James Prescott Joule
James Joule - English physicist
Born	December 24, 1818(1818-12-24) Salford, Lancashire, England
Died	October 11, 1889 (aged 70)
Citizenship	English
Field	Physics
Known for	First Law of Thermodynamics

James Prescott Joule, FRS (IPA: /ˈdʒuːl/; December 24, 1818 – October 11, 1889) was an English physicist (and brewer), born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). This led to the theory of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him. He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature, made observations on magnetostriction, and found the relationship between the flow of current through a resistance and the heat dissipated, now called Joule's law. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Salford (disambiguation). ... Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... In thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the more universal physical law of the conservation of energy. ... The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with physician, a person who practices medicine. ... A 16th century brewery Brewing can also refer to steeping, as in the preparation of tea. ... For other uses, see Salford (disambiguation). ... Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ... In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force. ... Look up conservation of energy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the more universal physical law of the conservation of energy. ... SI derived units are part of the SI system of measurement units and are derived from the seven SI base units. ... The joule (IPA: or ) (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy. ... For other persons named William Thomson, see William Thomson (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). ... Magnetostriction is a property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field. ... This box:      Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. ... Resistor symbols (American) Resistor symbols (Europe, IEC) Axial-lead resistors on tape. ... Joules law (also known as Joule effect) is a physical law expressing the relationship between the heat generated by the current flowing through a conductor. ...

Life

Early years

The son of Benjamin Joule (1784–1858), who was a wealthy brewer, Joule was tutored at home until 1834 when he was sent, with his elder brother Benjamin, to study with John Dalton at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. The pair only received two years' education in arithmetic and geometry before Dalton was forced to retire owing to a stroke. However, Dalton's influence made a lasting impression as did that of his associates, chemist William Henry and Manchester engineers Peter Ewart and Eaton Hodgkinson. Joule was subsequently tutored by John Davies. Joule was fascinated by electricity. He and his brother experimented by giving electric shocks to each other and to the family's servants.^[1] 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... John Dalton John Dalton (September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844) was a British chemist and physicist, born at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth in Cumberland. ... The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society is a learned society in Manchester, England. ... Arithmetic tables for children, Lausanne, 1835 Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number) is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used by almost everyone, for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations. ... For other uses, see Geometry (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ... William Henry William Henry (December 12, 1775—September 2, 1836) was an English chemist. ... Peter Ewart (May 14, 1767 - September 15, 1842) was a British engineer who was influential in developing the technologies of turbines and theories of thermodynamics. ... Eaton A. Hodgkinson (February 26, 1789 - June 18, 1861) was an English engineer, a pioneer of the application of mathematics to problems of structural design. ... John Davies or Davis ( 1816 - 1850) was an English scientist in Victorian Manchester. ... Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ...

Joule became a manager of the brewery and took an active role until the sale of the business in 1854. Science was a hobby but he soon started to investigate the feasibility of replacing the brewery's steam engines with the newly-invented electric motor. In 1838, his first scientific papers on electricity were contributed to Annals of Electricity, the scientific journal founded and operated by Davies's colleague William Sturgeon. He discovered Joule's law in 1840^[2] and hoped to impress the Royal Society but found, not for the last time, that he was perceived as a mere provincial dilettante. When Sturgeon moved to Manchester in 1840, Joule and he became the nucleus of a circle of the city's intellectuals. The pair shared similar sympathies that science and theology could and should be integrated. Joule went on to lecture at Sturgeon's Royal Victoria Gallery of Practical Science.^[1] 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... // The term steam engine may also refer to an entire railroad steam locomotive. ... For other kinds of motors, see motor. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... In scientific publishing, a paper is a scientific article that is published in a scientific journal. ... Nature, Science and PNAS In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. ... William Sturgeon (May 22, 1783 - December 4, 1850) was an English physicist and inventor who made the first electromagnets. ... Joules law (also known as Joule effect) is a physical law expressing the relationship between the heat generated by the current flowing through a conductor. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Royal Victoria Gallery for the Encouragement of Practical Science was an adult education institution and exhibition gallery in Victorian Manchester, a commercial enterprise intended to educate the general public about science and its industrial applications. ...

