Janet Paterson Frame, ONZ, CBE (August 28, 1924 - January 29, 2004), was a New Zealand author who published eleven novels in her lifetime, together with three collections of short stories, a book of poetry, an edition of juvenile fiction, and three volumes of autobiography. Since her death, a twelfth novel and a second volume of poetry have been posthumously published. This article is about work. ... A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ... An essayist is an author who writes compositions which can be about any particular subject. ... A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... A literary genre is one of the divisions of literature into genres according to particular criteria such as literary technique, tone, or content. ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... Magic realism (or magical realism) is an artistic genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even normal setting. ... Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated Po-mo[1]) is a term originating in architecture, literally after the modern, denoting a style that is more ornamental than modernism, and which borrows from previous architectural styles, often in a playful or ironic fashion. ... Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926) is considered one of the German languages greatest 20th century poets. ... For the American writer, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. ... Emily Jane Brontë (pronounced ); (July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British novelist and poet, now best remembered for her only novel Wuthering Heights, a classic of English literature. ... Charlotte Brontë (IPA: ) (April 21, 1816 – March 31, 1855) was an English novelist and the eldest of the three Brontë sisters whose novels have become enduring classics of English literature. ... Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) IPA: ;[1], who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. ... This article is about the writer and poet. ... Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 - 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet. ... Gustave Flaubert Gustave Flaubert (December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among the greatest Western novelists. ... William Cuthbert Faulkner (born William Falkner), (September 25, 1897–July 6, 1962) was an American author. ... Proust redirects here. ... William Clark Styron, Jr. ... Thoreau redirects here. ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, literary critic, essayist and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ... Sir Stephen Harold Spender CBE, (February 28, 1909, London – July 16, 1995) was an English poet, novelist and essayist who concentrated on themes of social injustice and the class struggle in his work. ... Robert Browning (May 7, 1812 – December 12, 1889) was a British poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. ... The Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (IPA: ) (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll (), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. ... Nathalie Sarraute (French IPA: ) (born July 18, 1900 in Ivanovo, Russia – died October 19, 1999 in Paris, France) was a lawyer and a Francophone writer of Russian Jewish origin. ... May Sarton (May 3, 1912-July 16, 1995) was an American poet, novelist, and memoirist born in Wondelgem, Belgium. ... For the football player, see Patrick White (football player). ... Frank Sargeson (21 March 1903 – 1 March 1982) was born Norris Frank Davey in Hamilton, New Zealand, and educated at Hamilton Boys High School. ... James Keir Baxter (June 29, 1926—October 22, 1972) was a New Zealand poet, and a controversial figure in New Zealand society. ... Denis Glover (1912-1980) was a New Zealand poet and publisher. ... Badge of the Order of New Zealand The Order of New Zealand is the highest honour in New Zealands honours system. ... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions, in order of seniority: Knight or Dame Grand Cross... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... New Zealand claims as its own many writers, even those immigrants born overseas or those emigrants who have gone into exile. ...

Frame is well-known for her literary output as well as her personal history, having narrowly escaped lobotomy when her first book was awarded a national literary prize.^[1] Partly as a result of her dramatic past, Frame, aptly described by scholar Simone Oettli as an artist who paradoxically wanted simultaneous fame and anonymity,^[2] has been the focus of a wide range of biographical myths posited by literary critics and the general public alike.^[3][4] Although Frame's writing — which eschewed the dominant New Zealand literary realism of the time, combining prose, poetry, modernist and postmodernist elements with a somewhat magical realist style^[5] — was met with a decidedly mixed critical and public reception,^[6][7] her status as a respected novelist of international repute, coupled with her remarkable life-story, immortalised in her autobiographies and director Jane Campion's film-adaptation of the texts, have earned her a place in twentieth-century literary history. Look up Lobotomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Magic realism (or magical realism) is an artistic genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even normal setting. ... Jane Campion (born April 30, 1954 in Wellington, New Zealand) is an Academy Award-winning film maker. ... An Angel at My Table is a 1990 New Zealand film directed by Jane Campion. ...

Biographical overview

Oamaru. The town clock tower on the old post office, vividly described in Frame's debut novel, Owls Do Cry, as well as her third volume of autobiography, The Envoy from Mirror City.

