James Knox Polk
| | 11th President of the United States | | In office | | March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 | | Vice President(s) | George M. Dallas | | Preceded by | John Tyler | | Succeeded by | Zachary Taylor | | Born | November 2, 1795
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina | | Died | June 15, 1849
Nashville Tennessee | | Political party | Democratic Download high resolution version (896x1194, 340 KB)Library of Congress. ...
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March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
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George Mifflin Dallas (July 10, 1792 – December 31, 1864) was a U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania and the eleventh Vice President, serving under James K. Polk. ...
John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth (1841-1845) President of the United States. ...
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. ...
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Mecklenburg County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. ...
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The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ...
| | Spouse | Sarah Childress Polk | | Religion | Presbyterian, Methodist | | Signature |
 | James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795–June 15, 1849) was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1849. Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina but mostly lived in and represented the state of Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as Speaker of the House (1835–1839) and governor of Tennessee (1839–1841) prior to becoming president. Polk was the first president to not seek reelection. He is noted for his success in winning a war with Mexico and adding vast new territories. He lowered the tariff and established a treasury system that lasted until 1913. A "dark horse" in 1844, he fulfilled his promise to serve only one term, and died three months after his term ended. Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891), wife of James K. Polk, was First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849. ...
Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...
The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ...
Image File history File links James_K._Polk_signature. ...
November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ...
1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ...
1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Mecklenburg County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Area Ranked 36th - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²) - Width 120 miles (195 km) - Length 440 miles (710 km) - % water 2. ...
The History of the Democratic Party is an account of a continuously supported political party in the United States of America. ...
Dennis Hastert, the current Speaker, presiding from a chair in the front of the chamber. ...
Notes 1East was Secretary of State for Tennessee from 1862-1865, appointed by Andrew Johnson, the military governor of the state under Union occupation during the American Civil War. ...
A dark horse candidate is one who is nominated unexpectedly, without previously having been discussed or considered as a likely choice. ...
His single term in office is most notable for the largest expansion (in area) of the nation's boundaries (exceeding even the Louisiana Purchase), through the negotiated establishment of the Oregon Territory and the purchase of 1.2 million square miles through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War. The expansionism, however, opened a furious debate over slavery in the new territories that was resolved by the Compromise of 1850. He signed the Walker Tariff that brought an era of near free trade to the country until 1861. He oversaw the opening of the U.S. Naval Academy, the Smithsonian, the Washington Monument, and the issuance of the first postage stamps in the United States. He was the first President of the United States ever to be photographed. Scholars have ranked him #10 to #12 on the list of greatest presidents for his ability to set an agenda and achieve all of it. From Frank Bond, Louisiana and the Louisiana Purchase. ...
The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain, as well as to the organized U.S. territory formed from it that existed between 1848 and 1859. ...
The Mexican Cession (red) and the Gadsden Purchase (orange) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). ...
Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia Strength 7,000–44,000 18,000–40,000 Casualties KIA: 1,733 Total dead: 13,283 Wounded: 4,152 25,000 killed or wounded (Mexican government...
Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Millard Fillmore presides as Calhoun and Webster look on. ...
The 1846 Walker tariff was a United States Democratic Party-passed bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed Black Tariff of 1842 under president John Tyler. ...
The United States Naval Academy (USNA) is an institution for the undergraduate education of officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps and is located in Annapolis, Maryland and Washington D.C. The Academy is often referred to simply as Annapolis although naval officers normally refer to it in...
The Smithsonian castle, as seen through the garden gate. ...
The Washington Monument at dusk For other Washington Monuments, see Washington Monuments (world). ...
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Sculptor Gutzon Borglum and President Calvin Coolidge selected Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Lincoln to appear on Mount Rushmore Many surveys have been conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States. ...
Early life
 Portrait of Polk before his presidency. Polk, the first of ten children, was born in what is now Pineville, North Carolina in Mecklenburg County in 1795. His father, Samuel Polk, was a slaveholder, farmer and surveyor of Scots-Irish descent, and related to Scottish nobility. His mother, Jane Polk (née Knox) was a descendant of the Scottish religious reformer John Knox. In 1806, the Polk family moved to Tennessee, settling near Duck River in what is now Maury County. The family grew prosperous, with Samuel Polk becoming one of the leading planters of the area. Download high resolution version (1311x1791, 1213 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Download high resolution version (1311x1791, 1213 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Pineville is a town in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina located between Charlotte and York County, South Carolina. ...
Mecklenburg County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. ...
Surveying is concerned with the application of mathematics and physics in obtaining accurate measurements for the determination of the position of points on the Earths surface. ...
