James Fraser (August 18, 1818- October 22, 1885) was a reforming Anglican bishop of Manchester, England. August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ... Manchester is a city in the north-west of England. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Ethnicity...

Early life

Born Prestbury, Gloucestershire, Fraser's father was an unsuccessful merchant who left his wife and seven children in penury when he died in 1832. Fraser was brought up by his grandfather in Bilston, Staffordshire then at various schools. He finished his education at Shrewsbury School and then Lincoln College, Oxford where he graduated in 1839. His limited funds and the continual competition for bursaries entailed a scholastic life only relieved by his passion for athletics. He loved horses and hunting but found it difficult to finance the lifestyle. Prestbury is a medium sized village in the heart of the Cotswolds. ... Gloucestershire (pronounced [ ˈglɒstəʃəʳ]; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a ceremonial and administrative county in southwest England. ... Merchants function as professional traders, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Bilston was first mentioned in the Domesday book as a village called Billestune, but it was a largely rural area until the nineteenth century. ... Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the Midlands of England. ... Shrewsbury Schools Coat of Arms Shrewsbury School is a leading British boys public school (UK), located in Shrewsbury in the county of Shropshire. ... College name Lincoln College Named after Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln Established 1427 Sister College Downing College Rector Prof. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The Horse (Equus caballus) is a sizeable ungulate mammal, one of the seven modern species of the genus Equus. ... Hunting is, in its most general sense, the pursuit of a target. ...

Elected a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford in 1840, he worked tutoring and in the library before taking deacon's orders in 1846 and giving up his passion for hunting. After some parochial work in Oxford, he was ordained a priest in 1847 before becoming rector of Cholderton, Wiltshire. He continued his educational work as a tutor and as sometime examiner. Oriel College (in full: The House of Blessed Mary the Virgin in Oxford commonly called Oriel College, of the Foundation of Edward the Second of famous memory, sometime King of England) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Deacon is a role in the Christian Church which is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ... Roman Catholic priest LCDR Allen R. Kuss (USN) aboard USS Enterprise A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings. ...

In 1858, he served on the Royal Commission on education and in 1860 became rector of Ufton Nervet, Berkshire, soon establishing a reputation as an able church manager. He travelled to the USA and Canada in 1865 on a commission to examine education there and his insightful report enhanced his reputation as a social analyst and leader of church opinion. Though he was offered the post of bishop of Calcutta, he turned it down. In 1867 he was appointed by the Home Secretary to a commission on child labour in agriculture and further enhanced his reputation in policy development. 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... In countries that are members of the Commonwealth a Royal Commission is a major government inquiry into an issue. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Ufton Nervet is a small village and civil parish in the English county of Berkshire. ... For other places named Berkshire, see: Berkshire (disambiguation) Berkshire (pronounced Barkshe(e)r; sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a county in the south of England, to the west of London and also bordering on Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Greater London, Surrey, Wiltshire and Hampshire. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Home Secretary (official full title Secretary of State for the Home Department) is the chief United Kingdom government minister responsible for law and order in England and Wales; his or her remit includes policing, the criminal justice system, the prison service, internal security, and matters of citizenship and immigration. ... Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ...

Bishop of Manchester

Respect for his knowledge of educational matters led Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone to appoint him bishop of Manchester and he was consecrated on March 25, 1870. The Anglican Diocese of Manchester was still comparatively new and its only former bishop, James Prince Lee, had done little to develop its infrastructure. Fraser set to work to remedy this with a programme of consecrating 99 new churches and establishment of a bureaucratic structure including, of course, a Board of Education. In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister is the head of government, exercising many of the executive functions nominally vested in the Sovereign, who is head of state. ... The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809–19 May 1898) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894). ... To consecrate an inaminate object is to dedicate it in a ritual to a special purpose, usually religious. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... For other Christian diocese with Manchester in their name, see Diocese of Manchester. ... James Prince Lee (July 28, 1804 - December 24, 1869) was an English clergyman. ...

