James Connolly
June 5, 1868 - 12 May 1916
'James Connolly (Irish name: Séamas Ó Conghaile'
Place of birth	Cowgate, Edinburgh, Scotland
Place of death	Kilmainham Jail, Dublin City, Ireland
Allegiance	British Army Irish Socialist Republican Party Irish Republican Brotherhood Irish Citizen Army Socialist Party of Ireland (1910)
Years of service	1913 - 1916
Rank	Commandant General
Battles/wars	Dublin Lockout Easter Rising

James Connolly (Irish: Séamas Ó Conghaile; June 5, 1868 – May 12, 1916) was a socialist leader who is revered as a martyr of Irish nationalism. He was born in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland, to Irish immigrant parents. He left school for working life at the age of 11, but despite this he would become one of the leading Marxist theorists of his day. Though proud of his Irish background he also took a role in Scottish politics. In addition, he studied the neutral international language, Esperanto.^[1] He was shot by firing squad following his involvement in the Easter Rising of 1916. James Brendan Bennet Connolly (October 28, 1868 – January 20, 1957) was an American athlete and author. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A formal Irish-language name consists of a given name and a surname, as in English. ... The Cowgate, viewed from George IV Bridge The Cowgate is a street in Edinburgh located about 5 minutes walk from Edinburgh Castle. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... Victorian Wing Kilmainham Gaol, also known as Kilmainham Jail, is a former prison located in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... The Irish Socialist Republican Party was an Irish political party founded in 1896 by James Connolly. ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; Bráithreachas na Poblachta in Irish) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... The Irish Citizen Army`s Starry Plough banner. ... The Irish Socialist Republican Party was a pivotal Irish political party founded in 1896 by James Connolly. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Statue of James Larkin on OConnell Street (Oisín Kelly 1977) The Dublin Lockout of 1913 was the most severe industrial dispute in the history of Ireland, a general lockout of workers in Dublin meant to contain the expansion of trade unions. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ... The Cowgate, viewed from George IV Bridge The Cowgate is a street in Edinburgh located about 5 minutes walk from Edinburgh Castle. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the language. ... Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Early life

James Connolly was born on June 5, 1868, at 107, the Cowgate, Edinburgh. His parents, John and Mary Connolly, had emigrated to Edinburgh from County Monaghan in the 1850s. His father worked as a manure carter, removing dung from the streets at night, and his mother was a domestic servant who suffered from chronic bronchitis and was to die young from that ailment. is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Anti-Irish feeling at the time was so bad that Irish people were forced to live in the slums of the Cowgate and the Grassmarket which became known as 'Little Ireland'. Overcrowding, poverty, disease, drunkenness and unemployment were rife -- the only jobs available were selling second-hand clothes and working as a porter or a carter.

James Connolly went to St Patricks School in the Cowgate, as did his two older brothers, Thomas and John. At ten years of age, James left school and got a job with Edinburgh's Evening News newspaper, where he worked as a 'Devil', cleaning inky rollers and fetching beer and food for the adult workers. His brother Thomas also worked with the same newspaper. In 1882, aged 14, he joined the British Army in which he was to remain for nearly seven years, all of it in Ireland, where he witnessed first hand the terrible treatment of the Irish people at the hands of the British. The mistreatment of the Irish by the British and the landlords led to Connolly forming an intense hatred of the British Army.

While serving in Ireland, he met his future wife, a Protestant named Lillie Reynolds. They were engaged in 1888 and the following year Connolly discharged himself from the British Army and went back to Scotland.

In 1889 while living in Dundee James first got involved in socialist politics joining the Socialist League while his older brother John was involved in a free speech campaign alongside the Social Democratic Federation and the local Trades Council. Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Dundee (disambiguation). ... The Socialist League was an early revolutionary socialist organisation in the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the British political party. ... Labour Council (Canada, Australia), also known as Labor Council (USA), Trades Council or Trades Union Council (TUC) (UK), and Trades and Labour Council (TLC) or Industrial Council (Australia), is a representative labour federation at the district, city, region, or provincial or state level. ...