Scots-Irish can refer to: The Ulster-Scots people of Ulster, Ireland. ...
John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514 – 1572) was a Scottish religious reformer who played the lead part in reforming the Church in Scotland in a Presbyterian manner. ...
The Duck River of Tennessee is the longest river located entirely within the state of Tennessee. ...
Maury County is a county located in the state of Tennessee. ...
During his childhood, Polk suffered from poor health. In 1812, his father took him to Kentucky, where the famous surgeon Dr. Ephraim McDowell conducted an operation to remove urinary stones. The operation may have left him sterile. Polk did enjoy comparatively better health during the rest of his life. Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area Ranked 37th - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²) - Width 140 miles (225 km) - Length 379 miles (610 km) - % water 1. ...
Ephraim McDowell (NSHC statue) Ephraim McDowell (November 11, 1771 – June 25, 1830) was an American physician. ...
Kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis or renal calculi, are solid accretions (crystals) of dissolved minerals in urine found inside the kidneys or ureters. ...
Polk was home schooled; his formal education began at the age of 18, when he studied at Zion Church near his home. He later attended a school in Murfreesboro, where he met his future wife, Sarah Childress. After less than three years of attending the school, Polk left Tennessee to enroll in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While there, he practiced his oratorical skills as a member of the Dialectic Society. He graduated in 1818 and returned to Nashville to study law under Felix Grundy. Polk was admitted to the bar in 1820, and established his own practice in Columbia, Tennessee. Polk moved to Nashville, Tenn. when he was 11. Homeschooling (also called home education) is the education of children at home and in the community, in contrast to education in an institution such as a public or parochial school. ...
Downtown Murfreesboro, Tennessee Murfreesboro is a city in Rutherford County, Tennessee, United States. ...
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891), wife of James K. Polk, was First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849. ...
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a public, coeducational, research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. ...
Nickname: Music City Location in Davidson County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates: Country United States State Tennessee Counties Davidson County Founded: 1779 Incorporated: 1806 Mayor Bill Purcell (D) Area - City 526. ...
Felix Grundy (September 11, 1777–December 19, 1840) was a U.S. Congressman and U.S. Senator from Tennessee who also served as the 13th Attorney General of the United States. ...
A bar association is a body of lawyers who, in some jurisdictions, are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession. ...
Columbia is a city in Maury County, Tennessee, United States. ...
Career as slaveholder Polk was a slaveholder for almost his entire adult life. His father Samuel left title to over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of land and about 53 slaves to his widow and his children; James inherited control over nine of his father's slaves, either directly or from deceased brothers. In 1831, he became an absentee cotton planter, sending slaves to clear plantation land that his father had left him near Somerville, Tennessee. Three years later he sold his Sommerville plantation and bought 920 acres (370 ha) of land, together with his brother-in-law, for a cotton plantation near Coffeeville, Mississippi. He ran this plantation for the rest of his life, eventually taking it over completely from his brother-in-law. He infrequently bought more slaves and sold others, although once he became President and could better afford it, he bought more slaves. Polk's will stipulated that their slaves were to be manumitted after both he and his wife Sarah had died. The slaves, however, were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation before the death of his widow. Somerville is a town located in Fayette County, Tennessee. ...
Coffeeville is a town located in Yalobusha County, Mississippi. ...
Manumission is the act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner. ...
The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation was a presidential order on January 1, 1863 declaring the freedom of all slaves in those areas of the Confederate States of America that had not already returned to Union control. ...
Political career Polk was brought up as a Jeffersonian Democrat, for his father and grandfather were strong supporters of Thomas Jefferson. The first public office he held was that of chief clerk of the Senate of Tennessee (1821–1823); he resigned the position in order to run his successful campaign for the state legislature. Polk's oratory became popular, earning him the nickname "Napoleon of the Stump." He courted Sarah Childress, and they married on January 1, 1824. Portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale in 1800. ...
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. – July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and an influential founder of the United States. ...
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 - August 14, 1891), wife of James K. Polk, was First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849. ...
January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ...
1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Polk became a supporter of Andrew Jackson, then the leading politician of Tennessee. In 1824, Jackson ran for President, while Polk campaigned for the House of Representatives. Polk succeeded, but Jackson was defeated. Though Jackson had won the popular vote, neither he nor any of the other candidates (John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford) had obtained a majority of the electoral vote, allowing the House of Representatives to select the victor. In his first speech, Polk expressed his belief that the House's decision to choose Adams was a violation of the will of the people; he even proposed (unsuccessfully) that the Electoral College be abolished. Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), first governor of Florida (1821), general of the Battle of New Orleans (1815), a co-founder of the Democratic Party, and the eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. ...
