Jamuqa was a Mongol military and political leader and the chief rival to Temüjin, later Genghis Khan, in the unification of the Mongol tribes. Born in the Jadirat, a sub-tribe of the Kerait, Jamuqa was a childhood friend and anda, blood brother, to Temüjin. For the German pop band, see Dschinghis Khan Genghis Khan (1155/1162/1167–August 18, 1227) (Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан), (also spelled as Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, etc. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... A Mongol people (though some historians claim a Turkic origin) living in Central Asia. ...

When Borte was abducted by the Merkit tribe, Wang Khan, Jamuqa and Temüjin combined forces against the Merkits to recover her. An Asian tribe inhabiting southeastern Siberia during the Middle Ages, regarded by their neighbours as being particularly ferocious. ... Toğrül (Tuğril or Toghrïl Beg; ca 990 - September 4, 1063) was the third ruler of the Seljuk dynasty. ...

In 1201, a khuriltai elected Jamuqa as Gur Khan, universal ruler, a title used by the rulers of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Jamuqa's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin and Jamuqa formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Events The town of Riga was chartered as a city. ... Mongol term, also khuriltai, signifying a tribal assembly, convened to determine military campaigns and problems of leadership. ... The Kara-Khitan Khanate (1124 or 1125-1218) was established by Yelü Dashi (耶律大石) who led around 100,000 Khitan remnants after escaping Jurchen conquest of their native country, the Khitan dynasty. ...

Jamuqa was less successful in coalition-building because, unlike Temüjin, he maintained traditional divisions between tribes in his forces and assigned commands by hereditary rank rather than merit. In particular, Jamuqa did not recruit shepherds who lacked tribal status in the Mongol tradition. This allowed Temüjin to recover from a series of mikitary defeats inflicted by Temüjin and to emerge victorious.

Jamuqa was eventually betrayed to Temüjin by his followers and executed in 1206. The Secret History of the Mongols states that Jamuqa insisted that he be executed even when Temüjin offered renewal of their brotherhood. Temüjin executed Jamuqa's betrayers on the principle that betrayal merits the harshest punishment. Events Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire Qutb ud-Din proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ... The Secret History of the Mongols is the first literary work of Mongolian culture. ...

References

Heirs to Discord: The Supratribal Aspirations of Jamuqa, Toghrul, and Temüjin (http://ideas.union.edu/articles/files/22_Stevens_Heirs_to_Discord.pdf)