James Joule - English physicist

He went on to realise that burning a pound of coal in a steam engine produced five times as much duty as a pound of zinc consumed in a Grove cell,^[3] an early electric battery.^[4] Joule's common standard of 'economical duty' was the ability to raise one pound, a height of one foot, the foot-pound.^[5][1] Image File history File links James_Joule. ... Image File history File links James_Joule. ... Look up pound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... The Grove cell was an early electric cell named after its inventor, British chemist William Robert Grove, and consisted of a zinc electrode in dilute sulfuric acid and a platinum electrode in concentrated nitric acid, the two separated by a porous ceramic pot. ... A battery is of one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it available in an electrical form. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf) is an English unit of work or energy from the English Engineering System. ...

Joule was influenced by the thinking of Franz Aepinus and tried to explain the phenomena of electricity and magnetism in terms of atoms surrounded by a "calorific ether in a state of vibration".^[1] Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus (December 13, 1724 - August 10, 1802), German natural philosopher, was born at Rostock in Saxony. ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... Properties For other meanings of Atom, see Atom (disambiguation). ... A calorie refers to a unit of energy. ... Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (Mahābhūta) Vayu / Pavan — Air / Wind Agni/Tejas — Fire Akasha — Aether Prithvi / Bhumi — Earth Ap / Jala — Water Chinese (Wu Xing) Japanese (Godai) Earth (地) | Water (水) | Fire (火) | Air / Wind (風) | Void / Sky / Heaven (空) Bön Māori According to ancient and medieval science, Aether (Greek αἰθήρ, aithēr[1...

However, Joule's interest diverted from the narrow financial question to that of how much work could be extracted from a given source, leading him to speculate about the convertibility of energy. In 1843 he published results of experiments showing that the heating effect he had quantified in 1841 was due to generation of heat in the conductor and not its transfer from another part of the equipment^[6]. This was a direct challenge to the caloric theory which held that heat could neither be created or destroyed. Caloric theory had dominated thinking in the science of heat since it was introduced by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783. Lavoisier's prestige and the practical success of Sadi Carnot's caloric theory of the heat engine since 1824 ensured that the young Joule, working outside either academia or the engineering profession, had a difficult road ahead. Supporters of the caloric theory readily pointed to the symmetry of the Peltier-Seebeck effect to claim that heat and current were convertible, at least approximately, by a reversible process.^[1] For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ... In science and engineering, conductors are materials that contain movable charges of electricity. ... The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a fluid called caloric that flows from hotter to colder bodies. ... Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794), the father of modern chemistry [1], was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. ... Sadi Carnot in the dress uniform of a student of the École polytechnique Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (June 1, 1796 - August 24, 1832) was a French physicist and military engineer who gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, thereby laying the... A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. ... Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. ... The Peltier-Seebeck effect, or thermoelectric effect, is the direct conversion of heat differentials to electric voltage and vice versa. ... In thermodynamics, a reversible process (or reversible cycle if the process is cyclic) is a process that can be reversed by means of infinitesimal changes in some property of the system (Sears and Salinger, 1986). ...

The mechanical equivalent of heat

Joule wrote in his 1843 paper:

... the mechanical power exerted in turning a magneto-electric machine is converted into the heat evolved by the passage of the currents of induction through its coils; and, on the other hand, that the motive power of the electro-magnetic engine is obtained at the expense of the heat due to the chemical reactions of the battery by which it is worked.

Joule's Heat Apparatus 1845.

Joule here adopts the language of vis viva (energy), possibly because Hodgkinson had read a review of Ewart's On the measure of moving force to the Literary and Philosophical Society in April 1844. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (632x956, 53 KB) Summary Joules Heat Apparatus 1845, Science Museum, London. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (632x956, 53 KB) Summary Joules Heat Apparatus 1845, Science Museum, London. ...

Further experiments and measurements by Joule led him to estimate the mechanical equivalent of heat as 838 ft·lbf of work to raise the temperature of a pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit^[7]. He announced his results at a meeting of the chemical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Cork in 1843 and was met by silence. Conservation of energy also known as the first law of thermodynamics is possibly the most important, and certainly the most practically useful, of several conservation laws in physics. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... The British Association or the British Association for the Advancement of Science or the BA is a learned society with the object of promoting science, directing general attention to scientific matters, and facilitating intercourse between scientific workers. ... This article is about the city in the Republic of Ireland. ...

Joule was undaunted and started to seek a purely mechanical demonstration of the conversion of work into heat. By forcing water through a perforated cylinder, he was able to measure the slight viscous heating of the fluid. He obtained a mechanical equivalent of 770 ft·lbf/Btu (4.14 J/cal). The fact that the values obtained both by electrical and purely mechanical means were in agreement to at least one order of magnitude was, to Joule, compelling evidence of the reality of the convertibility of work into heat. For other uses, see Viscosity (disambiguation). ... The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a unit of energy used in the Power, Steam Generation and Heating and Air Conditioning industry globally. ... The joule (IPA: or ) (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy. ... Etymology: French calorie, from Latin calor (heat), from calere (to be warm). ... An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it. ...