Presidential electoral votes by state. ...
The U.S. House election, 1824 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1824. ...
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John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American lawyer, diplomat, politician, and President of the United States (March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829). ...
Henry Clay Henry Clay (April 12, 1777 in Hanover County, Virginia – June 29, 1852 in Washington, D.C.) was a leading American statesman and orator who served in both the House of Representatives and Senate. ...
Portrait of U.S. politician William H. Crawford William Harris Crawford (February 24, 1772 – September 15, 1834) was an important American politician during the early 19th century. ...
An electoral college is a set of electors who are empowered as a deliberative body to elect someone to a particular office. ...
In Congress, Polk was a firm supporter of Jacksonian democracy; he opposed the Second Bank of the United States, favored gold and silver over paper money; distrusted banks; and preferred agricultural interests over industrial ones. This behavior earned him the nickname "Young Hickory," an allusion to Andrew Jackson's sobriquet, "Old Hickory." After Jackson defeated Adams in the presidential election of 1828, Polk rose in prominence, becoming the leader of the pro-Administration faction in Congress. As chairman of the powerful Ways and Means Committee, he lent his support to the President in the conflict over the National Bank. George W. Bush delivered his annual State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress on January 28, 2003, in the House chamber. ...
Jacksonian democracy refers to the political philosophy of President Andrew Jackson and his followers in the new Democratic Party. ...
The Second Bank of the United States was founded in 1816, five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States out of desperation to stabilize the currency. ...
Presidential electoral votes by state. ...
The Committee on Ways and Means is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. ...
Soon after Polk became speaker in 1835, Jackson left office, to be succeeded by fellow Democrat Martin Van Buren. Van Buren's term was a period of heated political rivalry between the Democrats and the Whigs, with the latter often subjecting Polk to insults, invectives, and challenges to duels. Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862), nicknamed Old Kinderhook, was the eighth President of the United States. ...
The United States Whig Party was a political party of the United States. ...
In 1838, the political situation in Tennessee—where, in 1835, Democrats had lost the governorship for the first time in their party's history—convinced Polk to return to help the party at home. Leaving Congress in 1839, Polk became a candidate in the Tennessee gubernatorial election, defeating fellow Democrat Newton Cannon by about 2,500 votes. Though he revitalized Democrats in Tennessee, his victory could not put a stop to the political decline of the Democratic Party elsewhere in the nation. In the presidential election of 1840, Van Buren was overwhelmingly defeated by a popular Whig, William Henry Harrison. Polk lost his own gubernatorial re-election bid to a Whig, James C. Jones, in 1841. He challenged Jones in 1843 but was defeated once again. 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Newton Cannon (May 22, 1781 - September 16, 1841) was Governor of Tennessee from 1835 to 1839. ...
Presidential electoral votes by state. ...
William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States, (1841). ...
James Chamberlain Jones (April 20, 1809–October 29, 1859) was governor of Tennessee from 1841 to 1845, and a United States Senator from that state from 1851 to 1857. ...
Election of 1844
 Presidential electoral votes by state. -
Polk initially hoped to be nominated for vice-president at the Democratic convention, which began on May 27, 1844. The leading contender for the presidential nomination was former President Martin Van Buren, who wanted to stop the expansion of slavery. Other candidates included General Lewis Cass (an expansionist) and James Buchanan (a moderate). The primary point of political contention involved the Republic of Texas, which, after declaring independence from Mexico in 1836, had asked to join the United States. Van Buren opposed the annexation but in doing so lost the support of many Democrats, including former President Andrew Jackson, who still had much influence. Van Buren won a simple majority on the convention's first ballot but did not attain the two-thirds supermajority required for nomination. After six more ballots, when it became clear that Van Buren would not win the required majority, Polk was put forth as a "dark horse" candidate. The eighth ballot was also indecisive, but on the ninth, the convention unanimously nominated Polk, who had Jackson's support. Despite having served as speaker of the House of Representatives, he was relatively unknown, leading many Whigs to snipe, "Who is James K. Polk?" Download high resolution version (867x635, 76 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: James K. Polk U.S. presidential election, 1844 Categories: National Atlas images ...
Download high resolution version (867x635, 76 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: James K. Polk U.S. presidential election, 1844 Categories: National Atlas images ...
Presidential electoral votes by state. ...
Featured at the Democratic National Convention are speeches by prominent party figures. ...
May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ...
1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Campaign poster for 12th United States Presidential campaign, 1848. ...
James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States (1857–1861). ...