Born in Dunedin, on the east coast of New Zealand's South Island, Frame was the third of five children born to George, a railway worker, and to Lottie (née Godfrey), a former housemaid to the family of writer Katherine Mansfield.^[1] Dr Emily Hancock Siedeberg, New Zealand's first female medical graduate, delivered Frame at St. Helen's Hospital in 1927. The would-be-author spent her early childhood years in various small towns in New Zealand's South Island provinces of Otago and Southland, including Outram and Wyndham, before the family eventually settled in the coastal town of Oamaru (recognisable as the "Waimaru" of her debut novel and further featured in her subsequent fiction^[8]). As described in detail in her autobiographies, Frame's childhood was marked by the deaths of two of her sisters, Myrtle and Isabel, who drowned in separate incidents at a young age, and the epileptic seizures suffered by her brother George (referred to as "Geordie" and "Bruddie").^[9]   Shibboleth: The southern (Kāi Tahu) dialect of Māori ignores the first A in the name (AUH-muh-ROO). ... Dunedin (ÅŒtepoti in Maori) is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of Otago. ... For other uses, see South Island (disambiguation). ... Katherine Mansfield (14 October 1888 – 9 January 1923) was a prominent New Zealand modernist writer of short fiction. ... Emily Hancock Siedeberg (February 17, 1873 - June 13, 1968) was New Zealands first female medical graduate. ... Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ... The Southland is a geographic term used in several parts of the world. ... Outram is a small town in Otago, New Zealand. ... Wyndham is a rural town of some 550 people in the South Island of New Zealand in the Southland region,45km east of Invercargill and 25 km south of Gore. ...   Shibboleth: The southern (Kāi Tahu) dialect of Māori ignores the first A in the name (AUH-muh-ROO). ... This article is about the neurological disorder as it affects humans. ...

In 1943 Frame began training as a teacher at the Dunedin College of Education, while at the same time auditing courses in English, French and psychology at the adjacent University of Otago.^[7] Shortly after her arrival at university, Frame, in the throes of an emotional crisis,^[7] began regular therapy-sessions with junior lecturer John Money, to whom she developed a strong attachment,^[7] and whose later work as a sexologist specialising in gender reassignment remains controversial to this day.^[10] The Dunedin College of Education (Te Kura Akau Taitoka) is a teacher-training facility in Dunedin, New Zealand. ... The University of Otago (Māori: ) in Dunedin is New Zealands oldest university with over 20,000 students enrolled during 2006. ... For the EP by Black Flag, see Nervous Breakdown. ... John William Money, Ph. ... Sexology is the systematic study of human sexuality. ... Sex reassignment therapy is an umbrella term for all medical procedures regarding gender reassignment of both transgender and intersexual people. ...

While practising teaching in Dunedin in 1947, Frame dramatically abandoned her classroom during a scheduled visit from a school-inspector.^[9][7][11] Shortly thereafter she was admitted to the psychiatric ward of the local Dunedin hospital.^[7] Following this brief internment, Frame, unwilling to return home to her family, where tensions between her father and brother had become increasingly unbearable for the would-be-author,^[7] was transferred to Seacliff Mental Hospital near Karitane north of Dunedin, where doctors diagnosed her as suffering from schizophrenia.^[9][7] Over the course of the next eight years, Frame repeatedly readmitted herself^[7] to a number of psychiatric hospitals in New Zealand, including Avondale and Sunnyside, where she was treated with insulin and, according to her own account, administered over two hundred rounds of electroconvulsive therapy.^[9][7] , The hospital in what has been called a Gothic-themed fantasy castle design. ... The seaside settlement of Karitane is located within the limits of the city of Dunedin in New Zealand, 35 kilometres to the north of the city centre. ... A psychiatric hospital (also called, at various places and times, mental hospital or mental ward, historically often asylum, lunatic asylum, or madhouse), is a hospital specialising in the treatment of persons with mental illness. ... Insulin shock therapy is a treatment for schizophrenia, psychosis and drug addiction which involves injecting a patient with massive amounts of insulin, which causes convulsions and coma. ... Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for therapeutic effect. ...

Owls Do Cry. Dennis Beytagh's cover illustration for Frame's debut novel, released by New Zealand's Pegasus Press in 1957.

