James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose

James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (1612 - 21 May 1650), was a Scottish nobleman and soldier, who initially joined the Covenanters in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but subsequently supported King Charles I as the English Civil War developed. From 1644 to 1646, and again in 1650 he fought a Scottish Civil War on behalf of the King. James Graham was the chief of Clan Graham. In the public domain by age This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... This article is about the Scottish as an ethnic group. ... The Covenanters are a radical Presbyterian movement that played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England and Ireland, during the 17th century. ... The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... Map of Scotland The Scottish Civil War The Scottish Civil War of 1644-47 was part of wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the Bishops Wars, the English Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. ... Clan Graham is a Scottish clan who had territories in both the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands. ...

Family

James Graham was the chief of Clan Graham. He was a son of John Graham, 4th Earl of Montrose and Mary Ruthven. His maternal grandparents were William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, and Dorothea, a daughter of Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven and his second wife Janet Stewart. Her maternal grandparents were John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl and Lady Janet Campbell. Janet Campbell was a daughter of Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll and Elizabeth Stewart. Elizabeth was a daughter of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox and Margaret Montgomerie. Margaret was a daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie and Margaret Boyd. Clan Graham is a Scottish clan who had territories in both the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands. ... William Ruthven, 4th Lord Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (c. ... Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven(c. ... Gillespie Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll (died September 9, 1513) was a Scottish nobleman and politician. ...

James Graham became 5th Earl of Montrose by his father's death in 1626. He was educated at the University of St Andrews, and at the age of seventeen married Magdalene Carnegie, daughter of Lord Carnegie (afterwards Earl of Southesk). They were parents of James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose. The title of Duke of Montrose was created in the peerage of Scotland in 1488 for David Lindsay. ... Events September 30 - Nurhaci, chieftain of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing Dynasty dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji. ... St Marys College Bute Medical School Postgraduate Students Affiliations 1994 Group Website www. ... Duke of Fife is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ...

Covenanter to Royalist

In 1638, after King Charles had attempted to impose an Anglican-oriented prayer book on the reluctant Scots, resistance spread throughout the country, eventually leading to the Bishops' Wars. Montrose joined the party of resistance, and was for some time one of its most energetic champions. He had nothing puritanical in his nature, but he shared in the ill-feeling aroused by the political authority King Charles had given to the bishops. He signed the National Covenant, and was sent to suppress the opposition which arose around Aberdeen and in the country of the Gordons. Three times Montrose entered Aberdeen, where he succeeded in his object, on the second occasion carrying off the head of the Gordons, the Marquess of Huntly, as a prisoner to Edinburgh (though in so doing, for the first and last time in his life, he violated a safe-conduct). He was a leader of the delegation who subsequently met at Muchalls Castle to parlay regarding the 1638 confrontation with the Bishops of Aberdeen. With the Earl Mariscal he led a force of 9000 men across the Causey Mounth through the Portlethen Moss to attack Royalists at the Bridge of Dee. This set of events was an element of Charles I decision to grant sweeping reforms to the Covenanters. Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The Bishops Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Puritans were members of a group of radical Protestants which developed in England after the Reformation. ... A mitre is used as a symbol of the bishops ministry. ... The Covenanters, named after the Solemn League and Covenant, were a party that, originating in the Reformation movement, played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England, during the 17th century. ... For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). ... George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly (d. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ; Dùn Èideann () in Scottish Gaelic) is the capital of Scotland and its second-largest city. ... Muchalls Castle, Kincardineshire Muchalls Castle stands overlooking the North Sea in the countryside of historic Kincardineshire, Scotland. ... True heather, a common plant on the Portlethen Moss The Portlethen Moss is an acidic bog nature reserve in the coastal Grampian region in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ... Look up Royalist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... The Covenanters are a radical Presbyterian movement that played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England and Ireland, during the 17th century. ...

