Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), a son of Genghis Khan(1206—1227), controlled the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili river (eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana. He inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states and Northern Iran after the death of his father which he ruled until his death in 1242. The Empire later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, part of the Mongol Empire. These territories would later become the Mongol-Turkish states. In 1206 AD, a single Mongolian state was formed based on nomadic tribal groupings under the leadership of Chinghis Khan (see Genghis Khan). ... Origins of the Mongols Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. ... The Mongol Empire (1206–1368) was an empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. ... This article refers to the Mongol state in what is now Russia. ... The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 大元大蒙古帝国) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝) (1271-1368), also called the Mongol Dynasty, was a significant ruling family in Asia. ... Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the Empire of the... Outer Mongolia was a Manchu outerland (1691-1911), an autonomous state under Russian protection (1912-1919), and again a Chinese province (1919-1921). ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N i Měnggǔ Z qū) is an Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Buryat Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Буря́тия; Buryat: Буряад Республика) is a Russian Federation (a republic). ... The Republic of Kalmykia (Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... 1911: Mongolia declares independence under Bogd haan. ... Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. ... For the German pop band, see Dschinghis Khan Chingis Khan (1155/1162/1167 - August 18, 1227) (Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан), also spelled as Genghis Khan, Jenghis Khan, etc. ... Events Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire Qutb ud-Din proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ... Events Henry III of England declares himself of age and assumes power Births September 30 - Pope Nicholas IV Deaths March 18 - Pope Honorius III (b. ... The Mongol Empire (1206–1368) was an empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. ... Ili or Illi can refer to: Ili River Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Kashgar is an oasis city located west of the Taklamakan desert, at the feet of the Tian Shan mountain range in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China (39°24’26” N. lat. ... Categories: China geography stubs | Geography of China ... Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania) is the largely obsolete name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan and southwest Kazakhstan. ... Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ...

By 1369, Tamerlane would conquer the Chagatai Khanate in his attempt to reconstruct the Mongol Empire. Events King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. ... For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ...

Chinggiz-Khanid Successor States

The third son, Ogodei, the designated Great Khan, inherited the lands east of Lake Balkash as far as Mongolia. Tolui, the youngest, the keeper of the hearth, was accorded the northern Mongolian homeland. Apart from problems of lineage and inheritance that surfaced later, there was a danger lurking in the partition of Genghis' empire: in this huge empire, huge even in its individual appanages, there existed the great cultural and ethnic divide between the Mongols themselves and their mostly Islamic Turkic subjects. Khan (sometimes spelled as xan, han) is a title meaning ruler in Mongolian and Turkish. ... Categories: Lakes of Kazakhstan | Rift lakes | Stub ... Tolui (also rendered Toluy, 1190–1232) was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. ... A homeland is the concept of the territory to which one belongs; usually, the country in which a particular nationality was born. ... Islam ( Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen?) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ...

When Ogodei died, before achieving his dream of conquering all of China, there was a smooth transition to his son Güyük (1241). It had to be ratified in a quriltai, which was duly celebrated but without the presence of Batu, the independent-minded khan of the Golden Horde. After Güyük's death, Batu sent Berke, who maneuvered with Tolui's widow, and in the next quriltai (1253), the Ogodite line was passed over for Möngke, Tolui's son, who was said to be favourable to Nestorian Christianity. The Ogodites did not immediately go into opposition but they retained their Mongolian domains. Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... Batu Khan (c. ... Berke was the ruler of the Golden Horde from 1257 to 1266, in the aftermath of the reign of his brother Batu. ... For broader historical context, see 13th century. ... Möngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu) was the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. ... The Assyrian Church of the East is a church that traces its origins to the See of Babylon, said to be founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle. ...

The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai

Chagatai died shortly after Ogodei. The Chaghataites, who had previously accepted Guyuk, consented to the succession to Möngke with some reluctance, but on the whole the Mongol Empire did not disgregate. Möngke died during his campaign against Song China. Qubilai succeeded him as Great Khan (1260), but he had to face a succession crisis. His younger brother, Arigboka (also Arigboqa), claimed the great khanate. Kublai Khan brought him to heel with the help of Alghu the Chaghataite khan. Alghu began to act independently of Qubilai. Abaka (also Abaqa) ruled in Persia as Ilkhan (lesser khan). This title recognized precedence but did not necessarily imply subordination (Ilkhanid Persia). Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan Emperor Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan September 3 - Mongols defeated by Mameluks at Battle of Ain Jalut Samogatians and Curonians defeats Teutonic knights in Battle of Durbe Births Maximus Planudes, Byzantine grammarian and theologian Deaths Monarchs/Presidents... The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ...

Alghu was succeeded by Barak (also Baraq), based in Transoxiana, who was at odds with Abaka. The Ogodite Kaidu (also Qaidu) saw in these troubles an opportunity to re-assert the imperial claim of his own line. He made an alliance with the Ilkhanids to make war on Barak, who attacked first but was defeated and became a vassal of Kaidu. The wars between Barak and Persia continued until Barak was finally defeated and killed by Abaka.

Kaidu joined forces with the Chaghataite prince and pretender Duwa, who recognized the suzerainty of Kaidu, and together they invaded the Tarim, whose Uigur inhabitants had remained loyal to the line of Jenghiz, now represented by Kublai, who in 1279 had conquered China. This was tantamount to a declaration of war and Kublai had to repel the attack mounted by Kaidu and Duwa. The results of these wars was the independence of the Chaghataite Khanate and the separation of Ilkhanid Persia from Mongolia.