In 1890, James Connolly and Lillie Reynolds were wed in Perth. In the spring of that year, they moved to Edinburgh and lived at 22 West Port. James joined his father and brother working as a labourer and then as a manure carter with Edinburgh Corporation, on a strictly temporary and casual basis.

He became active in Socialist and trade union circles and became secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation, almost by mistake. At the time his brother John was secretary; however, after John spoke at a rally in favour of the eight-hour day he was fired from his job with the corporation, so while he looked for work, James took over as secretary. During this time, Connolly became involved with the Independent Labour Party which Keir Hardie formed in 1893. James Keir Hardie (15 August 1856 - 26 September 1915) was a Scottish socialist and labour leader, and one of the first two Labour Party Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the UK Parliament after the establishment of the Labour Party. ...

Socialist involvement

By 1892 he was involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, acting as its secretary from 1895, but by 1896 he had gone to Dublin to take up the full time job of secretary of the Dublin Socialist Society, which at his instigation quickly evolved into the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP). The ISRP is regarded by many Irish historians as a party of pivotal importance in the early history of Irish socialism and republicanism. While active as a socialist in Great Britain Connolly was among the founders of the Socialist Labour Party which split from the Social Democratic Federation in 1903. While in America he was member of the Socialist Labor Party of America(1906), the Socialist Party of America(1909) and the Industrial Workers of the World, and founded the Irish Socialist Federation in New York, 1907. On his return to Ireland he was right hand man to James Larkin in the Irish Transport and General Workers Union. In 1913, in response to the Lockout, he, along with an ex-British officer, Jack White, founded the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), an armed and well-trained body of labour men whose aim was to defend workers and strikers, particularly from the frequent brutality of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. Though they only numbered about 250 at most, their goal soon became the establishment of an independent and socialist Irish nation. He founded the Irish Labour Party in 1912 and was a member of the National Executive of the Irish Labour Party when he was executed in 1916. 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Scottish Socialist Federation was a political party founded by supporters of the Social Democratic Federation in Edinburgh in 1888. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... The Irish Socialist Republican Party was an Irish political party founded in 1896 by James Connolly. ... The Socialist Labour Party was a socialist political party in the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the British political party. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) is the oldest socialist political party in the United States that advocated Marxism[1] and the second oldest socialist party in the world. ... The Socialist Party of America (SPA) is a socialist political party in the United States. ... The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. ... Statue of James Larkin on OConnell Street, Dublin (Oisín Kelly 1977) James (Big Jim) Larkin (Irish: Séamas Ó Lorcáin)(1874-1947), an Irish trade union leader and socialist activist, was born in Liverpool, England on 28 January 1874, of Irish parents. ... The Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU) was established by Jim Larkin in December 1908, after his expulsion from the British National Dock Labourers Union (NDLU). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Statue of James Larkin on OConnell Street (Oisín Kelly 1977) The Dublin Lockout of 1913 was the most severe industrial dispute in the history of Ireland, a general lockout of workers in Dublin, meant to contain the expansion of trade unions. ... Captain James Robert Jack White (1879 -1946) is known as the man who was along with James Connolly, co-founded and drilled the Irish Citizen Army. ... The Irish Citizen Army`s Starry Plough banner. ... The Dublin Metropolitan Police was formed in 1836, after twenty years of attempts to create an effective policing force in Ireland Rural policing in Ireland began when Chief Secretary for Ireland, Robert Peel created the Peace Preservation Force in 1816. ... Logo of the Irish Labour Party The Irish Labour Party (Irish: Páirti an Lucht Oibre) is the third largest political party in the Republic of Ireland. ...

Irish independence

Connolly stood aloof from the leadership of the Irish Volunteers. He considered them too bourgeois and unconcerned with Ireland's economic independence. In 1916, thinking they were merely posturing and unwilling to take decisive action against Britain, he attempted to goad them into action by threatening to send his small body against the British Empire alone, if necessary. This alarmed the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who had already infiltrated the Volunteers and had plans for an insurrection that very year. In order to talk Connolly out of any such rash action, the IRB leaders, including Tom Clarke and Patrick Pearse, met with Connolly to see if an agreement could be reached. It has been said that he was kidnapped by them, but this has been denied of late, and must at some point come down to a matter of semantics. As it was, he disappeared for three days without telling anyone where he had been. During the meeting the IRB and the ICA agreed to act together at Easter of that year. Irish Volunteers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; Bráithreachas na Poblachta in Irish) was a secret fraternal organisation dedicated to fomenting armed revolt against the British state in Ireland in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. ... Thomas James (Tom) Clarke (Irish name: Tomás Ó Cléirigh; 11 March 1857 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish revolutionary leader and arguably the person most responsible for the 1916 Easter Rising. ... Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig Pearse; Irish: ; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was a teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist and political activist who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ...