In July 1639, after the signature of the Treaty of Berwick, Montrose was one of the Covenanting leaders who visited Charles. The change of policy on his part, eventually leading to his support for the king, arose from his wish to get rid of the bishops without making presbyters masters of the state. His was essentially a layman's view of the situation. Taking no account of the real forces of the time, he aimed at an ideal form of society in which the clergy should confine themselves to their spiritual duties, and the king should maintain law and order. In the Scottish parliament which met in September, Montrose found himself in opposition to Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, who had made himself the representative of the Presbyterian and national party, and of the middle classes. Montrose, on the other hand, wished to bring the king's authority to bear upon parliament to defeat Argyll, and offered the king the support of a great number of nobles. He failed, because Charles could not even then consent to abandon the bishops, and because no Scottish party of any weight could be formed unless Presbyterianism were established ecclesiastically. Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... The Treaty of Berwick was an agreement of amity made on July 6, 1586 between Queen Elizabeth I of England and James VI of Scotland. ... Presbyter is, in the Bible, a synonym for bishop (episkopos), referring to a leader in local Christian congregations. ... Archibald Campbell Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll and 8th Earl of Argyll (1607 - 27 May 1661) was the de facto head of government in Scotland during most of the Scottish Civil War (which was part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms). ... Presbyterianism is a form of Protestant Christianity, primarily in the Reformed branch of Western Christendom, as well as a particular form of church government. ...

Rather than give way, Charles prepared in 1640 to invade Scotland. Montrose was of necessity driven to play something of a double part. In August 1640 he signed the Bond of Cumbernauld as a protest against the particular and direct practicing of a few, in other words, against the ambition of Argyll. But he took his place amongst the defenders of his country, and in the same month he displayed his gallantry in action at the forcing of the Tyne at Newburn. After the invasion had been crowned with success, Montrose still continued to cherish his now hopeless policy. On 27 May 1641 he was summoned before the Committee of Estates and charged with intrigues against Argyll, and on the 11th of June he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle. Charles visited Scotland to give his formal assent to the abolition of Episcopacy, and upon the king's return to England Montrose shared in the amnesty which was tacitly accorded to all Charles's partisans. Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ... The River Tyne can refer to two rivers in the United Kingdom: River Tyne, England River Tyne, Scotland This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Newburn is an urban area in Newcastle upon Tyne metropolitan borough, in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear. ... May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... Edinburgh Castle and NorLoch, around 1780 by Alexander Nasmyth Edinburgh Castle is an ancient stronghold on the Castle Rock in the centre of the city of Edinburgh, has been in use by assorted military forces since 900 BC and only transferred from Ministry of Defence administration recently. ... Episcopacy is the regime of church government by bishops (Lat. ...

English Civil War and Scottish Civil War

For a time Montrose retired from public life. After the English Civil War began he constantly pressed Charles to allow him to make a diversion in Scotland. Scotland's neutrality stood in the way of Charles's consent until 1644, when a Scottish army entered England to take part against the king. Montrose, now created a marquis, was at last allowed to try what he could do. He set out to invade his homeland with about 1000 men. But his followers deserted, and his condition appeared hopeless. Disguised as a groom, on 18 August he started with only two gentlemen to make his way to the Highlands. The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... Map of Scotland The Scottish Civil War The Scottish Civil War of 1644-47 was part of wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the Bishops Wars, the English Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Marquis has many different meanings: The French spelling of the title known in English as Marquess and Margrave. ... August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Highlanders had never before been known to combine together, but Montrose knew that many of the West Highland clans, who were largely Catholic, detested Argyll and his Campbell clansmen, none more so than the MacDonalds who with many of the other clans rallied to his summons. The Royalist allied Irish Confederates sent 2000 disciplined Irish soldiers led by Alasdair MacColla across the sea to assist him. In two campaigns, distinguished by rapidity of movement, he met and defeated his opponents in six battles. At Tippermuir and Aberdeen he routed Covenanting levies; at Inverlochy he crushed the Campbells, at Auldearn, Alford and Kilsyth his victories were obtained over well-led and disciplined armies. The word Campbell can refer to a variety of people and places. ... MacDonald (or McDonald) is a surname associated with members of the Clan Donald. ... Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met. ... Alasdair MacColla (circa 1620 to 1647) was a Scottish-Irish soldier. ... Battle of Tippermuir Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 1, 1644 Place Perth, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Tippermuir (September 1, 1644) was the first battle James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose fought for the king during the Scottish Civil War. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 13, 1644 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Aberdeen was an engagement in the Scottish Civil War which took place between Royalist and Covenanter forces outside the city of Aberdeen on September 13, 1644. ... Combatants Royalist Irish and Highland Scots Scots Covenanters Commanders Lord Montrose Alasdair MacColla Sir Thomas Ogilvie Duncan Campbell of Auchinbreck Strength 1500 3000 Casualties 8? 1500 The Battle of Inverlochy (February 2, 1645) was a battle of the Scottish Civil War in which Montrose routed the pursuing forces of the... Battle of Auldearn Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date May 9, 1645 Place Auldearn, Nairnshire Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Auldearn was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place on May 9, 1645, near the village of Auldearn in Nairnshire. ... The Battle of Alford was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place near the village of Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on July 2, 1645. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date August 15, 1645 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Kilsyth was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War which took place on August 15, 1645. ...

