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A Janjaweed miltiaman mounted

The Janjaweed (Arabic: جنجويد; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc.– thought to mean "a man with a gun on a horse" or "a man on a horse") is a blanket term used to describe mostly armed gunmen in Darfur, western Sudan, and now eastern Chad [1]. Using the United Nations definition, the Janjaweed are comprised of nomadic Arabic-speaking African tribes (i.e. Black Arabs, or Afro-Arabs), the core of whom are from Abbala (camel herder) background with significant Lambo recruitment from the Baggara (cattle herder) people. They have been at odds with Darfur's sedentary population in the past. They are currently in conflict with Darfur rebel groups - the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement. Since 2003 they have been one of the main players in the Darfur conflict, which has pitted the largely nomadic Arab-identifying Muslim Sudanese against the sedentary non-Arab Muslim Sudanese population of the region in a battle over resource and land allocation. [2] Image File history File links Circle-contradict. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 357 × 263 pixelsFull resolution (357 × 263 pixel, file size: 21 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Janjaweed ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 357 × 263 pixelsFull resolution (357 × 263 pixel, file size: 21 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Janjaweed ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... A blanket term is a word or phrase that is used to describe multiple groups of related things. ... Darfur (Arabic: , lit. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Pastoralists are people whose main source of livelihood is livestock with which they move seasonally in search of fresh pasture and water. ... The Baggara or Baqqarah (Arabic: البقارة) are a nomadic Bedouin people inhabiting Africa from between Lake Chad and the Nile, in the states of Sudan (particularly Darfur), Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic. ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... Combatants factions of the SLA Justice & Equality Movement Janjaweed  Sudan Minnawi-faction of the SLA Commanders SLA: SalaBob and Sulaiman Gamos JEM: Ibrahim Khalil Janjaweed: ? Sudan: Omar al-Bashir SLA: Minni Minnawi Casualties 300,000 civilians killed (est. ... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... i am vegeta ...

The name Janjaweed is often believed to mean something in a dialect of Western Sudan. [3] Generically meaning ‘hordes’ in colloquial Arab, there is no evidence for etymological connection between Janjaweed and ‘jinn’ (spirit), ‘jim’ (‘G’ as in G3 rifle), ‘jawad’ (horse) or 'ganja,' a Sanskrit vernacular for marijuana. The Janjaweed are the successor to an earlier Arab tribal militia, the Murahilin (literally “nomads”), which had existed for many years beforehand. [4] Not to be confused with Entomology, the study of insects. ... The G3 series is a battle rifle, manufactured by Heckler und Koch since 1958. ... Cannabis (also known as marijuana[1] or ganja[2] in its herbal form and hashish in its resinous form[3]) is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa L. subsp. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an organization of citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ...

The term is instead a derivative of the Persian word, jang, "war", and jangawee, "warrior." The term was adopted by the Mahdists in Sudan along with the idea of the Mahdi---a lingering tradition of the old Rustamid Ibadi dynasty of Tunisia who hailed from a Persian background. The Ismaili Shia Fatimids dynasty, who conquered the Rustamids, inherited the term and carried it to Egypt, thence Sudan. The Mahdists showed a strong Shia ideological imprint, although they were Sunnis in their belief. The term Janjaweed is an Arabicized version of Jangawee--, which stood for "faith warriors" among the old Shia communities of North Africa in the medieval times. Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah (1844 - June 22, 1885) was a Muslim religious leader, a faqir, in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Muhammad al-Mahdi. ... The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) dynasty of Ibadi Kharijite imams ruled the central Maghreb for a century and a half from their capital Tahert, until destroyed by the Fatimids. ... Al-Ibāḍiyyah (Arabic الاباضية) is a form of Islam distinct from the Shiite and Sunni denominations. ... The IsmāʿīlÄ« (Urdu: اسماعیلی IsmāʿīlÄ«, Arabic: الإسماعيليون al-IsmāʿīliyyÅ«n; Persian: اسماعیلیان Esmāʿīliyān) branch of Islam is the second largest part of the ShÄ«a community, after the Twelvers (Ithnāʿashariyya). ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... The Fatimid Empire or Fatimid Caliphate ruled North Africa from A.D. 909 to 1171. ... The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) dynasty of Ibadi Kharijite imams ruled the central Maghreb for a century and a half from their capital Tahert, until destroyed by the Fatimids. ... Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah (1844 - June 22, 1885) was a Muslim religious leader, a faqir, in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. ...