Official language English (de facto) Spanish, French, German and Native American languages regionally Capital Washington-on-the-Brazos (1836) Harrisburg (1836) Galveston (1836) Velasco (1836) Columbia (1836) Houston (1837–1839) Austin (1839–1845) Largest city San Antonio de Béxar Presidents David G. Burnet, Sam Houston, Mirabeau B. Lamar, Anson...
When advised of his nomination, Polk replied: "It has been well observed that the office of President of the United States should neither be sought nor declined. I have never sought it, nor should I feel at liberty to decline it, if conferred upon me by the voluntary suffrages of my fellow citizens." Because the Democratic Party was splintered into bitter factions, Polk promised to serve only one term if elected, hoping that his disappointed rival Democrats would unite behind him with the knowledge that another candidate would be chosen in four years.[1]
Polk's Whig opponent in the 1844 presidential election was Henry Clay of Kentucky. (Incumbent Whig President John Tyler—a former Democrat—had become estranged from the Whigs and was not nominated for a second term.) The question of the annexation of Texas, which was at the forefront during the Democratic Convention, once again dominated the campaign. Polk was a strong proponent of immediate annexation, while Clay seemed more equivocal and vacillating. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1373x1923, 610 KB) // Summary Summary Licensing Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): James K. Polk United States presidential election, 1844 User:Davepape/Images ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1373x1923, 610 KB) // Summary Summary Licensing Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): James K. Polk United States presidential election, 1844 User:Davepape/Images ...
Presidential electoral votes by state. ...
Henry Clay Henry Clay (April 12, 1777 in Hanover County, Virginia – June 29, 1852 in Washington, D.C.) was a leading American statesman and orator who served in both the House of Representatives and Senate. ...
John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth (1841-1845) President of the United States. ...
Republic of Texas The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary annexation of Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the 28th state, and additional land that later became major parts of the states of New Mexico and Colorado, where the headwaters of the Rio Grande...
Another campaign issue, also relating to westward expansion, involved the Oregon Country, then under the joint occupation of the United States and Great Britain. The Democrats had championed the cause of expansion, informally linking the controversial Texas annexation issue with a claim to the entire Oregon Country, thus appealing to both Northern and Southern expansionists. (The slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight", often incorrectly attributed to the 1844 election, did not appear until later; see Oregon boundary dispute.) Polk's consistent support for westward expansion—what Democrats would later call "Manifest Destiny"—likely played an important role in his victory, as opponent Henry Clay hedged his position. Landscape in Oregon Country, by Charles Marion Russell Map of Oregon Country Oregon Country was a region of western North America that originally consisted of the land north of 42°N latitude, south of 54°40N latitude, and west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. ...
The Oregon boundary dispute arose as a result of rival British and American claims to the Oregon Country, a region of western North America, in the first half of the 19th century. ...
This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. ...
In the election, Polk won in the South and West, while Clay drew support in the Northeast. Polk lost his home state of Tennessee. However, Polk won the crucial state of New York, where Clay blamed supporters to the third-party candidate James G. Birney. Polk won the popular vote by a margin of about 38,000 out of 2.6 million, and took the Electoral College with 170 votes to Clay's 105. The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ...
This article deals with the western United States. ...
Regional definitions vary The Northeastern United States is a region of the United States defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. ...
James Gillespie Birney (February 4, 1792–November 25, 1857) was an American presidential candidate for the Liberty Party in the 1840 and 1844 elections. ...
Polk is still the only Speaker of the House of Representatives ever to be elected President.
Presidency When he took office on March 4, 1845, Polk, at 49, became the youngest man to assume the presidency up to his time. According to a story told decades later by George Bancroft, Polk set four clearly defined goals for his administration: the re-establishment of the Independent Treasury System, the reduction of tariffs, acquisition of some or all the Oregon boundary dispute, and the purchase of California from Mexico. Resolved to serve only one term, he accomplished all these objectives in just four years. By linking new lands in Oregon (with no slavery) and Texas (with slavery) he hoped to satisfy both North and South. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
George Bancroft (October 3, 1800 – January 17, 1891) was an American historian and statesman. ...
Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
It has been suggested that Tariff in American history be merged into this article or section. ...
The Oregon boundary dispute arose as a result of rival British and American claims to the Oregon Country, a region of western North America, in the first half of the 19th century. ...
This article is becoming very long. ...
Fiscal policy In 1846, Congress approved the Walker Tariff (named after Robert J. Walker, the Secretary of the Treasury), which represented a substantial reduction of the high Whig-backed Tariff of 1842. The new law abandoned ad valorem tariffs; instead, rates were made independent of the monetary value of the product. Polk's actions were popular in the South and West; however, they earned him the contempt of many protectionists in Pennsylvania. The 1846 Walker tariff was a United States Democratic Party-passed bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed Black Tariff of 1842 under president John Tyler. ...
