The James Bay And Northern Quebec Agreement was Canada's first modern Aboriginal land claim settlement, approved in 1975 by the Cree and Inuit of northern Quebec, and later slightly modified in 1978 by the Northeastern Quebec Agreement, through which Quebec's Naskapi Indians joined the treaty. The agreement covered economic development and property issues in northern Quebec, as well as establishing a number of cultural, social and governmental institutions for Aboriginals who are members of the communities involved in the treaties. Aboriginal peoples in Canada is a collective name for the original inhabitants of the region of North America that is now Canada, and their descendants. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Cree camp near Vermilion, Alberta The Cree form an aboriginal nation of North America. ... Inuit woman Inuit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, singular Inuk or Inuq / ᐃᓄᒃ) is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples of the Arctic who descended from the Thule. ... During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... The Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula in Eastern Canada. ...

History

Before the foundation of Canada, the lands of northern Quebec had been a part of Rupert's Land - the territory administered by the Hudson Bay Company as part of the charter it received from King Charles II in 1670. In 1870, all of Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada, and in 1898, the border of Quebec was extended north to the Eastmain River. The remaining territory between Quebec and Hudson Strait became the District of Ungava in the Northwest Territories. Quebec continued to claim Ungava, and in 1912 the area was conceded to Quebec, subject to the condition that a treaty be negociated with the native peoples of the region recognising their cultural rights and surrendering their title to the land to Quebec and Canada. There was at the time no pre-existing treaty covering that area. The government of Quebec did not immediately undertake such negociations. Ruperts Land Ruperts Land was a territory consisting of much of modern Canada. ... The Hudsons Bay Company building in Montreal The Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) is the oldest corporation in Canada and is one of the oldest in the world still in existence. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... 1670 was a common year beginning on a Saturday in countries using the Julian calendar and a Wednesday in countries using the Gregorian calendar. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Hudson Strait is a strait connecting Hudson Bay to the Atlantic Ocean, running in an west-east direction. ... The District of Ungava was a former regional administrative district of Canadas Northwest Territories. ... A former territory in the United States is called Northwest Territory. ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... The Québec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912 is an act passed by the Parliament of Canada that entrusted territory of Canada to the Province of Quebec. ...

In the 1960s, Quebec began developing potential hydroelectric resources in the north, and in 1971 created the James Bay Development Corporation to pursue the development of mining, forestry and other potential resources starting with the James Bay Hydroelectric Project. This massive undertaking, which had been directed by an increasingly assertive and nationalist government in Quebec without consulting native people, was opposed by most of northern Quebec's Cree and Inuit. The Quebec Association of Indians - an ad hoc representative body of native northern Quebecers - sued the government before Judge Albert Malouf of the Quebec Superior Court and, on 15 November 1973, won an injunction blocking hydroelectric development until Quebec had negociated an agreement with the natives. This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1960s. ... Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... The James Bay Project is the construction of a massive hydroelectric generation system in northwestern Quebec. ... Cree camp near Vermilion, Alberta The Cree form an aboriginal nation of North America. ... Inuit woman Inuit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, singular Inuk or Inuq / ᐃᓄᒃ) is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples of the Arctic who descended from the Thule. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ...

This judgement was overruled by the Quebec Court of Appeal seven days later, after the government's efforts to quickly negociate an agreement failed. Nonetheless, the legal requirement that Quebec negociate a treaty covering the territory had not been overturned, even though construction continued. The Court of Appeal of Quebec (in French: la Cour dappel du Québec) is the highest judicial court in Quebec, Canada. ...