Joule now tried a third route. He measured the heat generated against the work done in compressing a gas. He obtained a mechanical equivalent of 823 ft·lbf/Btu (4.43 J/cal).^[8] In many ways, this experiment offered the easiest target for Joule's critics but Joule disposed of the anticipated objections by clever experimentation. However, his paper was rejected by the Royal Society and he had to be content with publishing in the Philosophical Magazine. In the paper he was forthright in his rejection of the caloric reasoning of Carnot and Émile Clapeyron, but his theological motivations also became evident: For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... The Philosophical Magazine is arguably the world’s oldest commercially published scientific journal. ... Emile_Clapeyron Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron (February 26, 1799 - January 28, 1864) was an French engineer and physicist, considered as one of the founders of thermodynamics. ... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ...

I conceive that this theory ... is opposed to the recognised principles of philosophy because it leads to the conclusion that vis viva may be destroyed by an improper disposition of the apparatus: Thus Mr Clapeyron draws the inference that 'the temperature of the fire being 1000°C to 2000°C higher than that of the boiler there is an enormous loss of vis viva in the passage of the heat from the furnace to the boiler.' Believing that the power to destroy belongs to the Creator alone I affirm ... that any theory which, when carried out, demands the annihilation of force, is necessarily erroneous. Vis Viva is the principle that the difference between the aggregate work of the accelerating forces of a system and that of the retarding forces is equal to one half the vis viva accumulated or lost in the system while the work is being done. ...

Joule's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat.

In 1845, Joule read his paper On the mechanical equivalent of heat to the British Association meeting in Cambridge^[9]. In this work, he reported his best-known experiment, involving the use of a falling weight to spin a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water, whose increased temperature he measured. He now estimated a mechanical equivalent of 819 ft·lbf/Btu (4.41 J/cal). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1684x1387, 1231 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Conservation of energy James Prescott Joule Work (thermodynamics) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1684x1387, 1231 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Conservation of energy James Prescott Joule Work (thermodynamics) ... This article is about the city in England. ...

In 1850, Joule published a refined measurement of 772.692 ft·lbf/Btu (4.159 J/cal), closer to twentieth century estimates.^[10] (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ...

Reception and priority

For the controversy over priority with Mayer, see Mechanical equivalent of heat: Priority

Much of the initial resistance to Joule's work stemmed from its dependence upon extremely precise measurements. He claimed to be able to measure temperatures to within 1/200 of a degree Fahrenheit. Such precision was certainly uncommon in contemporary experimental physics but his doubters may have neglected his experience in the art of brewing and his access to its practical technologies.^[11] He was also ably supported by scientific instrument-maker John Benjamin Dancer. Conservation of energy also known as the first law of thermodynamics is possibly the most important, and certainly the most practically useful, of several conservation laws in physics. ... “Accuracy” redirects here. ... Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement. ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Captain Nemo and Professor Aronnax contemplating measuring instruments in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea In physics and engineering, measurement is the activity of comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events. ... John Benjamin Dancer (October 8, 1812 - November 24th, 1887) was a scientific instrument maker and inventor of microphotography. ...

However, in Germany, Hermann Helmholtz became aware both of Joule's work and the similar 1842 work of Julius Robert von Mayer. Though both men had been neglected since their respective publications, Helmholtz's definitive 1847 declaration of the conservation of energy credited them both. Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist. ... Julius Robert von Mayer. ... Look up conservation of energy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Also in 1847, another of Joule's presentations at the British Association in Oxford was attended by George Gabriel Stokes, Michael Faraday, and the precocious and maverick William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, who had just been appointed professor of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow. Stokes was "inclined to be a Joulite" and Faraday was "much struck with it" though he harboured doubts. Thomson was intrigued but skeptical. This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet (13 August 1819–1 February 1903) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, who at Cambridge made important contributions to fluid dynamics (including the Navier-Stokes equations), optics, and mathematical physics (including Stokes theorem). ... Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of that time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... There have been a number of people named William Thomson: William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, usually known as Lord Kelvin, was a 19th century British physicist. ... William Thomson, Archbishop of York, has the same name as this man. ... Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature, known in Latin as philosophia naturalis, is a term applied to the objective study of nature and the physical universe that was regnant before the development of modern science. ... Master of Theology (MTh) Dentistry Nursing Affiliations Russell Group Universitas 21 Website http://www. ...