When the Easter Rising occurred on April 24, 1916, Connolly was Commandant of the Dublin Brigade, and as the Dublin Brigade had the most substantial role in the rising, he was de facto Commander in Chief. Following the surrender, he said to other prisoners: 'Don't worry. Those of us that signed the proclamation will be shot. But the rest of you will be set free.' Connolly was not actually held in jail, but at Dublin Castle - the British centre of Administration in Ireland at the time. He was taken to the Kilmainham Hospital, across the road from the jail and then taken to the jail to be executed by the British. Visited by his wife, and asking about public opinion, he commented 'They all forget that I am an Irishman'. He confessed his sins, said to be his first religious act since marriage. Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... A Commander-in-Chief is the commander of a nations military forces or significant element of those forces. ... The Royal Hospital, Kilmainham in Kilmainham, Dublin is one of the finest 17th-century building in Ireland. ...

He was so badly injured from the fighting (a doctor had already said he had no more than a day or two to live, but the execution order was still given) that he was unable to stand before the firing squad. His absolution and last rites were administered by a Capuchin, Father Aloysius. Asked to pray for the soldiers about to shoot him, he said: 'I will say a prayer for all men who do their duty according to their lights'.

Instead of being marched to the same spot where the others had been executed, at the far end of the execution yard, he was tied to a chair and then shot. Although nobody knew it at the time, this was to be last of the executions for the Easter Rising. The executions were not well received, even throughout Britain, and were drawing unwanted attention from the United States, which the British Government were trying to lure into the war in Europe. There was uproar on both sides of the Atlantic when it became known that a dying man had been tied to a chair and killed. Asquith, the British PM, then ordered that no more executions were to take place; all other death sentences were commuted. Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... Asquith was the name of two automobiles: Asquith (1901 automobile) Asquith (1981 automobile) There are also several notable people with the last name Asquith: Herbert Henry Asquith, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margot Asquith, the second wife of the Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, the Prime Ministers son...

James Connolly was survived by his wife and several children, one of whom -Nora Connolly-O'Brien- became an influential writer and campaigner within the Republican movement as an adult.

Legacy

His legacy in Ireland is mainly due to his contribution to the republican cause and his Marxism has been largely overlooked by mainstream histories (although his legacy as a socialist has been claimed by the Communist Party of Ireland, Connolly Youth Movement éirígí, the IRSP, the Labour Party, Sinn Féin, the Socialist Party, the SWP, the Workers' Party and a variety of other left-wing and left-republican groups). However, despite claims to the contrary, Connolly's writings show him to be first and foremost a Marxist thinker. In several of his works he rails against the bourgeois nationalism of those who claimed to be Irish patriots. Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent republic, whether as a unitary state, a federal state or as a confederal arrangement. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... The Communist Party of Ireland (CPI; Irish: Páirtí Cumannach na hÉireann) is a small all-Ireland Marxist party. ... The Connolly Youth Movement or CYM, is an all-Ireland youth organisation affiliated to the Communist Party of Ireland and the World Federation of Democratic Youth. ... éirígí [eːɼiːɟiː] (Irish for arise and deliberately using lower-case é) is a socialist republican political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) describes itself as a republican socialist party and claims to be both Marxist-Leninist and republican. ... Logo of the Irish Labour Party The Irish Labour Party (Irish: Páirti an Lucht Oibre) is the third largest political party in the Republic of Ireland. ... For pre-Arthur Griffith use of the political name, see Sinn Féin (19th century). ... As of 2004, the Socialist Party is Irelands newest political party. ... The Socialist Workers Party (Ireland) (SWP) is an Irish, Trotskyist political party. ... Categories: Ireland-related stubs | Irish political parties | Republic of Ireland political parties | Northern Ireland political parties ... Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ... Defence of the fatherland is a commonplace of patriotism: The statue in the courtyard of École polytechnique, Paris, commemorating the students involvement in defending France against the 1814 invasion of the Coalition. ...

