Jagadish Chandra Bose জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose
Born	30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Died	23 November 1937 Giridih, Bihar, India
Residence	Undivided India
Nationality	Indian
Field	Physicist, Biophysicist
Institution	Presidency College
Alma Mater	Calcutta University Christ's College, Cambridge London University
Academic Advisor	John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)
Known for	Millimetre waves Radio Crescograph

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (Bengali: জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু Jôgdish Chôndro Boshu) (November 30, 1858 – November 23, 1937) was a Bengali physicist from undivided India, who pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics. He is also considered as the father of Bengali science fiction. He was the first Indian to get a US patent, in 1904, although Bose was himself critical of patents. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Mymensingh (Bengali: ) is one of the districts of Dhaka division, Bangladesh, and is bordered on the north by Meghalaya state of India and Garo Hills, on the south by Gazipur district, on the east by districts of Netrokona and Kishoreganj, and on the west by districts of Sherpur, Jamalpur and... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Giridih, is one of the districts of Jharkhand state, India, and Giridih town is the district headquarters. ... For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ... Undivided India has several socio-political, historical, and geographical meanings. ... ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. ... Presidency College, Kolkata is one of the leading Indian institutions for undergraduate studies in the liberal arts. ... Established in January 24, 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) is the first modern university in the Indian sub_continent. ... Full name Christs College Motto Souvent me Souvient I Often Remember Named after Christ Previous names Gods-house (1437), Christs College (1505) Established 1505 Sister College(s) Wadham College Master Prof. ... The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... Senate House, designed by Charles Holden home to the universitys central administration offices and its library The University of London, founded in 1836, is a federation of colleges which together constitute one of the worlds largest universities. ... John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919) was an English physicist who (with William Ramsay) discovered the element argon, an achievement that earned him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Extremely high frequency is the highest radio frequency band. ... A crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants. ... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire (Military division) The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority... Bengali or Bangla (বাংলা, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from Prakrit, Pāli and Sanskrit. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between India and Bangladesh) in Indian subcontinent with a history going back more than two millennia. ... Below is a list of famous physicists. ... Undivided India has several socio-political, historical, and geographical meanings. ... Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than those of terahertz (THz) wavelengths, but relatively short for radio waves. ... Table of Opticks, 1728 Cyclopaedia Optics ( appearance or look in ancient Greek) is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter. ... It has been suggested that History of Bengali literature be merged into this article or section. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ...

Early life

Bose was born in Mymensinghin Bengal (now in Bangladesh) on November 30, 1858. His father, Bhagawan Chandra Bose was a repected leader of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a tax collector for the British East India Company. His family originally hailed from the village Rarikhal, Bikrampur, in the current day Munshiganj District of Bangladesh.The Boses came from the Kayastha community. Mymensingh (Bengali: ) is one of the districts of Dhaka division, Bangladesh, and is bordered on the north by Meghalaya state of India and Garo Hills, on the south by Gazipur district, on the east by districts of Netrokona and Kishoreganj, and on the west by districts of Sherpur, Jamalpur and... Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in the Bengali language, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was one of the first joint-stock company (preceded only by the Dutch East India Company) which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India. ... Bikrampur is a historic region in Bengal, currently in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. ... Munshiganj is a district in central Bangladesh. ... Kāyastha or Kayasth is a Indo-Aryan clan (Maha-parivar) who were originally Brahmins of Aryavarta (Vedic India), but eventually came to be regarded in the Kaliyuga as Kshatriyas. ...

Having started his studies in a local school, Bose studied at the Hare School and St. Xavier's College, Calcutta at Kolkata. He passed the Entrance examination (equivalent to school graduation) of Calcutta University in 1875. He received a B.A. in Science from Calcutta University in 1879. Next, Bose went to England to study at Christ's College, Cambridge. He received a B.A. from Cambridge University and a B.Sc. from the London University in 1884. Following that, he returned to Kolkata and joined Presidency College as an assistant professor of physics. He was the first Indian to join Presidency College to teach science and had to face great difficulty in establishing himself. Later he had brilliant colleagues such as Prafulla Chandra Roy. In 1887, he was married to Abala, daughter of the renowned Brahmo reformer Durga Mohan Das. 2006 Saraswati Puja at Hare School Hare School is the oldest existing school in Kolkata, currently teaching grades 1 to 12 under the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. ... St. ...   (IPA: [] Bengali: কলকাতা) (formerly  ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. ... Established in January 24, 1857, the University of Calcutta (also known as Calcutta University) is the first modern university in the Indian sub_continent. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... Full name Christs College Motto Souvent me Souvient I Often Remember Named after Christ Previous names Gods-house (1437), Christs College (1505) Established 1505 Sister College(s) Wadham College Master Prof. ... The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... The University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with one of the most selective sets of entry requirements in the United Kingdom. ... Senate House, designed by Charles Holden home to the universitys central administration offices and its library The University of London, founded in 1836, is a federation of colleges which together constitute one of the worlds largest universities. ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...   (IPA: [] Bengali: কলকাতা) (formerly  ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. ... Presidency College, Kolkata is one of the leading Indian institutions for undergraduate studies in the liberal arts. ... Prafulla Chandra Roy (Bangla: প্রফুল্ল চন্দ্র রায়) was a Bengali academician, who spoke of entrepreneurship and himself showed that way. ... Abala Bose (Bengali: )(popular as Lady Abala Bose) (1864-1951), was a social worker well-known for her efforts in the field of women’s education and her contribution towards the alleviation of the condition of widows. ... Durgamohan Das (Bengali: ) (1841-1897) was a Brahmo Samaj leader and a social reformer with notable contribution in the field of widow remarriage and women’s emancipation. ...

