Cambaceres This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this...

Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès

Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, Duke of Parma is a medieval city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with splendid architecture and a fine countryside around it. The city was most probably founded and named by the Etruscans, for a parma (circular shield) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and... Parma, ( October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). There are 74 days remaining. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the mad Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who hacks the Churchs foundations... 18 October Events January 1 - Britain and its colonies adopt the idea that 1st January should be New Years Day, following adoption of the Gregorian calendar in September 1752. The concept was first conceived in 1582, but suffered from slow public adoption. April 5 – Founding charter of the Sweden adopts... 1753 - March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). There are 298 days remaining. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but later on May 15 confirms... 8 March 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 22 - Ashantis crush British forces in the Gold Coast Cimetière du Montparnasse established The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War March 17 signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty... 1824), The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... French lawyer and statesman, is best remembered as the author of the The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des francais, or civil code of the French), was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to... Code Napoléon, which still forms the basis of French law.

Cambacérès was homosexual, and is widely, but not altogether accurately, given credit for decriminalising Homosexuality may refer to: A sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love, and sexual desire exclusively or almost exclusively for members of the same sex or with the same gender identity (e.g. male or female). Sexual behavior with another of the same sex or gender regardless of sexual... homosexuality in France.

Early career

Cambacérès was born at Location within France Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a city in the south of France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon région, as well as the préfecture (administrative capital) of the Hérault département. Population of the city ( commune) of... Montpellier in southern France, into a family of the legal nobility (noblesse de robe). In Events January 21 - Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I. May 10 - Louis XVI becomes King of France. June 2 - Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted. July 21... 1774 he graduated in law and succeeded his father as councillor in the Montpellier court of accounts and finances. He was a supporter of the The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... French Revolution of 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - First nationwide United States election January 21 - The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts January 23 - Georgetown College becomes the first... 1789, and was elected to represent Montpellier at the meeting of the The Estates-General of 1789 was the first meeting of the French Estates-General, a general assembly consisting of representatives from all but the poorest segment of the French citizenry, since 1614. The independence which it displayed from the crown paved the way for the French Revolution. Background Among the... Estates-General at Versailles, formerly the capital city of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important administrative and judicial center. The city ( commune) of Versailles, located in the western suburbs of Paris, is the préfecture (capital) of the Yvelines département... Versailles, although he was unable to take his seat. In 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 25 - The London Corresponding Society is founded. February 20 - The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington. March 16 - King of Sweden Gustav III Shot in the... 1792 he represented the The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. They are subdivided into 342 arrondissements. Départements are also found in Côte dIvoire. Administrative role Each... département of Hérault is a département in the southwest of France named after the Hérault River. History Hérault was one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc. At the beginning... Herault in the This article is about a legislative body and constitutional convention during the French Revolution. The term national convention also refers, in the United States, to the presidential nominating conventions. During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from September... Convention which assembled and proclaimed the The French people proclaimed Frances First Republic on 21 September 1792 as a result of the French Revolution and of the abolition of the French monarchy. This marked the first occasion in many centuries where a major European state moved from monarchical to republican mode, and presaged a new... First French Republic in September 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 25 - The London Corresponding Society is founded. February 20 - The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington. March 16 - King of Sweden Gustav III Shot in the... 1792.

In revolutionary terms Cambacérès was a moderate. During the trial of Louis XVI Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. Suspended and arrested during the insurrection of the 10th of August, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of... Louis XVI he protested that the Convention did not have the power to sit as a court and demanded that the king should have due facilities for his defence. Nevertheless, when the trial proceeded, he voted with the majority which declared Louis to be guilty, but recommended that the penalty should be postponed until it could ratified by a legislative body.

In 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 2 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland January 9 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States. January 21 - After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, Citizen... 1793 Cambacérès became a member of the Committee of General Defence, but was not a member of its famous successor, the The Committee of Public Safety (French: le Haut Comit de la sant publique), set up by the National Convention on April 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of France during the Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) of the French Revolution. Under war conditions and with national survival seemingly... Committee of Public Safety, until the end of Events February 11 - 1st session of the United States Senate is open to the public. March 14 - Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin. March 27 - The United States Government established a permanent United States Navy and authorized the building of six vessels (in 1797 the first... 1794, after the The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. The Terror (see also state terrorism) originated with a highly centralized political regime that suspended most of the democratic achievements of the Revolution, and intended to pursue the Revolution on social... Reign of Terror had ended. In the meantime he worked on much of the legislation of the revolutionary period. During Events January 16 - French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands. January 20 - French troops enter Amsterdam and later proclaim Batavian Republic. January 23 - Dutch fleet freezes in IJsselmeer. February 7 - The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed. April 7 - France adopts the metre as the unit of length. April 8... 1795 he was also employed as a diplomat, and negotiated peace with The Kingdom of Spain or Spain ( Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino da España) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. To the... Spain.

Cambacérès was considered too conservative to be one of the five Directors who took power in the coup of Events January 16 - French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands. January 20 - French troops enter Amsterdam and later proclaim Batavian Republic. January 23 - Dutch fleet freezes in IJsselmeer. February 7 - The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed. April 7 - France adopts the metre as the unit of length. April 8... 1795, and finding himself in opposition to the The Directory (in French Directoire) held executive power in France from October 1795 until November 1799 - from the end of the Convention to the beginning of the Consulate. Five Directors shared power. In the history of France, this period constitutes the last stage of the French Revolution and precedes the... Directorate he retired from politics. In 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events March 1 - Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. March 7 - Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives. March 29 - New York... 1799, however, as the Revolution entered a more moderate phase, he became Minister of Justice. He supported the coup of 18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup détat by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate. This occurred on November 9, 1799, which was 18 Brumaire in the year VIII under the... 18 Brumaire (in November 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events March 1 - Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. March 7 - Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives. March 29 - New York... 1799) which brought Napoléon Bonaparte to power as Originally, three equal Consuls made up the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the Consulate in France (1799-1804). Napoleon, however, soon arose as the strongest of the three. Contents // Categories: Stub ... First Consul in a new regime designed to establish a stable constitutional republic.