Statue of James Connolly in Dublin

Connolly was among the few left-wingers of the Second International who opposed, outright, World War I. This put him at odds with most of the Labour leaders of Europe - but meant he was a co-thinker of those that would later come to call themselves communists, such as Lenin, Trotsky and Rosa Luxemburg. He was influenced and heavily involved with the radical Industrial Workers of the World labour union. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1536x2048, 420 KB) Description : Statue of James Conolly in Dublin city center Date : 08/2006 Author: Sebb File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): James Connolly ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1536x2048, 420 KB) Description : Statue of James Conolly in Dublin city center Date : 08/2006 Author: Sebb File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): James Connolly ... The Second International was an organization formed in 1889 (after several years of preparation) by socialist and labour parties who wished to work together for international socialism. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Trotskii, Trotski, Trotzky) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (&#1051... Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 or 1871 – January 15, 1919, in Polish Róża Luksemburg) was a Jewish Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. ... The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. ...

Apparently Lenin was a great admirer of Connolly, although the two never met. Lenin berated other communists, who had criticised the rebellion in Ireland as bourgeois. He maintained that no revolution was "pure", and communists would have to unite with other disaffected groups in order to overthrow existing social orders. He was to prove his point the next year, during the Russian Revolution. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ...

In Scotland, Connolly's thinking was hugely influential to socialists such as John Maclean, who would similarly combine his leftist thinking with nationalist ideas when he formed his Scottish Workers Republican Party. John Maclean. ... The Scottish Workers Republican Party (SWRP) were formed by the Marxist activist John Maclean MA (1879-1923) in the 1910s. ...

There is a statue of James Connolly in Dublin, outside Liberty Hall, the offices of the SIPTU Trade Union. Dublin Connolly railway station, one of the two main railway stations in Dublin, is named in his honour. Liberty Hall, Dublins tallest building, stands in the background. ... SIPTU (Services, Industrial, Professional, and Technical Union) is Irelands largest trade union, with over 200,000 members according to its website. ... A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers. ... Dublin Connolly railway station. ...

Despite Connolly's role in the Easter Rising and subsequent execution by the British authorities, in a 2002 poll conducted by the BBC of the 100 Greatest Britons, Connolly was voted the 64th greatest Briton of all time, ahead of other notable Britons such as David Lloyd George and Sir Walter Raleigh. Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Patrick Pearse, James Connolly Brigadier-General Lowe General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... // In 2002, the BBC conducted a vote to determine whom the general public considers the 100 Greatest Britons of all time. ... Languages Cornish, Dgèrnésiais, English, French, Irish, Jèrriais, Manx, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Llanito Religions Anglican, Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism - Related ethnic groups British-Americans, Anglo-Celtic Australian, Anglo-African, Belongers, English Canadians, Channel Islanders, Cornish, English, Anglo-Irish, Ulster-Scots, Irish, Manx, New Zealand European, Scottish, Welsh British... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British statesman who was Prime Minister throughout the latter half of World War I and the first four years of the subsequent peace. ... Alternatively, Professor Walter Raleigh was a scholar and author circa 1900. ...

Personal religious beliefs

James Connolly's personal religious convictions are a matter of conjecture. In the only written record made by Connolly about his personal position in relation to Catholicism, he stated:

though I have usually posed as a Catholic, I have not done my duty for 15 years, and have not the slightest tincture of faith left…

– (Letter from James Connolly to John Carstairs Matheson, 30 January 1908)^[2] is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Labour, Nationality and Religion:

An earlier work also published by the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP), called Socialism and Religion, where Connolly says of socialism:

Scott Herbert, however, called him a "devout Catholic".^[3] Father Aloysius in conversation to his daughter Nora:

Selected extracts from the personal recollections of Father Aloysius OFM. Cap.^[5]

Three months after James Connolly's execution his wife Lillie (née Lillie Reynolds, a domestic servant from Co Wicklow) was received into the Catholic Church, at Church St. on the 15th of August^[6]

Interestingly, whilst in the United States where he had joined the Socialist Labour Party in 1903, he clashed with that party's leader Daniel De Leon who called Connolly, amongst other things, a "Jesuit spy" ^[7]

Trivia

• Connolly was an avid supporter of Hibernian F.C., the Edinburgh side that was established by Irish immigrants in the Cowgate area where Connolly was born.