In 1951, while Frame remained interned in psychiatric hospital, New Zealand's Caxton Press published her first book, a slim volume of short stories titled The Lagoon and Other Stories.^[7] The work won the Hubert Church Memorial Award, at that time one of the nation's most prestigious literary prizes, and resulted in the cancellation of her scheduled lobotomy.^[12][7] Four years later, in 1955, following her final discharge from psychiatric hospital, Frame, at the time staying with her sister's family in the Auckland suburb of Northcote, was introduced to the New Zealand writer Frank Sargeson. From April 1955 to July 1956 Frame lived and worked in an old army hut in the garden of Sargeson's home in Takapuna, producing her first full-length novel, which the publishers — rejecting the author's original title, "Talk of Treasure" — released as Owls Do Cry (Pegasus, 1957).^[7] A psychiatric hospital (also called, at various places and times, mental hospital or mental ward, historically often asylum, lunatic asylum, or madhouse), is a hospital specialising in the treatment of persons with mental illness. ... Look up Lobotomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A psychiatric hospital (also called, at various places and times, mental hospital or mental ward, historically often asylum, lunatic asylum, or madhouse), is a hospital specialising in the treatment of persons with mental illness. ... For other uses, see Auckland (disambiguation). ... Northcote is a suburb of North Shore, one of several cities in the Auckland metropolitan area in northern New Zealand. ... Frank Sargeson (21 March 1903 – 1 March 1982) was born Norris Frank Davey in Hamilton, New Zealand, and educated at Hamilton Boys High School. ... Takapuna or Takapuna Beach as the local business association would like it to be known as, is located in the northern North Island of New Zealand. ...

Frame left New Zealand in 1956, living and working for the following seven years in Europe, primarily based in London, with sojourns in Ibiza and Andorra.^[9][7] While abroad, Frame still struggling with anxiety and depression, admitted herself to the the Maudsley Hospital in London, where American-trained psychiatrist Alan Miller, who studied under Money at Johns Hopkins University, proposed that she had never suffered from schizophrenia.^[9][7] In an effort to alleviate the ill-effects of her years spent in and out of psychiatric hospital, Frame then began regular sessions with the psychoanalyst R.H. Cawley, who encouraged her to continue to pursue her writing, and to whom she would eventually dedicate seven of her novels.^[7] This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... “Ebusus” redirects here. ... The Maudsley Hospital in Denmark Hill, Camberwell, South London is unique as a psychiatric hospital in that it was always intended to be a centre of treatment and research rather than confinement and asylum. Now part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust (SLaM) the hospital derives its origins... John William Money, Ph. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... A psychiatric hospital (also called, at various places and times, mental hospital or mental ward, historically often asylum, lunatic asylum, or madhouse), is a hospital specialising in the treatment of persons with mental illness. ...

After returning to New Zealand in 1963, Frame accepted the Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago in 1965.^[7] In subsequent years, the author lived in several different parts of New Zealand's North Island, including Auckland, Taranaki, Wanganui, the Horowhenua, Palmerston North, Waiheke, Stratford, Browns Bay and Levin.^[7] In addition to these numerous, and somewhat infamous^[7] shifts of residence, Frame also travelled a great deal, principally to the United States, where she received offers of residencies at the artists' colonies MacDowell and Yaddo.^[7] Partly as a result of these extended stays abroad, several Americans became some of Frame's closest friends,^[13] including the painter Theophilus Brown and his partner Paul Wonner, along with the novelists May Sarton, Philip Roth, John Marquand, Jr. and Alan Lelchuck. In addition, Frame's one-time teacher/therapist and longtime friend Money lived and worked in North America from 1947 onwards, and Frame frequently used his home in Baltimore as a base.^[7] The terms Burns Fellowship and Burns Fellow have several applications around the world: Arthur F. Burns Fellowship for United States journalists with German language skills, organized by the International Center for Journalists Robert Burns Fellowship, University of Otago - a New Zealand literary fellowship based in the nations most Scottish... The University of Otago (Māori: ) in Dunedin is New Zealands oldest university with over 20,000 students enrolled during 2006. ... North Island The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. ... For other uses, see Auckland (disambiguation). ... View of Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont from Stratford, facing west. ... Wanganui   is an urban area and district on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Horowhenua is a district on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. ... Palmerston North (Māori: ) is the main city of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island of New Zealand. ... An image of Waiheke Island using satellite data. ... Stratford is the main town of the central Taranaki region, aptly named as the Stratford District. Situated directly inland from Mount Taranaki, Stratford is a rural service centre with a 2001 population of 5225. ... . Browns Bay beach Browns Bay is an Auckland suburb. ... Levin is a town in the North Island of New Zealand. ... Categories: People stubs | 1860 births | 1908 deaths | American composers ... Yaddo was founded as a nonprofit organization in 1900 by the financier Spencer Trask and his wife Katrina, herself a poet, Nichols Trask, and philanthropist George Foster Peabody. ... May Sarton (May 3, 1912-July 16, 1995) was an American poet, novelist, and memoirist born in Wondelgem, Belgium. ... Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933, Newark, New Jersey[1]) is a famous American novelist. ... John William Money, Ph. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Monument City, Charm City, Mob Town, B-more Motto: Get In On It (formerly The City That Reads and The Greatest City in America; BELIEVE is not the official motto but rather a specific campaign) Location Location of Baltimore in Maryland Coordinates , Government Country State County United...