Politics and arbitration

Bishop Fraser's opponents said of him that, "Omipresence was his forte, and omniscience his foible", reflecting his restless activity in preaching the gospel, reform and activity in civil society. He was a common sight on the streets of Manchester, hurrying to address workers of all kinds several times a day. He was governor of many educational institutions including the Manchester Grammar School and Owens College. In 1874 he began a career as an arbitrator, working to resolve conflict in a number of strikes. He was an early enthusiast for and advocate of the cooperative movement. In Christianity, Gospels are a genre of Early Christian literature essentially concerning the message and meaning of Jesus. ... Civil society or civil institutions refers to the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations or institutions which form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system). ... The Manchester Grammar School (MGS) is an independent boys school (ages 11-18) in Manchester, England. ... 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Arbitration, in the law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution — specifically, a legal alternative to litigation whereby the parties to a dispute agree to submit their respective positions (through agreement or hearing) to a neutral third party (the arbitrator(s) or arbiter(s)) for resolution. ... A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is an association of persons who join together to carry on an economic activity of mutual benefit, in an egalitarian fashion. ...

Doctrine and litigation

Never overly-interested in theology, Fraser was a liberal in matters of worship who favoured the old high church school, though with little sympathy for what he saw as the excesses of the Oxford Movement. He supported the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 but in 1878 was unhappy to be unable to prevent the imprisonment of the Rev. Sidney Faithorn Green, the incumbent of Miles Platting. Theology is literally reasonable discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... High church is a term used in Protestant Christianity in general, and churches associated with the Anglican tradition in particular, in relation to those congregations that continue, with modifications, much of the ritual associated with the Roman Catholic Mass. ... For the 20th century Oxford Movement or Group see Moral Rearmament The Oxford Movement was a loose affiliation of High Church Anglicans who sought to demonstrate that the Church of England was a direct descendant of the Christian church established by the Apostles. ... The Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 was an English Act of Parliament, introduced as a Private Members Bill by Archbishop of Canterbury Archibald Campbell Tait, to limit what he perceived as the growing ritualism of Anglo-Catholicism and the Oxford Movement within the Church of England. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The area of Miles Platting, found in inner North Manchester was intensively developed in the 19th century providing homes for the industrial workforce. ...

Fraser ultimately secured Green's release but Green's benefice was sequestrated by the courts. The parish patron, Sir Percival Heywood nominated Rev. Harry Cowgill, Green's unlawful curate, as the new incumbent. Fraser was involved in much litigation over his opposition to the appointment before being exonerated in a judgement by Baron Pollock in 1884. Originally a benefice was a gift of land for life as a reward (beneficium) for services. ... Sequestration, the act of removing, separating or seizing anything from the possession of its owner, particularly in law, of the taking possession of property under process of law for the benefit of creditors or the state. ... A parish is a subdivision. ... Generally, patronage is the act of supporting or favoring some person, group, or institution. ... From the Latin curatus, a curate is a person who is invested with the care, or cure (cura), of souls of a parish. ... A lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in order to recover a right, obtain damages for an injury, obtain an injunction to prevent an injury, or obtain a declaratory judgment to prevent future legal disputes. ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ...

Later life

In 1880, he married Agnes Ellen Frances Duncan shortly after the death of his mother who had shared his home. He died suddenly at the bishop's palace following complications from a chill. Long known as the bishop of all denominations, his death was honoured by all the nonconformist churches along with the Jewish and Greek Orthodox congregations. Huge crowds attended his funeral in Manchester. He was interred in Ufton Nervet in his mother's grave. 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A nonconformist is an English or Welsh Protestant of any non-Anglican denomination, chiefly advocating religious liberty. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Greek Orthodox Church can refer to any of several hierarchical churches within the larger group of mutually recognizing Eastern Orthodox churches: the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the first among equals of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ...

Honours

• A statue by Thomas Woolner stands in Albert Square, Manchester.

Thomas Woolner (1825-1892) was a British sculptor and poet. ... Albert Square is a public plaza in Manchester, England. ...

Bibliography

• Hughes, T. (1887) James Fraser, Second Bishop of Manchester: A Memoir, 1818–1885
• Diggle, J.W. (1887) The Lancashire Life of Bishop Fraser
• Bentley, J. (1987) Ritualism and Politics in Victorian Britain: The Attempt to Legislate for Belief
• Bullock, C. (1889) The Lives of Three Bishops

James Prince Lee (July 28, 1804 - December 24, 1869) was an English clergyman. ... Arms of the Bishop of Manchester Categories: Bishops ...