Radio research

See also: Invention of radio

In November 1894 J.C. Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves, confirming that communication signals can be sent without using wires. This was one year after Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of radio communication in 1893. Bose went to London on a lecture tour in 1896 and met Marconi, who was conducting wireless experiments for the British post office. In an interview, Bose said he was not interested in commercial telegraphy and others can use his research work. Later in 1899 Bose announced his invention of the "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at Royal Society, London. // Many people were involved in the invention of radio transmission of information as we know it today. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)[1] was a world-renowned Serbian inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The coherer was the first device used to detect radio signals in wireless telegraphy. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ...

It appears that Bose's demonstration of remote wireless signalling has priority over Marconi. He was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now commonplace microwave components. In 1954 Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves. Further work at millimeter wavelengths was almost nonexistent for nearly 50 years. J.C. Bose was at least this much ahead of his time. Just one hundred years ago, J.C. Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Calcutta at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarizers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz; much of his original equipment is still in existence, now at the Bose Institute[1] in Calcutta. Some concepts from his original 1897 papers have been incorporated into a new 1.3-mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope, Arizona, U.S.A. [2].

Neville Francis Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time" and "In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors." Sir Nevill Francis Mott (September 30, 1905 – August 8, 1996), FRS, CH, was a British physicist. ...

Career as a teacher

He was also known as an excellent teacher who believed in the use of classroom demonstrations, a trait apparently picked up while studying with Lord Rayleigh at Cambridge. He influenced many later Indian physicists, including Satyendra Bose (no relation) who later went on to be an influential figure in 20th century physics. See also Rayleigh fading Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh number Rayleigh waves Rayleigh-Jeans law External links Nobel website bio of Rayleigh About John William Strutt MacTutor biography of Lord Rayleigh Categories: People stubs | 1842 births | 1919 deaths | Nobel Prize in Physics winners | Peers | British physicists | Discoverer of a chemical element ... Shown within Cambridgeshire Geography Status: City (1951) Region: East of England Admin. ... Satyendra Nath Bose /sɐθ.jin. ...

He was greatly interested in Vedanta. While he was teaching at Presidency College in Kolkata, he met the famous Indian yogi, Paramahansa Yogananda. Their meeting is described in Yogananda's autobiography, in the chapter titled India's Great Scientist, J. C. Bose. Vedanta (Devanagari: , ) is a school of philosophy within Hinduism. ... Paramahansa Yogananda (Bengali: পরমহংস যোগানন্দ Pôromôhongsho Joganondo, Hindi: परमहंस योगानन्‍द; January 5, 1893–March 7, 1952), was an Indian yogi and guru. ...

Plant research

Jagdish Chandra Bose in his lab.

His next contribution to science was in plant physiology. He forwarded a theory for the ascent of sap in plants in 1927, his theory contributed to the vital theory of ascent of sap. According to his theory the pumping action of the living cells in the endodermis junction were responsible for the ascent of sap in plants. Image File history File links J.C.Bose. ... Image File history File links J.C.Bose. ... The conduction of water in the xylem vessels of plant that is movement of water from root to shoot. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... One of the four theories proposing a mechanism for the ascent of sap through the xylem tissue of the vascular bundle of plants. ... The conduction of water in the xylem vessels of plant that is movement of water from root to shoot. ... The conduction of water in the xylem vessels of plant that is movement of water from root to shoot. ...

He was skeptical about the-then most popular theory in ascent of sap, the tension-cohesion theory of Dixon and Joly, first proposed in 1894. His skepticism on the same turned true when Canny proposed the most successful 'The CP theory' backed by strong experimental evidence. Canny experimentally demonstrated the sort of pumping in the living cells in the junction of the endodermis, which JC Bose demonstrated 60 years earlier. The conduction of water in the xylem vessels of plant that is movement of water from root to shoot. ... Endodermis is the bottom layer of skin. ...