Unanticipated, Thomson and Joule met later that year in Chamonix. Joule married Amelia Grimes on August 18 and the couple went on honeymoon. Marital enthusiasm notwithstanding, Joule and Thomson arranged to attempt an experiment a few days later to measure the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the Cascade de Sallanches waterfall, though this subsequently proved impractical. Panorama of Chamonix valley Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie département, at the foot of Mont Blanc. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Though Thomson felt that Joule's results demanded theoretical explanation, he retreated into a spirited defense of the Carnot-Clapeyron school. In his 1848 account of absolute temperature, Thomson wrote: Absolute zero is the lowest temperature that can be obtained in any macroscopic system. ...

... the conversion of heat (or caloric) into mechanical effect is probably impossible, certainly undiscovered

- but a footnote signaled his first doubts about the caloric theory, referring to Joule's "very remarkable discoveries". Surprisingly, Thomson did not send Joule a copy of his paper but when Joule eventually read it he wrote to Thomson on October 6, claiming that his studies had demonstrated conversion of heat into work but that he was planning further experiments. Thomson replied on the 27th, revealing that he was planning his own experiments and hoping for a reconciliation of their two views. Though Thomson conducted no new experiments, over the next two years he became increasingly dissatisfied with Carnot's theory and convinced of Joule's. In his 1851 paper, Thomson was willing to go no further than a compromise and declared "the whole theory of the motive power of heat is founded on ... two ... propositions, due respectively to Joule, and to Carnot and Clausius". is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

As soon as Joule read the paper he wrote to Thomson with his comments and questions. Thus began a fruitful, though largely epistolary, collaboration between the two men, Joule conducting experiments, Thomson analysing the results and suggesting further experiments. The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the Joule-Thomson effect, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the kinetic theory. In physics, the Joule-Thomson effect, or Joule-Kelvin effect, is a process in which the temperature of a real gas is either decreased or increased by letting the gas expand freely at constant enthalpy (which means that no heat is transferred to or from the gas, and no external... Kinetic theory or kinetic theory of gases attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. ...

Kinetic theory

Joule was a pupil of Dalton and it is no surprise that he had learned a firm belief in the atomic theory, even though there were many scientists of his time who were still skeptical. He had also been one of the few people receptive to the neglected work of John Herapath on the kinetic theory of gases. He was further profoundly influenced by Peter Ewart's 1813 paper On the measure of moving force. This article focuses on the historical models of the atom. ... John Herapath (May 30, 1790 - February 24, 1868) was an English physicist who gave a partial account of the kinetic theory of gases in 1820 though it was neglected by the scientific community at the time. ... The kinetic theory of gases is a theory that explains the macroscopic properties of gases by consideration of their composition at a molecular level. ... Peter Ewart (May 14, 1767 - September 15, 1842) was a British engineer who was influential in developing the technologies of turbines and theories of thermodynamics. ...

Joule perceived the relationship between his discoveries and the kinetic theory of heat. His laboratory notebooks reveal that he believed heat to be a form of rotational, rather than translational motion.

Joule could not resist finding antecedents of his views in Francis Bacon, Sir Isaac Newton, John Locke, Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford and Sir Humphry Davy. Though such views are justified, Joule went on to estimate a value for the mechanical equivalent of heat of 1034 foot-pound from Rumford's publications. Some modern writers have criticised this approach on the grounds that Rumford's experiments in no way represented systematic quantitative measurements. In one of his personal notes, Joule contends that Mayer's measurement was no more accurate than Rumford's, perhaps in the hope that Mayer had not anticipated his own work. Sir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English astrologer, philosopher, statesman, spy, freemason and essayist. ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... Benjamin Thompson. ... Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, FRS (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and physicist. ... “Accuracy” redirects here. ...

Honours

A statue of Joule in the Manchester Town Hall.

Joule died at home in Sale and is buried in Brooklands cemetery there. The gravestone is inscribed with the number "772.55", his climacteric 1878 measurement of the mechanical equivalent of heat, and with a quotation from the Gospel of John, "I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work" (9:4). ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1168x1760, 501 KB) Summary A statue of James Joule in the Manchester Town Hall, 2005-10-20. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1168x1760, 501 KB) Summary A statue of James Joule in the Manchester Town Hall, 2005-10-20. ... Manchester Town Hall Manchester Town Hall is a building in Manchester, England that houses the citys government and administrative functions. ... Sale is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, England. ... Brooklands is a district and electoral ward in the south west of the City of Manchester, in North West England. ... For other uses, see Gospel of John (disambiguation). ...

