poet James Merrill, age 30, in a 1957 publicity photograph for The Seraglio

James Ingram Merrill (March 3, 1926 - February 6, 1995) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American writer, increasingly regarded as one of the most important 20th century poets in the English language.

Life

James Ingram Merrill was born in New York City to Hellen Ingram Merrill and Charles E. Merrill, founding partner of the Merrill Lynch investment firm. As a boy, Merrill enjoyed a highly privileged upbringing in economic and educational terms. Merrill's childhood governess taught him French and German, an experience Merrill wrote about in his 1974 poem "Lost in Translation."

His parents separated when he was eleven, then divorced when he was thirteen years old. As a teenager, Merrill attended the Lawrenceville School, where he befriended future novelist Frederick Buechner. When Merrill was 16 years old, his father collected his short stories and poems and published them under the name Jim's Book.

Merrill was drafted in 1944 into the United States Army and served for eight months. His studies interrupted by war and military service, Merrill returned to Amherst College in 1945 and graduated in 1947. The Black Swan, a collection of poems Merrill's Amherst professor (and lover) Kimon Friar, was published privately in Athens, Greece in 1946, appearing in a limited edition of just one hundred copies. It remains Merrill's scarcest hardcover publication. Merrill's first commercial work was First Poems, issued in 990 numbered copies by Knopf in 1951.

Merrill's partner of more than four decades was David Jackson, also a writer. Merrill and Jackson met in New York City after a performance of Merrill's "The Bait" in 1953. Together, they moved to Stonington, Connecticut in 1955. For two decades, the couple spent part of each year in Athens, Greece. Greek themes, locales, and characters play a prominent role in Merrill's writing. In 1979 Merrill and Jackson began spending part of each year at Jackson's home in Key West, Florida.

Merrill painted a candid portrait of his life with Jackson and with his later and concurrent partner, actor Peter Hooten, in his 1993 memoir A Different Person. Merrill revealed that he suffered writer's block early in his career and sought psychiatric help to overcome its effects.

Merrill served as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets from 1979 until his death. He died on 6 February 1995 while vacationing in Arizona from a heart attack related to AIDS.

Awards

Merrill was awarded every major poetry award in the United States, including the 1977 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for Divine Comedies. Merrill won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1983 for his epic poem The Changing Light at Sandover (composed partly of supposedly supernatural messages received via the ouija board). In 1990, he received the first Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry awarded by the Library of Congress for The Inner Room. He received the National Book Award for Nights and Days in 1967 and again in 1979 for Mirabell: Books of Number. He won the Bollingen Prize for Poetry in 1973.

Despite his great personal wealth, Merrill lived modestly. After his father's death in 1956, Merrill used much of his inheritance to create the Ingram Merrill Foundation, supporting literature, the arts, and public television.

Style

James Merrill's significance as a writer lies in his deliberate use of his personal relationships to fuel his poetry. He was considered a pre-eminent master of poetic meter and form, although he also produced free and blank verse.

works by Merrill

Since his death, Merrill's work has been anthologized in three divisions: Collected Poems, Collected Prose, and Collected Novels and Plays. Accordingly, his work below is divided upon those same lines.

Poetry

• First Poems (1951)
• The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace (1959)
• Water Street (1962)
• Nights and Days (1966)
• The Fire Screen (1969)
• Braving the Elements (1972)
• Divine Comedies (1976), including "Lost in Translation" and The Book of Ephraim
• Mirabell: Books of Number (1978)
• Scripts for the Pageant (1980)
• The Changing Light at Sandover (1982)
• From the First Nine: Poems 1946-1976 (1982)
• Late Settings (1985)
• The Inner Room (1988)
• Selected Poems 1946-1985 (1992)
• A Scattering of Salts (1995)
• Collected Poems (2001) ISBN 0375411399

Prose

• Recitative (1986) - essays
• A Different Person (1993) - memoir
• Collected Prose (2004) ISBN 0375411364

Novels and Plays

Novels

• The Seraglio (1957)
• The (Diblos) Notebook (1965)

Drama

• The Birthday (1947)
• The Immortal Husband (1955)
• The Bait (1960)

Collection

• Collected Novels and Plays (2002) ISBN 0375411372

Works about Merrill

• Stephen Yenser, The Consuming Myth: The Work of James Merrill (1987)
• Alison Lurie, Familiar Spirits: A Memoir of James Merrill and David Jackson (2000)
• James Merrill: Essays in Criticism (1983)
• Reflected Houses (1986) audio recording
• The Voice of the Poet: James Merrill (1999) Audio Book