When Kublai died (1294), the former Mongol Empire was divided into independent khanates: the Golden Horde, hostile to Ilkhanid Persia (Azerbaijan was a bone of contention between them) but at peace with the Chaghataite Khanate, whose independence it had actively encouraged; Ilkhanid Persia, which, with the death of Barak, was no longer threatened from Transoxiana but was facing growing Mameluke power in Syria; the Chaghataite Khanate, turbulent and unsafe because of the efforts of Kaidu and his vassal Duwa to integrate the original ulus of Ogodei and of Chaghatai; and the Mongol Empire proper which consisted of Mongolia and now China, where Kublai had chosen the site of Beijing (known as Cambaluk and as Daidu) as its capital. Persia and the Golden Horde were Islamic, as were the Chaghataite domains in Transoxiana and Uiguria. But the Chaghataite Mongols of the steppes clung tenacioulsy to their traditional customs.

In India, the Delhi Sultanate was led by war-like, despotic anti-Hindu rulers. Duwa was active in Afghanistan and attempted to extend Mongol rule to India, but there he was defeated by a formidable foe, Ala-ud-Din, who had ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1296. The Mongols thereafter repeatedly invaded northern India. On at least two occasions, they came in strength. The second time around, they took Delhi but could not keep their hold on the Sultanate. Kaidu persisted in trying to conquer Mongolia, the key to China, but he died fighting the Kublaids (1301).

Duwa tried to carry on where Kaidu left off, but he had to suppress a challenge by Kaidu's son, Chapar, and when he tried to make war on the Ilkhanids he was repulsed and killed. On his death, the Chaghataite Khanate was divided between Muslim Transoxiana under a converted Mongol ruler and the steppes Mongols, who were lacking a leader. This situation was remedied when Tughlugh Timur (1347-1363), an obscure Chaghataite adventurer, gained ascendancy over the nomadic Mongols and, in an earlier, steppes version of Henry of Navarre's "Paris is worth a mass", converted to Islam in order to annex Transoxiana and reconstitute the Chaghataite Khanate. At their height, Chaghataite domains extended from the Irtyish River in Siberia down to Ghazni in Afghanistan and from Transoxiana to the Tarim Basin.

Chagataite dominion over Transoxiana was broken by Timur i Leng, or Tamerlane (1365), but after Timur's death (1405) his empire went to pieces. The Chagatai Khanate flourished again during the 15th century, when it took Tashkent (1484), although by then its Mongol component had been diluted and it was a mainly Turkic empire with Mongol overlords, for the name of Genghis Khan still drummed legitimacy. For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ... Events Foundation of the University of Vienna Births Christine de Pizan, noted author Deaths Duke Rudolf IV of Austria the Founder, died July 27 Office holders Holy Roman Empire - Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1355-1378) Austria - Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria Categories: 1365 ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...

The Chaghataites did not even have an uncontested domain over the steppes, for the Kirghiz and the Oirats (Mongolia) roamed in Junggar (east of Lake Balkash) without major opposition. By the early 16th century the Chaghataites had lost Tashkent to the Shaybanids (1509) and the dynasty gradually petered out in the Ili through internal decomposition and attrition from attacks by the Kazakhs, the Oirats or Western Mongols, and other hordes that were roaming Central Asia. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Around 1600, Kashgaria was ruled by Muslim clerics known as Khojas. When the Oirats were driven by the Khalkas or eastern Mongols out of Kobdo (east of Lake Balkash), a branch of the Oirats held out in the Tarbagatai Range (south-east of Balkash). Another branch went south and occupied Lhasa in Tibet, where it founded an independent khanate in 1616. In 1677, the Oirats of Tarbagatai had established suzerainty over Kashgaria and the Khojas. It is this branch of the Oirats which recaptured Kobdo in 1690 from the divided Khalkas. It proceeded to invade Mongolia to the Kerulen River (eastern Mongolia), but were quickly ejected by the Khalkas with the help of the Manchu Qing dynasty, who at that point made Mongolia its vassal (1691). The territories of the Oirats west of Mongolia became the khanate of Junggar, which in 1717 annexed Lhasa. It was a distant reconstitution of the Mongol Chaghataite Khanate but totally separated from the Turks of Transoxiana and also, unlike the Chaghataite Khanate, in a world where nomadic power was obsolescent. Events Dirk Hartog lands on an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria Collegium Musicum founded in Prague Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by the Roman Catholic Church Births May 18 - Johann Jakob Froberger, German... Events First performance of Racines tragedy, Phèdre Sarah Churchill marries John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough Battle of Cassel, Philippe I of Orléans defeats William of Orange Mary II of England marries William of Orange English Statute of frauds is passed into law Battle of Landskrona Elias... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender October 3 - Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to catholics was signed. ... Events January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign Triple Alliance March 2 — Dancer John Weaver performs in the first ballet in Britain shown in Drury Lane The Loves of Mars and Venus March 31 - Bishop Benjamin Hoadly, acting on the advice of King George begins the Bangorian Controversy by saying...

References

• "The Chagatai Khanate (http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/chagatai.html)". The Islamic World to 1600. The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. 1998. Retrieved May 19, 2005.