The fiery enthusiasm of the Gordons and other clans often carried the day, but Montrose relied more upon the disciplined infantry from Ireland. His strategy at Inverlochy, his tactics at Aberdeen, Auldearn and Kilsyth furnished models of the military art, but above all his daring and constancy marked him out as one of the greatest soldier of the war. His career of victory was crowned by the great Battle of Kilsyth on 15 August 1645. Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date August 15, 1645 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Kilsyth was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War which took place on August 15, 1645. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ...

Now Montrose found himself apparently master of Scotland. In the name of the king, who now appointed him lord lieutenant and captain-general of Scotland, he summoned a parliament to meet at Glasgow on 20 October, in which he no doubt hoped to reconcile loyal obedience to the king with the establishment of a non-political Presbyterian clergy. That parliament never met. Charles had been defeated at the Battle of Naseby on 14 June, and Montrose must come to his help if there was to be still a king to proclaim. David Leslie, the best of the Scottish generals, was promptly dispatched against Montrose to anticipate the invasion. On 12 September he came upon Montrose, deserted by his Highlanders and guarded only by a little group of followers, at Philiphaugh. He won an easy victory. Montrose cut his way through to the Highlands; but he failed to organize an army. In September 1646 he embarked for Norway. Flag of a Lord-Lieutenant The title Lord-Lieutenant is given to the British monarchs personal representatives around the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Sir Thomas Fairfax King Charles I Strength 6000 horse 7000 foot 4100 horse 3300 foot Casualties unknown 3500 The Battle of Naseby was the key battle of the first English Civil War. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... See also David Leslie the Scottish rugby player. ... Portal:Currentevents September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... The Battle of Philiphaugh was fought on September 13th, 1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and took place outside the town of Philiphaugh near Selkirk in Scotland between the armies of the Royalist Marquis of Montrose, and the Covenanter army of General Leslie. ...

Montrose was to appear once more on the stage of Scottish history. In June 1649, burning to revenge the death of the king, he was restored by the exiled Charles II to the now nominal lieutenancy of Scotland. Charles however did not scruple shortly afterwards to disavow his noblest supporter in order to become a king on terms dictated by Argyll and Argyll's adherents. In March 1650 Montrose landed in Orkney to take the command of a small force which he had sent on before him. Crossing to the mainland, he tried in vain to raise the clans, and on 27 April he was surprised and routed at the Battle of Carbisdale (1650) in Ross-shire. His forces were defeated in battle but he escaped. After wandering for some time he was surrendered by Macleod of Assynt, to whose protection, in ignorance of Macleod's political enmity, he had entrusted himself. He was brought a prisoner to Edinburgh, and on 20 May sentenced to death by the parliament. He was hanged on the 21st, with Wishart's laudatory biography of him put round his neck. To the last he protested that he was a real Covenanter and a loyal subject. // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ross-shire (Siorrachd Rois in Gaelic), or simply Ross, is a traditional county of Scotland bordering on Sutherland, Cromartyshire (of which it contains many enclaves), Inverness-shire and on an exclave of Nairnshire. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... Suicide by hanging. ... George Wishart George Wishart (c. ...

Shortly after Montrose's death the Scottish Argyll Government switched sides and became Royalists too.

James Graham, Battle history

• James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose is victorious at the Battle of Tippermuir on 1st September 1644. Graham was fighting in support of King Charles I.[1][2]

• James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose is victorious at the Battle of Aberdeen on 13th September 1644. Again commanding forces loyal to King Charles I.[3]

• James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose is victorious at the Battle of Inverlochy (1645). Commanding forces loyal to King Charles I.[4][5]

• James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose is victorious at the Battle of Auldearn on 9th May 1645. Again commanding forces loyal to King Charles I.[6]

• James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose is victorious at the Battle of Alford on 2nd July 1645. Again commanding forces loyal to King Charles I.[7]

• James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose is victorious at the Battle of Kilsyth on 15th August 1645. Again commanding forces loyal to King Charles I.[8][9]

• James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose is defeated at the Battle of Philiphaugh 13th September 1645. Again commanding forces loyal to King Charles I. Here Graham was also supported by the forces of Clan Douglas who were led by Chief William Douglas, the 11th Earl of Angus.[10][11]