History

The Janjaweed are a militia drawn from Darfurian and Chadian Arab-speaking tribes that became notorious for racist rhetoric, massacre, rape and forced displacement in 1990 and 2001-2005. The Janjaweed first emerged in 1988 after Chadian President Hissène Habré, backed by France and the United States, defeated the Libyan army, thereby ending Col. Muammar al-Gaddafi’s territorial designs on Chad. Libya’s Chadian protégé, Acheickh Ibn Omer Saeed, retreated with his Arab militia forces to Darfur, where they were hosted by Sheikh Musa Hilal, the newly-elevated chief of the Mahamid Rizeigat Arabs of north Darfur. Hilal’s tribesmen had earlier smuggled Libyan weapons to Ibn Omer’s forces. A French-Chadian incursion destroyed Ibn Omer’s camp, but his weapons remained with his Mahamid hosts, along with an Arab supremacist ideology associated with the Libyan-sponsored ‘Arab Reunion’. AMIS soldier (CIDA, 2005) “AMIS” redirects here. ... The recorded history of Darfur begins in the 14th century with the establishment of a Tunjur sultanate. ... IDP mother and malnourished child in North Darfur This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. ... Photographs of the My Lai massacre provoked world outrage and made it an international scandal. ... Forced migration refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region. ... List of Heads of State of Chad (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) Affiliations:- See also:- Chad Heads of Government of Chad Colonial Heads of Chad lists of incumbents Categories: Lists of office-holders ... Hissène Habré (born 1942), also spelled Hissen Habré, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990. ... The Armed forces of Libya are comprised of: The Libyan Army The Libyan Navy The Libyan Air Force The Libyan Peoples Militia Libya      Military of Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the... Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 (Arabic:   ) (born c. ... Sheikh Musa Hilal, (born 1961) a 6 foot 4 tall and copper-skinned Sudanese Arab Janjaweed militia leader, warlord and tribal leader of the Darfuri Mahamid clan, which in turn belongs to the Rizeigat tribe, who is mostly famous for supplying forces for the government-backed Janjaweed, has become internationally...

Throughout the 1990s, the Janjaweed were an amalgam of Chadian and Darfurian "Arab" militia, tolerated by the Sudan Government, pursuing local agendas of controlling land. The majority of Darfur’s Arabs, the Baggara confederation, were and remain uninvolved in the war. In 1999-2000, faced with threats of insurgencies in Western and Northern Darfur, Khartoum’s security armed the Janjaweed forces. When the insurgency escalated in February 2003, spearheaded by the Sudan Liberation Movement, and the Justice and Equality Movement, the Sudanese Government responded by using the Janjaweed as its main counter-insurgency force. Protracting the militia to attack and recover the rebel held areas of Darfur, the Janjaweed conducted a scorched earth campaign of mass atrocity targeting civilians in the region of Darfur. A large number of world leaders and countries have declared the Janjaweed killings in Darfur to be genocide, since they have killed an estimated 450,000 civilians in the last three years.^{[citation needed]} The U.S. State Department and others in 2004 named leading Janjaweed commanders including Musa Hilal as suspected genocide criminals. The UN Security Council called for the Janjaweed to be disarmed. Nickname: Khartoums location in Sudan Coordinates: Government  - Governor Abdul Halim al Mutafi Population (2005)  - Urban Over 1 Million For other uses, see Khartoum (disambiguation). ... The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or Haraka Tahrir Sudan (abbreviated as either SLM or SLA) is a loose association of Sudanese rebel groups who fought against the Janjaweed Arab militiamen and Sudanese government forces in the Darfur conflict. ... The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. ... A scorched earth policy is a military tactic which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. ... Darfur (Arabic: , lit. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

By early 2006, many Janjaweed had been absorbed into the Sudan Armed Forces including the Popular Defence Forces and Border Guards. Meanwhile, the Janjaweed expanded to include some Arab-speaking tribes in eastern Darfur, not historically associated with the original Janjaweed. Chadian "Arabs" were also increasingly active in seeking to reestablish a political base in Chad, as part of the Unified Forces for a Democratic Change (FUC) coalition. Border Guard (Polish Straż Graniczna, SG) is a Polish military unit tasked with patrol of the Polish border. ...

Musa Hilal, who heads a small but powerful Darfurian "Arab" tribe [5], is suspected by the US State Department of being a leader of the Janjaweed. [6] The New Yorker quotes him: " I am a tribal leader. ... The government call to arms is carried out through the tribal leaders." [7] He admits recruiting but denies being in the military chain of command, according to Human Rights Watch. [8] The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes reportage, criticism, essays, cartoons, poetry and fiction. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ...

External links

• "Darfur Documents Confirm Government Policy of Militia Support", Human Rights Watch, July 20, 2004
• "Darfur's War of Definitions" by Ramzy Baroud, Antiwar.com, August 26, 2004
• "Painful legacy of Darfur's horrors: Children born of rape" by Lydia Polgreen, International Herald Tribune, February 12, 2005
• "Janjaweed Chief Says Sudan Government Backed Attacks", Human Rights Watch, March 2, 2005
• "Who Are the Janjaweed? A guide to the Sudanese militiamen" by Brendan I. Koerner, Slate, July 19, 2005
• "Janjaweed still roam free in Darfur" by Karen Allen, BBC News, 26 April 2007
• "Who are the Darfurians? Arab and African Identities, Violence and External Engagement"PDF by Alex de Waal, SSRC and GEI, Harvard, undated
• Picture essay of the Janjaweed, The First Post, undated
• "Darfur Truth Report", African Holocaust, undatedmuallimeen