His research in plant stimuli were pioneering, he showed with the help of his newly invented crescograph that plants responded to various stimuli as if they had nervous systems like that of animals. He therefore found a parallelism between animal and plant tissues. A crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants. ...

His experiments showed that plants grow faster in pleasant music and its growth retards in noise or harsh sound. This was experimentally verified later on. His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli (wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of chemical in nature. These claims were experimentally proved by Wildon et al (Nature, 1992, 360, 62–65). He also studied for the first time action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell membrane potential, mechanism of effect of seasons in plants, effect of chemical inhibitor on plant stimuli, effect of temperature etc,. And all studies were pioneering. He claimed that plants can "feel pain, understand affection etc," from the analysis of the nature of variation of the cell membrane potential of plants, under different circumstances. According to him a plant treated with care and affection gives out a different vibration compared to a plant subjected to torture. Fig. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Science Fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote `Niruddesher Kahini' the first major work in Bangla Science Fiction. Later, he added the story in `Obbakto' book as `Polatok Tufan'. He's the first science fiction writer in the Bengali language. Bangla Science Fiction is a rich part of Bengali literature. ... Bengali or Bangla (বাংলা, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from Prakrit, Pāli and Sanskrit. ...

Bose and patents

Speaking in New Delhi in August 2006, at a seminar titled Owning the Future: Ideas and Their Role in the Digital Age, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of IIT Delhi Dr V S Ramamurthy stressed the attitude of Bose towards patents. New Delhi   (Hindi: , Punjabi: , Urdu: ‎) is an urban area within the metropolis of Delhi, and the capital city of the Republic of India, as well as the seat of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. ...

Ramamurthy said: "His reluctance to any form of patenting is well known. It was contained in his letter to (Indian Nobel laureate) Rabindranath Tagore dated May 17, 1901 from London. It was not that Sir Jagadish was unaware of patents and its advantages. He was the first Indian to get a US Patent (No: 755840) in 1904. And Sir Jagadish was not alone in his avowed reluctance to patenting. Roentgen, Pierre Curie and many others also chose the path of no patenting on moral grounds."

He noted that Bose also recorded his attitude towards patents in his inaugural lecture at the foundation of the Bose Institute, on November 30, 1917.

Legacy

Bose’s place in history has now been re-evaluated, and he is credited with the invention of the first wireless detection device and the discovery of millimetre length electromagnetic waves and considered a pioneer in the field of biophysics.

Many of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable now, over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarizers, and waveguides, all of which remain in use in modern forms today.

Commemorating his birth centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship program was started in West Bengal. The Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search (JBNSTS) is the institute that offers the renowned JBNSTS Scholarship to under-graduate students studying in West Bengal (India), considered to be the most prestigious state-level scholarship programme at under-graduate level. ... West Bengal   (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ, Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ...

Publications

• Nature published about 27 papers.
• J.C. Bose, Collected Physical Papers. New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., 1927
• Researches into the Irritability of Plants
• The Ascent of Sap
• The Nervous Mechanisms of Plants

Honors

• Knighthood, 1916
• Fellow of the Royal Society (1920)
• Member of the Vienna Academy of Science, 1928
• President of the 14th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1927.
• Member of the League of Nations' Committee for Intellectual Cooperation
• Founding fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (now renamed as the Indian National Science Academy)

A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) is a premier scientific organisation of India. ...

References

• G.L. Pearson, and W.H. Brattain, "History of Semiconductor Research," Proc. IRE, 43, pp.1794-1806, 1955
• Canny, M. J., Ann. Bot., 1995, 75, 343–357.
• Canny, M. J., Am. J. Bot., 1998, 85, 897–909.
• Canny, M. J., Am. Sci., 1998, 86, 152–159
• Wayne, R., Bot. Rev., 1994, 60, 265–367.
• Pickard, B. G., Bot. Rev., 1973, 39, 172–201.
• Davies, E., Plant Cell Environ., 1987a, 10, 623–631.
• Davies, E., in The Biochemistry of Plants, Academic Press, 1987b, vol. 12, pp. 243–264.
• Wildon, D. C. et al, Nature, 1992, 360, 62–65.
• Roberts, K., Nature, 1992, 360, 14–15
• C. Schaefer and G. Gross, "Untersuchungen ueber die Totalreflexion," Annalen der Physik, vol 32, p.648, 1910.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p.144

External links

• [3] J. C. Bose, The Unsung hero of radio communication
• JC Bose: 60 GHz in the 1890s
• [4] Science Magazine on Bose priority
• Article on Jagadish Chandra Bose, Banglapedia
• [5]
• [6]
• [7]
• [8]
• Radio history
• Bose biography
• Biography