Titlepage for Typographische Gestaltung written and designed by Jan Tschichold using City Medium and Bodoni. Published in 1932 by the Benno Schwabe & Co. publishing house.

Jan Tschichold (April 2, 1902 Leipzig, Germany – August 11, 1974 Locarno, Switzerland) was a typographer, book designer, teacher and writer. Image File history File linksMetadata TypoGestaltung. ... Image File history File linksMetadata TypoGestaltung. ... Titlepage for Tschicholds Typographische Gestaltung using City Medium, for the Benno Schwabe & Co. ... Bodoni is a typeface designed by Giambattista Bodoni (February 16, 1740 in Saluzzo – November 29, 1813 in Parma), an Italian engraver, publisher, printer and typographer of high repute. ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... [] (Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk) is the largest city in the Federal State (Bundesland) of Saxony in Germany. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Location within Switzerland Locarno is a city located on Lake Maggiore (Lago Maggiore) in the southern Swiss canton of Ticino, close to Ascona. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Life

He was the son of a provincial signwriter, and he was trained in calligraphy. This artisan background and calligraphic training set him apart from almost all other noted typographers of the time, since they had inevitably trained in architecture or the fine arts. Tschichold's artisan background may help explain why he never worked with handmade papers and custom fonts as many typographers did, preferring instead to use stock fonts on a careful choice from commercial paper stocks. After the election of Hitler in Germany, all designers had to register with the Ministry of Culture, and all teaching posts were threatened for anyone who was sympathetic to communism. Armed Nazis arrested him and his wife in 1933, and Soviet posters were found in his flat, casting him under suspicion of collaboration with communists. All copies of Tschichold's books were seized by the Gestapo "for the protection of the German people". After six weeks a policeman somehow found him tickets for Switzerland, and he and his family managed to escape Nazi Germany. Apart from short visits to England in 1937-1938 (at the invitation of the Penrose Annual), and 1947-1949 (at the invitation of Ruari McLean, the British typographer, with whom he worked on the design of Penguin Books), he lived the rest of his life in Switzerland. A sign for photo model using SignWriting in the dictionary of the Flemish Sign Language Sign Writing is a system of writing the movements and handshapes of sign languages. ... Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ... An artisan, also called a craftsman,[1] is a skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft. ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Fine art refers to arts that are concerned with beauty or which appealed to taste (SOED 1991). ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization, based upon common ownershipmovement]]. Early forms of human social organization have been described as primitive communism by Marxists. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei; Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Penguin Books is a British publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. ...

Design

The Van de Graaf canon used in book design to divide a page in pleasing proportions, was popularized by Jan Tschichold in his book The Form of the Book.

Tschichold had converted to Modernist design principles in 1923 after visiting the first Weimar Bauhaus exhibition. He became a leading advocate of Modernist design: first with an influential 1925 magazine supplement; then a 1927 personal exhibition; then with his most noted work Die neue Typographie. This book was a manifesto of modern design, in which he condemned all fonts but sans-serif (called 'Grotesk' in Germany). He also favoured non-centered design (e.g., on title pages), and codified many other Modernist design rules. He advocated the use of standardised paper sizes for all printed matter, and made some of the first clear explanations of the effective use of different sizes and weights of type in order to quickly and easily convey information. This book was followed with a series of practical manuals on the principles of Modernist typography which had a wide influence among ordinary workers and printers in Germany. Yet, despite his visits to England just before the war, only about four articles by Tschichold had been translated into English by 1945. Image File history File links Van_de_Graaf_canon_in_book_design. ... Image File history File links Van_de_Graaf_canon_in_book_design. ... Recto page from a rare Blackletter Bible (1497) In the field of book design, proportions of pages, type areas (print spaces), and margins of medieval books have been analyzed by scholars, and several canons of page construction have been described by them to represent the ways in which these books... This article focuses on the cultural movement labeled modernism or the modern movement. See also: Modernism (Roman Catholicism) or Modernist Christianity; Modernismo for specific art movement(s) in Spain and Catalonia. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... The city hall Goethe and Schiller in front of the Deutsche Nationaltheater Weimar is a city in Germany. ... For the British post-punk band, see Bauhaus (band). ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... In typography, serifs are the small features at the end of strokes within letters. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

Although Die neue Typographie remains a classic, Tschichold slowly abandoned his rigid beliefs from around 1932 onwards (e.g. his Saskia typeface of 1932, and his acceptance of classical Roman typefaces for body-type) as he moved back towards Classicism in print design. He later condemned Die neue Typographie as too extreme. He also went so far as to condemn Modernist design in general as being authoritarian and inherently fascistic. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Classicism door in Olomouc, The Czech Republic Teatr Wielki in Warsaw Church La Madeleine in Paris Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicist seeks to emulate. ... The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

Between 1947-1949 Tschichold lived in England where he oversaw the redesign of 500 paperbacks published by Penguin Books, leaving them with a standardised set of typographic rules, the Penguin Composition Rules. Although he gave Penguin's books (particularly the Pelican range) a unified look and enforced many of the typographic practices that are taken for granted today, he allowed the nature of each work to dictate its look, with varied covers and title pages. In working for a firm that made cheap mass-market paperbacks, he was following a line of work - in cheap popular culture forms (e.g. film posters) - that he had always pursued during his career. Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Penguin Books is a British publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. ... Some early Penguin editions ( details) Penguin Crime (details) Penguin Books is a British publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. ... Popular culture, or pop culture, (literally: the culture of the people) consists of widespread cultural elements in any given society. ... Poster from the Spanish Revolution A poster is any large piece of printed paper which hangs from a wall or other such surface. ...