Robert John Walker (July 23, 1801–November 11, 1869) was an American economist and statesman. ...
John W. Snow, the current Secretary of the Treasury. ...
The Tariff of 1842, or Black Tariff as it became known, was a protectionist tariff schedule adopted in the United States to reverse the effects of the Compromise Tariff of 1833. ...
An Ad valorem tax is a tax based on the assessed value of real estate or personal property. ...
Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over...
Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area Ranked 33rd - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²) - Width 160 miles (255 inches LengthUS = 280 km) - Length {{{LengthUS}}} miles (455hamburgers HighestPoint = Mount Davis km) - % water 2. ...
In 1846, Polk approved a law restoring the Independent Treasury System, under which government funds were held in the Treasury, rather than in banks or other financial institutions. Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Slavery Polk's views on slavery made his presidency bitterly controversial between proponents of slavery, opponents of slavery, and advocates of compromise, and the effect of his own career as a plantation slaveholder on his policymaking has been argued. During his presidency, many abolitionists harshly criticized him as an instrument of the "Slave Power," and claimed that the expansion of slavery lay behind his support for the annexation of Texas and later war with Mexico. Polk stated in his diary that he believed slavery could not exist in the territories won from Mexico, but refused to endorse the Wilmot Proviso that would forbid it there. Polk argued instead for extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean, which would prohibit the expansion of slavery above 36° 30' west of Missouri, but allow it below that line if approved by eligible voters in the territory. The Slave Power was the term used in the Northern United States in the period 1840-1865 to describe the political power of the slaveholding class in the South. ...
Republic of Texas The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary annexation of Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the 28th state, and additional land that later became major parts of the states of New Mexico and Colorado, where the headwaters of the Rio Grande...
Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia Strength 7,000 - 43,000 18,000 - 40,000 Casualties KIA: 1,733 Total dead: 13,283 Wounded: 4,152 25,000 killed or wounded (Mexican government...
The Wilmot Proviso, first suggested on August 8, 1846 in the House of Representatives and attached to many bills in the United States Congress, would have outlawed slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico by the United States as a result of the recently begun Mexican-American War. ...
The United States in 1820. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Foreign policy Polk was committed to expansion—Democrats believed that opening up more farms for yeoman farmers was critical for the success of republican virtue. (See Manifest Destiny.) To avoid the sort of sectional battles that had prevented annexation of the Republic of Texas, he sought new territory in the north. That meant a strong demand for all or part of the disputed Oregon territory (comprising present-day Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia), as well as Texas. He sought to purchase California, which Mexico had neglected. This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. ...
Official language(s) None Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area Ranked 18th - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,824 km²) - Width 240 miles (385 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 6. ...
Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Official languages English de facto (none stated in law) Flower Pacific dogwood Tree Western Redcedar Bird Stellers Jay Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 36 6 Area...
Texas -
President Tyler had interpreted Polk's victory as a mandate for the annexation of Texas. Acting quickly because he feared British designs on Texas, Tyler urged Congress to pass a joint resolution admitting Texas to the Union; Congress complied on February 28, 1845. Texas promptly accepted the offer and officially became a state on December 29, 1845. The annexation angered Mexico, however, which had succumbed to heavy British pressure and had offered Texas its semi-independence on the condition that it should not attach itself to any other nation. Mexican politicians had repeatedly warned that annexation meant war. Republic of Texas The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary annexation of Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the 28th state, and additional land that later became major parts of the states of New Mexico and Colorado, where the headwaters of the Rio Grande...
Official language English (de facto) Spanish, French, German and Native American languages regionally Capital Washington-on-the-Brazos (1836) Harrisburg (1836) Galveston (1836) Velasco (1836) Columbia (1836) Houston (1837–1839) Austin (1839–1845) Largest city San Antonio de Béxar Presidents David G. Burnet, Sam Houston, Mirabeau B. Lamar, Anson...
A joint resolution is a legislative measure of the United States of America, designated as S.J.Res (for the Senate version) and H.J.Res (for the House version), which requires the approval of both chambers of the United States Congress. ...
United States is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ...
February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ...
1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Oregon territory -
Polk also sought to address the Oregon boundary dispute. Since 1818, the territory had been under the joint occupation and control of Great Britain and the United States. Previous U.S. administrations had offered to divide the region along the 49th parallel, which was not acceptable to the British, who had commercial interests along the Columbia River. Although the Democratic platform had asserted a claim to the entire region, Polk was prepared to quietly compromise. When the British again refused to accept the 49th parallel boundary proposal, Polk broke off negotiations and returned to the "All Oregon" position of the Democratic platform, which escalated tensions along the border. The Oregon boundary dispute arose as a result of rival British and American claims to the Oregon Country, a region of western North America, in the first half of the 19th century. ...
