Sir James McCulloch (1819 - 31 January 1893), Australian colonial politician, was the 5th Premier of Victoria. McCulloch was born in Glasgow. He had only a primary education and as a young man worked in shops, becoming eventually becoming a junior partner in a softgoods firm. In 1853 he arrived in Melbourne to start a branch of his firm, which later became McCulloch, Sellar and Co. In the boom conditions following the Gold Rush, he soon became a wealthy man and a director of several banks and other companies. He was President of the Chamber of Commerce in 1856-57 and 1862-63 1819 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... List of Premiers of Victoria Before the 1890s there was no formal party system in Victoria. ... Glasgows location in Scotland Glasgow is Scotlands largest city, located on the River Clyde in West Central Scotland. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Melbourne - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Gold rush ad A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of gold. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1862 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

McCulloch was appointed a member of the Legislative Council in September 1854. When Victoria gained responsible government in 1856, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Wimmera, which he represented until 1859, when he shifted to East Melbourne. He later represented Mornington and Warrnambool. The Legislative Council, or upper house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia. ... 1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th)  - Land 227,416 km²  - Water 10,213 km² (4. ... Responsible government is a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Legislative Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the parliament of Victoria in Australia. ... The Wimmera is a region in the west of the Australian state of Victoria, internationally renowned for its national parks, spectacular wilderness, historic wineries, and country hospitality. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Mornington is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Warrnambool is a regional city of 29,500 people on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia, located in the municipality City of Warrnambool. ...

The historian Raymond Wright describes McCulloch as a "cautious liberal." He served as Commissioner for Trade and Customs 1857-58 under William Haines and as Treasurer 1859-60 under William Nicholson. When John O'Shanassy's conservative government resigned in June 1863 McCulloch became Premier and Chief Secretary for the first time. He was also Postmaster-General 1864-68. 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

McCulloch's governments

McCulloch's liberal government was the strongest Victoria had yet seen, and proved to be the longest lived so far, surviving for nearly five years. Much of its reforming zeal came from the Attorney-General, George Higinbotham, a crusading radical. The McCulloch government fought a series of battles with the conservative landowners who dominated the Legislative Council. The most important was over the tariff issue: McCulloch was a protectionist while the Council was controlled by free traders. A tariff is a tax placed on imported and/or exported goods, sometimes called a customs duty. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of promoting favored domestic industries through the use of high tariffs and other regulations to discourage imports. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ...

In 1865 the Council sought a confrontation with the Assembly by rejecting the government's tariff bill and then denying supply to McCulloch's government. McCulloch, who was a director of the London Bank, then took the extraordinary step of lending his own government 860,000 pounds to meet its debts and running expenses. After a conference between the two Houses broke down, McCulloch called an election in February 1866, at which his supporters won a large majority in the Assembly. When the Council again rejected his tariff bill, he resigned, leaving the Governor, Sir Charles Darling, unable to find anyone else who could form a government. Finally, after prolonged negotiations, McCulloch agreed to resume office and the Council passed a modified tariff bill and granted supply. Both sides claimed victory, but most of the concessions were made by the Council. 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ...

In 1867 another crisis blew up when the Council again rejected the government's budget, because it contained a clause granting a pension to the retiring Governor Darling, which conservatives said was a payment for his collusion in McCulloch's unorthodox methods of financing the government. McCulloch called another election for February 1868, which he won comfortably. But in May word came that the Colonial Secretary in London, the Duke of Buckingham, had instructed the new Governor, Sir John Manners-Sutton, to support the Council in blocking the grant to Darling. 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British colonies. ... Greater London and the Regions of England. ... Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (10 September 1823 - 26 March 1889), usually shortened to Richard Temple-Grenville, was a British statesman of the 19th century, and a close friend and subordinate of Benjamin Disraeli. ...

McCulloch at once resigned, and the Governor commissioned a conservative member of the Council, Charles Sladen, to form a government which did not have a majority in the Assembly. This negation of democracy provoked widespread protests and produced a dangerous situation, which was resolved only in July when the Colonial Office changed its mind about Darling's pension and the Council agreed to a moderate reform bill broadening its electoral base. McCulloch resumed office, but without Higinbotham, who disapproved of this compromise.

McCulloch remained in office until September 1869, and was Premier again from April 1870 to June 1871 and from October 1875 to May 1877, but these periods in office were relatively uneventful. His main achievement in this period was to pass a bill abolishing all government funding to religious schools, a measure which was supported by all denominations except the Anglicans, since it freed church schools from government supervision. McCulloch's government also introduced a bill to create a system of free, secular government schools, but the Catholics and Anglicans joined forces to block it. 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ...

McCullch grew increasingly conservative after 1870 and in 1875 he had a political falling out with Higinbotham. Tired and disillusioned, he resigned from Parliament in 1878. He was knighted in 1870 and made KCMG in 1874. In 1886 he retired to England, and died in Epsom, Surrey in 1893. He married twice but had no children. 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... On the Orders insignia, St Michael is often depicted subduing Satan. ... Events January - April January 1 - New York City annexes The Bronx January 23 - Marriage of the Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, to Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia, only daughter of Emperor Alexander III of Russia. ... 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) Events January 18 _ Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... See also Epsom, New Hampshire and Epsom, New Zealand. ... This is about Surrey, England. ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

List of Premiers of Victoria Before the 1890s there was no formal party system in Victoria. ... List of Premiers of Victoria Before the 1890s there was no formal party system in Victoria. ... List of Premiers of Victoria Before the 1890s there was no formal party system in Victoria. ... Sir Charles Gavan Duffy (1816 - 1903) was a poet, born in Monaghan, early took to journalism, and became one of the founders of the Nature newspaper, and one of the leaders of the Young Ireland movement. ...