In the 1980s Frame authored three volumes of autobiography (To the Is-land, An Angel at my Table and The Envoy from Mirror City) which collectively trace the course of her life leading up to her return to New Zealand in 1963.^[9] Director Jane Campion and screenwriter Laura Jones adapted the trilogy into the 1990 film An Angel at my Table, in which a trio of actresses, (Kerry Fox, Alexia Keogh and Karen Fergusson) portray the author at various ages. As a result of the autobiographies, which collectively sold more than any of her previous publications,^[7] and, even more so, Campion's widely successful film-adaptation of the texts,^[7] a new generation of readers were introduced to the author and of her work, pushing Frame increasingly into the public eye. Jane Campion (born April 30, 1954 in Wellington, New Zealand) is an Academy Award-winning film maker. ... An Angel at My Table is a 1990 New Zealand film directed by Jane Campion. ... Kerry Fox is a New Zealand actress born July 30, 1966 in Wellington, New Zealand). ... An Angel at My Table is a 1990 New Zealand film directed by Jane Campion. ...

The impetus behind Frame's memoirs, as noted by the author as well as her biographer, publishers and critics alike, was to "set the record straight" regarding her past and, in particular, her mental status.^[14][7] Indeed, Frame's mental health has long been the subject of repeated critical and public speculation,^[7] most recently with rehabilitation physician Sarah Abrahamson's speculation that the author may have been autistic.^[15] Frame scholars and Frame family members and friends contested Abrahamson's interpretation, most vehemently Frame's niece and literary executor Pamela Gordon,^[16][17][18] who herself has a daughter with autism,^[7] but both the New Zealand Medical Journal^[19] and the author^[20] defended the work, claiming that it is indeed possible to diagnose a disorder despite never having met the person or read any of their medical records. Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior, all exhibited before a child is three years old. ...

Frame was awarded the title of Commander of the Order of British Empire (CBE) in 1983 and made a member of the Order of New Zealand, the country's highest civil honour, in 1990. The author also held foreign membership of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, received honorary doctorates from two New Zealand universities, and achieved recognition as a cultural icon in her native country.^[21] Rumours occasionally circulated portraying Frame as a contender for the Nobel Prize in literature, most notably in 1998, when Frame was dubbed the leading contender after a journalist spotted her name at the top of a list that was later revealed to have been in alphabetical order,^[22] and again five years later, in 2003, when Asa Bechman, the influential chief literary critic at the Swedish daily Dagens Nyheter, wrongly predicted that the author would win the prestigious prize.^[23] Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions, in order of seniority: Knight or Dame Grand Cross... Badge of the Order of New Zealand The Order of New Zealand is the highest honour in New Zealands honours system. ... American Academy of Arts and Letters is an organization whose goal is to foster, assist, and sustain an interest in American literature, music, and art. ... René-François-Armand Prudhomme (1839–1907), a French poet and essayist, was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901, in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart... ▶(?) (DN) (Swedish: lit. ...

Wrestling with the Angel. The front cover of prominent New Zealand historian Michael King's award-winning biography on Frame, first published in 2000.

In 2000, the popular historian Michael King published his authorised biography of Frame, Wrestling with the Angel, simultaneously released in New Zealand and North America, with British and Australian editions appearing in the following years.^[9] King's exhaustive work attracted equal measures of praise and criticism; some questioned the extent to which Frame guided the hand of her biographer,^[24][25] with one critic likening King's role to that of a ventriloquist's dummy,^[26] while others felt that he had failed to come to terms with the complexity and subtlety of his subject.^[27] King defended his project and maintained that future biographies on Frame would eventually fill in the gaps left by his own work.^[28] Dr Michael King OBE (15 December 1945 - 30 March 2004) was a widely respected Pakeha New Zealand historian, author and biographer. ... Dr Michael King OBE (15 December 1945 - 30 March 2004) was a widely respected Pakeha New Zealand historian, author and biographer. ...

Janet Frame died in Dunedin in January 2004, aged 79, from acute myeloid leukaemia, shortly after becoming one of the inaugural recipients of New Zealand's newly-minted "Icon" and Prime Minister's awards for the arts.^[29][30] Since her death, two posthumous works have been published in Oceania: a volume of poetry entitled The Goose Bath, which was awarded the local 2007 Montana Book Award for poetry, generating some controversy among New Zealand's literati,^[31][32] and a previously unpublished novel, Towards Another Summer, largely based on a weekend Frame spent with British journalist Geoffrey Moorhouse and his family.^[7][33] Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), also known as acute myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells. ... For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ... Geoffrey Moorhouse (Born 1931[1]) is an English author. ...

Literary works