The Oregon Territory in 1848. ...
The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain, as well as to the organized U.S. territory formed from it that existed between 1848 and 1859. ...
Map of the lands in dispute The Treaty with Great Britain, in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains, also known as the Oregon Treaty or Treaty of Washington, is a bilateral treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States that was signed...
The Oregon boundary dispute arose as a result of rival British and American claims to the Oregon Country, a region of western North America, in the first half of the 19th century. ...
The 49th parallel of north latitude forms part of the international boundary between Canada and the United States from Manitoba to British Columbia on the Canadian side and from Minnesota to Washington on the U.S. side. ...
Columbia River Gorge, Washington or North side The Columbia River (French: fleuve Columbia) is a river situated in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. ...
Expansionists offered slogans like "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" This slogan, often associated with Polk, was in fact the position of his rivals in the Democratic Party, who wanted Polk to be as uncompromising in acquiring the Oregon territory as he had been in annexing Texas. Polk was not prepared to wage war with the British, however, and agreed to compromise with the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Aberdeen. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 divided the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel, the original American proposal. Although there were many who still clamored for the whole of the territory, the treaty was approved by the Senate. The portion of Oregon territory acquired by the United States would later form the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana and Wyoming. The Right Honourable George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, PC (January 28, 1784–December 14, 1860) was a Tory/Peelite politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 until 1855. ...
Map of the lands in dispute The Treaty with Great Britain, in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains, also known as the Oregon Treaty or Treaty of Washington, is a bilateral treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States that was signed...
Official language(s) None Capital Boise Largest city Boise Area Ranked 14th - Total 83,642 sq. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
War with Mexico -
After the Texas annexation, Polk turned his attention to California, hoping to acquire the territory from Mexico before any European nation did so. The main interest was San Francisco Bay as an access point for trade with Asia. In 1845, he sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico to purchase California and New Mexico for $30 million. Slidell's arrival caused political turmoil in Mexico after word leaked out that he was there to purchase additional territory and not to offer compensation for the loss of Texas. The Mexicans refused to receive Slidell, citing a technical problem with his credentials. Meanwhile, to increase pressure on Mexico to negotiate, in January 1846 Polk sent troops under General Zachary Taylor into the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande—territory that was claimed by both Texas and Mexico. Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia Strength 7,000 - 43,000 18,000 - 40,000 Casualties KIA: 1,733 Total dead: 13,283 Wounded: 4,152 25,000 killed or wounded (Mexican government...
San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, and the Golden Gate The San Francisco Bay is a shallow, productive estuary through which water draining of approximately forty percent of California, flowing in Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers from the Sierra Nevada mountains, enters the Pacific Ocean. ...
John Slidell John Slidell (1793 – 1871) was born in New York City. ...
New Mexico was the 41st satate to be admitted to the us. ...
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. ...
The Nueces River is a river in the U.S. state of Texas, approximately 315 mi (507 km) long. ...
The Rio Grande flowing in Big Bend National Park The Rio Grande in its lower course, between Matamoros and Brownsville Known as the Rio Grande in the United States and as the RÃo Bravo (or, more formally, the RÃo Bravo del Norte) in Mexico, the river, 3,034...
Slidell returned to Washington in May 1846, having been rebuffed by the Mexican government. Polk regarded this treatment of his diplomat as an insult and an "ample cause of war",[2] and he prepared to ask Congress for a declaration of war. Serendipitously, mere days before he intended to make his request to Congress, Polk received word that Mexican forces had crossed the Rio Grande area and killed eleven American troops. Polk now made this the casus belli, and in a message to Congress on May 11, 1846, he stated that Mexico had "invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil." He did not point out that the territory in question was disputed and did not unequivocally belong to the United States. Several congressmen, including a young Abraham Lincoln, expressed doubts about Polk's version of events, but Congress overwhelmingly approved the declaration of war, with many Whigs fearing that opposition would cost them politically. In the House, anti-slavery Whigs led by John Quincy Adams voted against the war; among Democrats, Senator John C. Calhoun was the most notable opponent of the declaration. Casus belli is a modern Latin-based expression meaning occasion of war, used officially to refer to the grievances section of a formal Declaration of war. ...
May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ...
1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ...
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American lawyer, diplomat, politician, and President of the United States (March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829). ...
John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was a prominent United States politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. ...