Over the course of the next year, the government of Quebec negociated the required accord. On 15 November 1974 - exactly a year after Judge Malouf's decision - an agreement-in-principle was signed between the governments of Canada, Quebec, the publicly owned Hydro Quebec corporation, the Grand Council of the Crees and the Northern Quebec Inuit Association. The final accord - the James Bay And Northern Quebec Agreement (in French: La Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois) - was signed on 11 November 1975. This convention originally only covered claims made by Quebec Cree Indians and Inuit, however, on 31 January 1978, the Naskapi Indians of Quebec signed a parallel agreement - the Northeastern Quebec Agreement - and joined the institutions established under the 1975 accord. November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ... In Commonwealth countries a Crown corporation is a state-controlled company or enterprise (a public corporation). ... Categories: Companies of Canada | Public Utilities | Stub ... The Grand Council of the Crees is the political body that represents the approximately (2003) 14,000 Crees or “Eeyouch” (“Eenouch” – Mistissini dialect), as they call themselves, of eastern James Bay and Southern Hudson Bay in Northern Quebec, Canada. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Cree camp near Vermilion, Alberta The Cree form an aboriginal nation of North America. ... Inuit woman Inuit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, singular Inuk or Inuq / ᐃᓄᒃ) is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples of the Arctic who descended from the Thule. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... The Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula in Eastern Canada. ...

The James Bay and Northern Quebec agreement has been further modified by some 20 additional accords affecting the implementation and details of the original agreement, as well as expanding their provisions. Furthermore, the Canadian Constitution Act entrenched in the constitution of Canada all the rights granted in native treaties and land agreements signed before 1982, giving the rights outlined in the original agreement the status of constitutional rights. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. ... The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. ... 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

The James Bay agreement touches on a number of subjects, and as the first Canadian native treaty since the 1920s, it bears little resemblance to previous treaties but has become the prototype of the many agreements made since then. It established a number of provisions, principally in the following areas: Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly...

• Lands

The traditional lands of the signatories are divided into three categories:

Category I: Lands reserved exclusively for the use of native Quebecers.

Category II: Lands owned by the province of Quebec but in which hunting, fishing and trapping rights are reserved for natives and over which forestry, mining and tourism development authority is shared.

Category III: Lands in which some specific hunting and harvesting rights are reserved for natives, but all other rights are shared subject to a joint regulatory scheme.

Roughly 14,000km² fall into Category I, 150,000km² in Category II, and over a million square kilometres - some three-quarters of all land in Quebec - are in Category III.

• Environmental and Social Protections

The accord provides for two consulative committees composed of native and government officials to advise the government on the environmental and social consequences of policies. Below the 55th latitude, the James Bay Advisory Committee on the Environment has this responsibility, while in Inuit areas the far north it belongs to the Kativik Environmental Advisory Committee. It also established a system of environmental evaluation for new development projects involving the oversight of both the federal government of Canada and the Quebec provincial government as well as native governance bodies.

• Economic development and financial compensation

In return for their signatures, the governments of Quebec and Canada and Hydro Quebec agreed to provide northern Quebec natives with extensive direct financial compensation - some CAN$225 million to be managed and used for native economic development through three native-owned development corporations: The Cree Board of Compensation, the Makivik Corporation and the Naskapi Development Corporation.

• Education

The agreement provided for the establishment of the Kativik School Board for Quebec Inuit, the Cree School Board for Cree areas, and a special school for Naskapi students. The use of native languages for instruction in schools is explicitly encouraged.

• Local government

Cree and Inuit communities in Quebec were established as municipalities with local governments. In addition, the Cree Regional Authority and the Kativik Regional Government were established to provide regional governments for the Quebec Cree and Inuit respectively.

• Health and Social Services

Responsibility for health and social services in all fully native territories is the responsibility of regional goverment institutions established separately for the Cree and Inuit: the Cree Regional Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay and the Kativik Health and Social Services Council.

To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 10,000 km² and 100,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different surface areas, here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ... Inuit woman Inuit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, singular Inuk or Inuq / ᐃᓄᒃ) is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples of the Arctic who descended from the Thule. ... Categories: Companies of Canada | Public Utilities | Stub ... The Canadian dollar, CAD or C$, is the unit of currency of Canada. ...

See also

• James Bay Project
• Nunavik

The James Bay Project is the construction of a massive hydroelectric generation system in northwestern Quebec. ... The Nunavik Region of Quebec, Canada Nunavik (ᓄᓇᕕᒃ) is a region making up the northern third of the province of Quebec, Canada. ...

External links

• James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement - PDF, from the Grand Council of the Crees website
• Northeastern Quebec Agreement - PDF