author of over seventy books, including works on the Holocaust and Jewish history. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Tom Segev is a public intellectual, journalist, and Israeli historian. ...

External Links

• Tel-Aviv/Yafo Municipality (English) (Hebrew)
• The Old Jaffa Development Corporation (English)
• The Old Jaffa Photographs in Cafetorah.com (English)
• Tel Aviv 4 Fun - A guide to Tel Aviv and Jaffa from the point of view of a local (English)
• Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs.
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Jaffa
• Sites & businesses in tel aviv-jaffa (English)
• Schaalje, Jacqueline. "Jaffa", The Jewish Magazine, May 2001.
• Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port
• World Cities Images. Jaffa

Coordinates: 32°02′N, 34°45′E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...