By the summer of 1846, New Mexico had been conquered by American forces under General Stephen W. Kearny. Meanwhile, Army captain John C. Frémont led settlers in northern California to overthrow the small Mexican garrison in Sonoma. General Zachary Taylor, at the same time, was having success on the Rio Grande. The United States also negotiated a secret arrangement with Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican general and dictator who had been overthrown in 1844. Santa Anna agreed that, if given safe passage into Mexico, he would attempt to persuade those in power to sell California and New Mexico to the United States. Once he reached Mexico, however, he reneged on his agreement, declared himself President, and tried to drive the American invaders back. Santa Anna's efforts, however, were in vain, as generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott destroyed all resistance. The Mexican Cession (1848) is shown in red with the Gadsden Purchase (1853) in orange. ...
The Mexican Cession (red) and the Gadsden Purchase (orange) The Mexico Cession is a historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. ...
The Mexican Cession (red) and the Gadsden Purchase (orange) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). ...
The Gadsden Purchase (shown with present-day state boundaries and cities) The Gadsden Purchase is a 29,640 mi² (76,770 km2) region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico that was purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853. ...
Portrait of Stephen W. Kearny Stephen Watts Kearny (August 30, 1794–October 31, 1848) was a United States Army officer, noted for action in the southwest during the Mexican-American War, in particular in the conquest of California. ...
John C. Frémont John Charles Frémont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890), born John Charles Fremon, was an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first Presidential candidate of a major party to...
Antonio de Padua MarÃa Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, also known simply as Santa Anna (21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876) was a Mexican patriot and dictator who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against independence from...
Winfield Scott Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. ...
Polk sent diplomat Nicholas Trist to negotiate with the Mexicans. Lack of progress prompted the President to order Trist to return to the United States, but the diplomat ignored the instructions and stayed in Mexico to continue bargaining. Trist successfully negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which Polk agreed to ratify, ignoring calls from Democrats who demanded the annexation of the whole of Mexico. The treaty added 1.2 million square miles (3.1 million square kilometers) of territory to the United States; Mexico's size was halved, whilst that of the United States increased by a third. California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming were all included in the Mexican Cession. The treaty also recognized the annexation of Texas (and so the Mexican Cession includes the land annexed) and acknowledged American control over the disputed territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. Mexico, in turn, received the sum of $15 million. The war involved less than 20,000 American casualties but over 50,000 Mexican casualties. It had cost the United States nearly $100 million. This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...
The Mexican Cession (red) and the Gadsden Purchase (orange) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). ...
New Mexico was the 41st satate to be admitted to the us. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area Ranked 6th - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²) - Width 310 miles (500 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 0. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Salt Lake City Largest city Salt Lake City Area Ranked 13th - Total 84,876 sq mi (219,887 km²) - Width 270 miles (435 km) - Length 350 miles (565 km) - % water 3. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area Ranked 8th - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²) - Width 280 miles (451 km) - Length 380 miles (612 km) - % water 0. ...
The Nueces River is a river in the U.S. state of Texas, approximately 315 mi (507 km) long. ...
Congressman Abraham Lincoln challenged the factual claims made by President Polk about the boundary, claiming it was indeterminant and should not have been a cause of war. [3] In January 1848, the Whigs won a House vote attacking Polk in an amendment to a resolution praising Major General Taylor for his service in a "war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States". [4]. The resolution, however, died in committee. The Whigs who had been so opposed to Polk's policy in January 1848 suddenly changed position in the summer. Two-thirds of the Whigs in the Senate voted for Polk's treaty that ended the war and acquired vast new lands (most of New Mexico, Arizona and California). Later in 1848, the Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor, the hero of the war, for president. Taylor said there would be no future wars, but he refused to criticize Polk, who kept his promise not to run for reelection. The Whigs therefore dropped their criticism of the war and won the election. Meanwhile the Wilmot Proviso injected the issue of slavery in the new territories, which Polk insisted during the war both to other congressmen and in his diary had never been a war goal. Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ...
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. ...
The Wilmot Proviso, first suggested on August 8, 1846 in the House of Representatives and attached to many bills in the United States Congress, would have outlawed slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico by the United States as a result of the recently begun Mexican-American War. ...
Cuba In the summer of 1848, President Polk authorized his ambassador to Spain, Romulus Mitchell Saunders, to negotiate the purchase of Cuba and offer Spain up to $100 million, an astonishing sum of money at the time for one territory. (Spain had sold Florida to the United States in 1819 for considerably less, even when adjusted for inflation.) Cuba was close to the United States and had slavery, so the idea appealed to Southerners but was unwelcome in the North. The Spanish government rejected Saunders' overtures. Romulus Mitchell Saunders (3 March 1791 — 21 April 1867) was a North Carolina politician. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Administration and Cabinet
Image File history File links Jp11. ...