• A film about the life of James Connolly was announced for 2007 (later 2008), with Peter Mullan in the lead role and Adrian Dunbar as director; as of July 6, 2007 the IMDb listing had not been updated since May 22, 2007.

• Connolly (the author of many rebel songs and editor of a small collection of them) himself became the subject of many songs after his death, including the song "James Connolly" by the Irish American rock band Black 47.

• A street in Munich: Connollystraße, was named in his honour.

• When he was executed, Connolly had to be shot sitting in a chair, after injuring his foot during the Easter Rebellion.

Hibernian Football Club (informally known as Hibs) are a Scottish professional football club based in Leith, north Edinburgh. ... Peter Mullan (born in 1959 in Peterhead, Scotland) is a Scottish actor who has been appearing in films since 1990. ... Adrian Dunbar (born August 1, 1958), is an Irish actor best known for his television work. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Black 47 is an American-Celtic rock band made up of Irish expatriates, formed in New York City by Larry Kirwan and Chris Byrne in 1989. ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ...

Further reading

• Levenson S. James Connolly A Biography. Martin Brian and O'Keeffe Ltd., London, 1973. ISBN 0-85616-130-6.
• Connolly, James. 1987. Collected Works (Two volumes). Dublin: New Books.
• Anderson, W.K. 1994. James Connolly and the Irish Left. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7165-2522-4.
• Fox, R.M. 1943. The History of the Irish Citizen Army. Dublin: James Duffy & Co.
• Fox, R.M. 1946. James Connolly: the forerunner. Tralee: The Kerryman.
• Greaves, C. Desmond. 1972. The Life and Times of James Connolly. London: Lawrence & Wishart. ISBN 0-85315-234-9.
• Lynch, David. 2006. Radical Politics in Modern Ireland: A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP) 1896-1904. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7165-3356-1.
• Kostick, Conor & Collins, Lorcan. 2000 "The Easter Rising" Dublin: O'Brien Press ISBN .0-86278-638-X
• Nevin, Donal. 2005. James Connolly: A Full Life. Dublin: Gill & MacMillan. ISBN 0-7171-3911-5.
• Ó Cathasaigh, Aindrias. 1996. An Modh Conghaileach: Cuid sóisialachais Shéamais Uí Chonghaile. Dublin: Coiscéim.
• Townshend, Charles (2005). Easter 1916: the Irish rebellion. London: Allen Lane, xxi, 442p. ISBN 0-7139-9690-0. 

It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ...

References

1. ^ http://esperanto.ie/english/connolly.htm
2. ^ http://www.socialismtoday.org/103/connolly.html
3. ^ http://www.socialismtoday.org/103/connolly.html
4. ^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Sconnolly.htm
5. ^ http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:IUvgSjRHq_QJ:www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/witnesses/personalrecollections.rtf+%22james-connolly%22%2B%22father-aloysius%22%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=ie<
6. ^ http://www.gonebutnotforgotten.ie/1916/fiona-connolly.htm
7. ^ http://www.socialistparty.net/pub/pages/viewspring06/9.htm

External links

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• James Connolly Internet Archive
• The Real Ideas of James Connolly
• James Connolly's Gravesite
• IWW's Memorial Page for James Connolly
• 1916 Walking Tour Site

http://unitedireland.tripod.com/id15.html Lyrics chords video and tab to James Connolly Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ...

• "The Relevance Of James Connolly in Ireland Today" by George Gilmore
• "James Connolly & Irish Freedom: A Marxist Analysis" by G. Schuller
• "BBC online poll: James Connolly voted onto 100 'Greatest' people" by Niall Mulholland (CWI), 31 August 2002
• Film biopic of Connolly underway
• James Connolly -- A Marxist appreciation (Spartacist League Dayschool)