• During the Civil War the Clan MacKenzie Chief who was still in posession of the Castle Chanonry of Ross was now known as the Earl of Seaforth. However in 1646 James Graham the 1st Marquess of Montrose laid siege to the castle and took it from the MacKenzies after a siege of four days.[12]

• James Graham, 1st Marquees of Montrose was defeated when he led an army of German and Danish soldiers at the Battle of Carbisdale (1650). James Graham had always been loyal to the Royalist cause. Interestingly he was defeated by forces who were also loyal Royalists but were rivals to the cause. James Graham had landed an army of foreigners in Rosshire and, while at the head of them, he was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale.[13]

Battle of Tippermuir Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 1, 1644 Place Perth, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Tippermuir (September 1, 1644) was the first battle James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose fought for the king during the Scottish Civil War. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 13, 1644 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Aberdeen was an engagement in the Scottish Civil War which took place between Royalist and Covenanter forces outside the city of Aberdeen on September 13, 1644. ... Combatants Royalist Irish and Highland Scots Scots Covenanters Commanders Lord Montrose Alasdair MacColla Sir Thomas Ogilvie Duncan Campbell of Auchinbreck Strength 1500 3000 Casualties 8? 1500 The Battle of Inverlochy (February 2, 1645) was a battle of the Scottish Civil War in which Montrose routed the pursuing forces of the... Battle of Auldearn Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date May 9, 1645 Place Auldearn, Nairnshire Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Auldearn was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place on May 9, 1645, near the village of Auldearn in Nairnshire. ... The Battle of Alford was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place near the village of Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on July 2, 1645. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date August 15, 1645 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Kilsyth was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War which took place on August 15, 1645. ... The Battle of Philiphaugh was fought on September 13th, 1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and took place outside the town of Philiphaugh near Selkirk in Scotland between the armies of the Royalist Marquis of Montrose, and the Covenanter army of General Leslie. ... Clan Douglas Crest: Jamais arriere (Never behind) Clan Douglas is an armigerous Scottish clan from Selkirkshire and Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland. ... The title of Earl of Angus is an ancient one in the Peerage of Scotland, currently held by the Duke of Hamilton. ... Clan MacKenzie Crest: I Shine, Not Burn. ... The Castle Chanonry of Ross is also sometimes spelt Canonry or Chanonrie. ... Earl of Seaforth, a Scottish title held by the family of Mackenzie from 1623 to 1716, and again from 1771 to 1781. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

References

The principal authorities for Montrose's career are Wishart's Res gestae, etc. (Amsterdam, 1647); Patrick Gordon's Short Abridgment of Britanes Distemper (Spalding Club); and the comprehensive work of Napier, Memorials of Montrose, is abundantly documented, containing Montrose's poetry, in which is included his celebrated lyric "My dear and only love." [14] Patrick Gordon (1635 - November 29, 1699) was general of the Imperial Russian army, of Scottish origin. ... Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier and 1st Baron Ettrick, KT (1819 - 1898) was a British colonial administrator. ...

There are several modern works on Montrose, including a biography by John Buchan, Montrose: The King's Champion by Max Hastings, and the two volumes The Young Montrose and Montrose:The Captain-General by Nigel Tranter. John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (August 26, 1875 - February 11, 1940), was a Scottish novelist and politician who served as Governor General of Canada. ... Sir Max Hastings is a British journalist, editor, historian and author. ... Nigel Tranter (November 23, 1909 – January 9, 2000) was a Scottish historian and author. ...

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The title of Duke of Montrose was created in the peerage of Scotland in 1488 for David Lindsay. ... The title of Duke of Montrose was created in the peerage of Scotland in 1488 for David Lindsay. ...

See also

• Wars of the Three Kingdoms
• Bishops' Wars
• English Civil War
• Clan Graham

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... The Bishops Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... Clan Graham is a Scottish clan who had territories in both the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands. ...

External links

• http://www.montrose-society.org.uk/
• http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/montrose.htm
• http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00005Y8LP/ Audio Recording: On the Rise by Battlefield Band
• http://mysongbook.de/msb/songs/m/montrose.html Lyrics to "Montrose" by the Battlefield Band and historical notes in English and German
• http://www.mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=14554 Discussion thread at the Mudcat Cafe' - a website for folk musicians - about the Battlefield Band song
• http://www.mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=4640 Mudcat Cafe thread about the Steeleye Span song about Montrose (scroll down 2/3 for lyrics)