Image File history File links Jp11. ...
North façade of the White House, seen from Pennsylvania Avenue. ...
The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...
The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest executive official of the United States government. ...
George Mifflin Dallas (July 10, 1792 – December 31, 1864) was a U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania and the eleventh Vice President, serving under James K. Polk. ...
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. ...
James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States (1857–1861). ...
John W. Snow, the current Secretary of the Treasury. ...
Robert John Walker (July 23, 1801–November 11, 1869) was an American economist and statesman. ...
The Secretary of War was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ...
William Learned Marcy ( December 12, 1786– July 4, 1857) was an American statesman. ...
The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ...
John Young Mason (April 18, 1799–October 3, 1859) was an American politician and diplomat. ...
Nathan Clifford (August 18, 1803–July 25, 1881) was an American statesman, diplomat and jurist. ...
Isaac Toucey (November 15, 1792–July 30, 1869) was an American statesman who served as a U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, Attorney General of the United States and Governor of Connecticut. ...
The Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. ...
Categories: Stub | 1793 births | 1866 deaths | U.S. Postmasters General ...
Flag of the United States Secretary of the Navy. ...
George Bancroft (October 3, 1800 – January 17, 1891) was an American historian and statesman. ...
John Young Mason (April 18, 1799–October 3, 1859) was an American politician and diplomat. ...
Supreme Court appointments Polk appointed the following Justices to the U.S. Supreme Court: The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ...
Levi Woodbury (December 22, 1789–September 4, 1851) was the first justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to have attended law school. ...
1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Robert Cooper Grier (March 5, 1794-September 25, 1870), was an American jurist. ...
1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Congress 29th Congress (March 4, 1845–March 4, 1847) (Redirected from 29th Congress) Twenty-ninth United States Congress Links and spelling have to be verified. ...
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Senate: 31 Democrats, 31 Whigs, 1 Other House: 143 Democrats, 77 Whigs, 6 Others 30th Congress (March 4, 1847–March 4, 1849) The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ...
The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...
Thirtieth United States Congress Links and spelling have to be verified. ...
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Senate: 36 Democrats, 21 Whigs, 1 Other House: 115 Whigs, 108 Democrats, 4 Others The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ...
The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...
States admitted to the Union Official language(s) See: Languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Area Ranked 2nd - Total 268,581 sq mi (695,622 km²) - Width 773 miles (1,244 km) - Length 790 miles (1,270 km) - % water 2. ...
1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Post-presidency
 James K. Polk's tomb lies on the grounds of the state capitol in Nashville, Tennessee. Polk's considerable political accomplishments took their toll on his health. Full of enthusiasm and vigor when he entered office, Polk left the White House on March 4, 1849, exhausted by his years of public service. He lost weight and had deep lines and dark circles on his face. He is believed to have contracted cholera in New Orleans, Louisiana on a good will tour of the South. He died at his new home, Polk Place, in Nashville, Tennessee, at 3:15 p.m. on June 15, 1849. Polk's devotion to his wife is illustrated by his last words: "I love you, Sarah. For all eternity, I love you." She lived at Polk Place for over forty years after his passing, a retirement longer than that of any other First Lady of the United States. She died on August 14, 1891. Tomb of James K. Polk at the Tennessee State Capitol. ...
Tomb of James K. Polk at the Tennessee State Capitol. ...
North façade of the White House, seen from Pennsylvania Avenue. ...
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...
1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Cholera (also called Asiatic cholera) is a water-borne disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is typically ingested by drinking contaminated water, or by eating improperly cooked fish, especially shellfish. ...
New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ...
This Article does not cite its references or sources. ...
For other cities named Nashville, see Nashville (disambiguation). ...
June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ...
1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
First Lady is an unofficial term that is sometimes applied to the female spouse of a male head of state or head of government. ...
Polk had the shortest life of all Presidents, except James A. Garfield and John F. Kennedy, both of whom were assassinated during their presidencies. His death, 103 days after leaving the White House, makes him the former president with the shortest period of post-presidency life in U.S. history. James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States (1881), and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. ...
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, John Kennedy, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ...
* alive as of February 14, 2006 ** Cleveland was a former president for 4 years after his first term plus another 11 years after his second term. ...
He and his wife are buried in a tomb on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol Building, in Nashville. The Tennessee State Capitol, located in Nashville, Tennessee, is the home of the Tennessee legislature. ...
Legacy Polk's primary legacy is the huge amount of territory acquired by the United States during his administration. His name is also associated with Manifest Destiny—the idea that it was the United States' mission to |