His abandonment of Modernist principles meant that, even though he was living in Switzerland after the war, he was not at the centre of the post-war Swiss International Typographic Style. A movie poster for the film 2001: A Space Odyssey shows the influence of the International Typographic Style. ...

Typefaces design

Sabon typeface designed by Tschichold, and released in 1967. One of its earliest uses was by Bradbury Thompson in setting the Washburn College Bible.

Between 1926 and 1929, he designed a "universal alphabet" to clean up the few multigraphs and non-phonetic spellings in the German language. For example, he devised brand new characters to replace the multigraphs "ch" and "sch". His intentions were to change the spelling by systematically replacing "eu" with "oi", "w" with "v", and "z" with "ts". Long vowels were indicated by a macron below them, though the umlaut was still above. The alphabet was presented in one typeface, which was sans-serif and without capital letters. Image File history File links SabonSpecimenAIB1. ... Image File history File links SabonSpecimenAIB1. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A macron, from Greek (makros) meaning large, is a diacritic ¯ placed over a vowel originally to indicate that the vowel is long. ... In linguistics the term Umlaut is used in a variety of closely related ways, some narrower, some broader. ... In typography, serifs are the small features at the end of strokes within letters. ...

Fonts Tschichold designed include:

• Transit (1931)
• Saskia (1931/1932)
• Zeus (1931)
• Sabon (1966/1967) - [1], named after Jacques Sabon.

Sabon was designed to be a typeface that would give the same reproduction on both Monotype and Linotype systems. It was used early after its release by Bradbury Thompson to set the Washburn College Bible. A "Sabon Next" was later released by Linotype as an 'interpretation' of Tschichold's original Sabon. Sabon typeface designed by Tschichold, and jointly released in 1967 by the Linotype, Monotype, and Stempel type foundries. ... Jacques Sabon (1535-1580/15901), born in Lyons, died in Frankfurt-am-Main, was a famous typefounder. ... Currently Monotype Imaging, Inc, a typesetting and typeface design company responsible for many developments in printing technology — in particular the Monotype machine which was the first fully mechanical typesetter — and the design and production of typefaces in the 19th and 20th centuries. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Linotype machine. ... Washburn University, located in Topeka, Kansas, provides broadly-based liberal arts and professional education through more than 200 certificate, associate, baccalaureate, master’s and juris doctor programs through the College of Arts and Sciences and the Schools of Law, Business, Nursing and Applied Studies. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Linotype machine. ...

Bibliography

• Schriften: 1925 - 1974 Band 1/2. Berlin, 1992.
• Die neue Typographie, Ein Handbuch für zeitgemäss Schaffende, Berlin, Verlag des Bildungsverbandes der Deutschen Buchdrucker, 1928.
• Typografische Entwurfstechnik, Stuttgart: Akademischer Verlag Dr Fritz Wedekind & Co., 1932.
• Ausgewählte Aufsätze über Fragen der Gestalt des Buches und der Typographie, 1948.
• Schatzkammer der Schreibkunst, Basel, 2. Aufl. 1949.
• Meisterbuch der Schrift. Ein Lehrbuch mit vorbildlichen Schriften aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart für Schriftenmaler, Graphiker, Bildhauer, Graveure, Lithographen, Verlagshersteller, Buchdrucker, Architekten und Kunstschulen, Ravensburg, 1952, 2. Aufl. 1965.
• Geschichte der Schrift in Bildern, Hamburg, 4. Aufl. 1961.

1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Baden-Württemberg Administrative region: Stuttgart District: Urban district City subdivisions: 23 districts Lord Mayor: Wolfgang Schuster (CDU) Basic Statistics Area: 207. ... Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: Basel , French: Bâle , Italian: Basilea ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area as... Ravensburg, Blaserturm (Trumpeters Tower), Waaghaus (Balance Hall) and Rathaus (Town Hall) Ravensburg is a town in Upper Swabia in Southern Germany, capital of the district of Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hamburg from above Hamburgs motto: May the posterity endeavour with dignity to conserve the freedom, which the forefathers acquired. ...

Further reading

• McLean, Ruari. Jan Tschichold: A Life in Typography. Princeton Architectural Press, 1997. ISBN 1-56898-084-1
• Aynsley, Jeremy. Graphic Design in Germany, 1890-1945. University of California Press, 2000. ISBN 0-520-22796-4

See also

• Bauhaus
• Canons of page construction
• Typography

For the British post-punk band, see Bauhaus (band). ... Recto page from a rare Blackletter Bible (1497) In the field of book design, proportions of pages, type areas (print spaces), and margins of medieval books have been analyzed by scholars, and several canons of page construction have been described by them to represent the ways in which these books... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

External links

• www.tschichold.de (requires Flash plugin).
• Short biography of Jan Tschichold at Textism.