• Fellow of the Royal Society, (1850);
  • Royal Medal, (1852);
  • Copley Medal (1870);
• President of Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, (1860);
• President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, (1872);
• Honorary degrees:
  • LL.D., Trinity College Dublin, (1857);
  • DCL, University of Oxford, (1860);
  • LL.D., University of Edinburgh, (1871).
• He received a civil list pension of £200 per annum in 1878 for services to science;
• Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, (1880).
• There is a memorial to Joule in the north choir aisle of Westminster Abbey, though he is not buried there as many biographies erroneously state.
• A statue by Alfred Gilbert, stands in Manchester Town Hall, opposite that of Dalton.

For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... The Royal Medals of the Royal Society of London were established by King George IV. They were further supported with certain changes to their conditions, by King William IV and Queen Victoria. ... The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. ... The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society is a learned society in Manchester, England. ... The British Association or the British Association for the Advancement of Science or the BA is a learned society with the object of promoting science, directing general attention to scientific matters, and facilitating intercourse between scientific workers. ... An honorary degree (Latin: honoris causa ad gradum, not to be confused with an honors degree) is an academic degree awarded to an individual as a decoration, rather than as the result of matriculating and studying for several years. ... Doctor of Laws (Latin: Legum Doctor, LL.D) is a doctorate-level academic degree in law. ... The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin or more commonly Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, is the only constituent college of the University of Dublin, Irelands oldest university. ... Some universities, such as the University of Oxford, award Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) degrees instead of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degrees. ... The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... A civil list is a list of individuals to whom money is paid by the government. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... GBP may be: short for Game Boy Player the ISO currency code for the British Pound Sterling. ... The Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts was instituted in 1864 as a memorial to Prince Albert, who had been President of the Society for 18 years. ... The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution, based in London. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Sir Alfred Gilbert (August 12, 1854 – November 4, 1934) was an English sculptor and goldsmith who enthusiastically experimented with metallurgical innovations. ... Manchester Town Hall Manchester Town Hall is a building in Manchester, England that houses the citys government and administrative functions. ...

Notes

1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Sir William Robert Grove (1811 – 1896) was a British chemist born in Swansea in Wales. ... Jan. ... g (also gee, g-force or g-load) is a non-SI unit of acceleration defined as exactly 9. ... The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf) is an English unit of work or energy from the English Engineering System. ... The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Système International dUnités) is the most widely used system of units. ... The joule (IPA: or ) (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy. ... Etymology: French calorie, from Latin calor (heat), from calere (to be warm). ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, or , is the oldest scientific journal printed in the English-speaking world, and was only three months shy of being the oldest in the world. ...

Bibliography of James Joule

Works

• Joule, J.P. (1965). The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule. London: Dawson's. 

Biography and analysis

• Bottomley, J.T. (1882) "James Prescott Joule", Nature, 26, 617–20 ·
• Cardwell, D.S.L. (1991). James Joule: A Biography. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3479-5. 
• Forrester, J. (1975) "Chemistry and the conservation of energy: the work of James Prescott Joule", Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 6, 273–313
• Fox, R. "James Prescott Joule, 1818–1889", in North, J. (1969). Mid-nineteenth-century scientists. Elsevier, 72 - 103. ISBN 0-7190-3479-5. 
• Reynolds, O. (1892) Memoir of James Prescott Joule
• Sibum, H.O. (1994) "Reworking the mechanical value of heat: instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 26, 73–106
• Smith, C. (1998). The Science of Energy: A Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-485-11431-3. 
• — (2004) "Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15139, accessed 27 July 2005> (subscription required)
• Smith, C. & Wise, M.N. (1989). Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26173-2. 
• Steffens, H.J. (1979). James Prescott Joule and the Concept of Energy. Watson. ISBN 0-88202-170-2. 

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External links

• Classic papers of 1845 and 1847 at ChemTeam website On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat and On the Existence of an Equivalent Relation between Heat and the ordinary Forms of Mechanical Power
• Joule's paddle-wheel apparatus at London Science Museum
• Some Remarks on Heat and the Constitution of Elastic Fluids, Joule's 1851 estimate of the speed of a gas molecule.
• University of Manchester material on Joule - includes photographs of Joule's house and gravesite
• Dictionary of National Biography (1892) - entry for Joule