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Jan Hendrik Schön (born 1970) is a German physicist who briefly rose to prominence after a series of apparent breakthroughs, which were later discovered to be fraudulent. The Schön scandal provoked discussion in the scientific community about the degree of responsibility of coauthors and reviewers of scientific papers. It was disturbing to some that none of Schön's misrepresentations were caught by the peer review process, which is designed to find errors rather than detect fraud. 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ...
The word physicist should not be confused with physician, which means medical doctor. ...
In scientific publishing, a paper is a scientific article that is published in a scientific journal. ...
Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of funding for research. ...
Schön's field of research was condensed matter physics and nanotechnology. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Konstanz in 1997. In December 2000, he was hired by Bell Labs. Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. ...
Nanotechnology - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ...
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Bell Telephone Laboratories or Bell Labs was originally the research and development arm of the United States Bell System, and was the premier corporate facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies from telephone switches to specialized coverings for telephone cables, to the transistor. ...
In the period from 1998 to the summer of 2001, he was listed as an author on an average of one research paper every eight days. In 2001 he announced in Nature that he had produced a transistor on the molecular scale. He claimed to have used a thin layer of organic dye molecules to assemble an electric circuit that when acted on by an electric current, behaved as a transistor. The implications of his work were significant. It would have been the beginning of a move away from silicon-based electronics and towards organic electronics. It would have allowed chips to continue shrinking past the point at which silicon breaks down, and therefore continue Moore's Law for much longer than is currently predicted. It also would have drastically reduced the cost of electronics. Nature is one of the oldest and most reputable general-purpose scientific journals, first published on November 4, 1869. ...
Through hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimeters) The transistor is a solid state semiconductor device which can be used for amplification, switching, voltage stabilisation, signal modulation and many other functions. ...
Organic has several meanings and related topics. ...
In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ...
An electrical network or electrical circuit is an interconnection of analog electrical elements such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, diodes, switches and transistors. ...
In electricity, current is the rate of flow of charges, usually through a metal wire or some other electrical conductor. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number silicon, Si, 14 Series metalloid Group, Period, Block 14 (IVA), 3, p Density, Hardness 2330 kg/m3, 6. ...
Look up Electronic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Electronic can refer to many things: Objects related to electronics The band Electronic. ...
Growth of transistor counts for Intel processors (dots) and Moores Law (upper line=18 months; lower line=24 months) Moores law is the empirical observation that at our rate of technological development, the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost will double in about...
Soon after he published his work, others in the physics community alleged that Schön's data contained anomalies. In particular, they said the data seemed overly precise and that some of it contradicted the prevailing understanding of physics. Professor Lydia Sohn, of the University of California at Berkeley, noticed that two experiments carried out at very different temperatures had identical noise. When the editors of Nature pointed this out to Schön, he claimed to have accidentally submitted the same graph twice. Professor Paul McEuen of Cornell University then found the same noise in a paper describing a third experiment. More research by McEuen, Sohn, and other physicists uncovered a number of examples of duplicate data in Schön's work. In total, 25 papers by Schön and 20 coauthors were considered suspect. The University of California, Berkeley (also known as Cal, UC Berkeley, UCB, or simply Berkeley) is a prestigious, public, coeducational university situated in the foothills of Berkeley, California to the east of San Francisco Bay, overlooking the Golden Gate and its bridge. ...
Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ...
In science, and especially in physics and telecommunication, noise is fluctuations in and the addition of external factors to the stream of target information (signal) being received at a detector. ...
Cornell University is a private university located in Ithaca, New York, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ...
In May, 2002, Bell Labs appointed Professor Malcolm Beasley of Stanford University to chair a committee to investigate possible scientific fraud. The committee sent questionnaires to all of Schön's coauthors, and interviewed his three principal coauthors (Zhenan Bao, Bertram Batlogg, and Christian Kloc). They examined electronic drafts of the disputed papers, which included processed numeric data. They requested copies of raw data but found that Schön had kept no laboratory notebooks. His raw data files had been erased from his computer. According to Schön, the files were erased because his computer had limited hard drive space. In addition, all of his experimental samples had been discarded or damaged beyond repair. For other meanings of Stanford, see Stanford (disambiguation). ...
Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in professional scientific research. ...
On September 25, 2002, the committee publicly released its report. The report contained details of 24 allegations of misconduct. They found evidence of Schön's scientific misconduct in at least 16 of them. They found that whole data sets were reused in a number of different experiments. They also found that some of his purportedly experimental results had been produced using mathematical functions.
The report found that all of the misdeeds had been performed by Schön alone. All coauthors were completely exonerated of scientific misconduct. However, it was unclear whether all of them had exercised sufficient professional responsibility in trusting the integrity of his data. Minor coauthors were found to have reasonably fulfilled their responsibilities, but the question was raised of whether Bertram Batlogg, the leader of Schön's research group, might not have been sufficiently critical. Although Batlogg took appropriate action once concerns were explicitly raised to him, perhaps he should have more closely examined the results earlier, in view of their exceptional nature. There existed no general consensus on the responsibility of coauthors of a paper, so the committee declared itself unqualified to resolve this issue. Batlogg was not formally reprimanded.
Bell Labs fired Schön on the day they received the report. It was the first case of fraud in the lab's history.
On October 31, 2002, Science withdrew 8 papers written by Schön. On March 5, 2003, Nature withdrew 7 papers written by Schön. Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. ...
Schön acknowledged that the data was incorrect in many of these papers. He claims that the substitutions could have occurred by honest mistake. He admits to falsifying some data but states he did so to show more convincing evidence for behaviour that he observed. He continues to maintain that his experiments worked, and that molecular-sized transistors are possible using the techniques he demonstrated.
Experimenters at Delft University of Technology and the Thomas J. Watson Research Center have since performed experiments similar to Schön's. They did not obtain similar results. Founded in 1842, the Delft University of Technology, in Delft, the Netherlands, is one of the oldest, largest, and most comprehensive technical universities in the Netherlands, with over 13,000 students and 2,100 scientists (including 200 professors). ...
He was deprived of his doctoral degree by the University of Konstanz in June 2004.
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