The Code Napoléon

In December 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events March 1 - Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. March 7 - Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives. March 29 - New York... 1799 Cambacérès was appointed Originally, three equal Consuls made up the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the Consulate in France (1799-1804). Napoleon, however, soon arose as the strongest of the three. Contents // Categories: Stub ... Second Consul under Bonaparte. He owed this appointment to his vast legal knowledge and his reputation as a moderate republican. His most important work during this period was the drawing up of a new Civil Law Code, later called the The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des francais, or civil code of the French), was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to... Code Napoléon, France's first modern legal code. The code was promulgated by Bonaparte (as Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des... Emperor Napoleon) in 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Events January January 1 - End of French rule in Haiti February February 14 - First Serbian Uprising began. February 15 - New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery February 16 - First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the... 1804. It was the work of Cambacérès and a commission of four lawyers.

The Code was a revised form of Roman law is the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, from its earliest days to the time of the Eastern Roman Empire, even to the time of the Emperor Justinian I after the fall of Rome itself. Roman law is the foundation of many legal... Roman law, with some modifications drawn from the laws of the The Franks were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the region of Franconia in Germany, forming the historic kernel of both these two modern... Franks still current in northern France (Coutume de Paris). The Code was later extended by Napoleon's conquests to The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy, the The Netherlands ( Dutch: Nederland) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). The Netherlands is a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch, located in northwestern Europe. It borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the... Netherlands, The Kingdom of Belgium ( Dutch: Koninkrijk België, French: Royaume de Belgique, German: Königreich Belgien) is a country in Western Europe, bordered by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France, and the North Sea. Belgium is at a cultural crossroad between Germanic Europe and Romance Europe. It has Dutch speakers... Belgium, western The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... Germany and The Kingdom of Spain or Spain ( Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino da España) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. To the... Spain, and indirectly to the Spanish colonies in Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. Most frequently the term Latin America is restricted to countries whose inhabitants speak... Latin America. Cambacérès's work has thus been enormously influential in European and American legal history. Versions of the Code are still in force in This article describes the Canadian province. For other usages, see Quebec (disambiguation). Motto: Je me souviens (I remember) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Area 1,542,056 km² (2nd)  - Land 1,183,128 km... Québec and Louisiana is a southern state of the United States of America. It uses the U.S. postal abbreviation LA. The state is bordered to the west by the state of Texas, to the north by Arkansas, to the east by the state of Mississippi, and to the south by the... Louisiana.

The Code dealt with Civil Law; other codes ensued for Penal Law, This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Criminal procedure is the process used in dealing with violations of criminal law. Like most aspects of law it often works differently in jurisdictions that follow the civil law tradition and common law... criminal procedure, civil procedure.

Cambacérès and homosexuality

Consuls This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this...

Cambacérès, Bonaparte and Lebrun

It is widely believed that Cambacérès used the Code Napoléon (or rather, the associated Penal Code) to decriminalise male homosexuality, and the fact that he was himself homosexual gives credibility to this belief. His sexual orientation was well-known, and he does not seem to have made any effort to conceal it. He remained unmarried, and kept to the company of other bachelors. Napoléon is recorded as making a number of jokes on the subject. During the Consulate, Bonaparte, Cambacérès and Originally, three equal Consuls made up the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the Consulate in France (1799-1804). Napoleon, however, soon arose as the strongest of the three. Contents // Categories: Stub ... Third Consul Charles François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, prince de lempire ( 19 March 1739 - 16 June 1824) was a French statesman. He was born at St-Sauveur-Lendelin ( Manche), and in 1762 made his first appearance as a lawyer at Paris. He filled the posts successively of censeur royale... Charles-François Lebrun were known as "Qui, Quae et Quod." (He, She and It).

Before the Revolution, sexual conduct had been regulated by mediaeval ecclesiastical law. When the The National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante) was formed from the National Assembly on July 9, 1789, during the first stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved September 30, 1791, succeeded by the Legislative Assembly. Background The Estates-General of 1789, which convened on May 5, had reached... National Constituent Assembly abolished An ecclesiastical court (also called Court Christian) is any of certain courts having jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or religious matters. In the middle ages in many areas of Europe these courts had much wider powers than before the development of nation states as they were experts in interpreting canon law... ecclesiastical courts in Events January 25 - The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada March 3 - The U.S. Congress passes a resolution calling for the establishment of the United States Mint (U.S. Mint not created until next year). March... 1791, it therefore in effect decriminalised male homosexuality, although it is not clear that this was its intention (a similar state of affairs occurred during the early years of the The phrase Russian Revolution can refer to three specific events in the history of Imperial Russia. Timeline of The Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a series of riots and anti-government violence against Tsar Nicholas II, leading to the first Russian Constitution and the creation of the... Russian Revolution in 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). Events January-February President Woodrow Wilson of the United States announces to Congress the breaking of diplomatic relations with Germany January 2 - The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank. January 22 - World War I: President Woodrow... 1917).

The authors of the Code Napoléon had the option of reintroducing a law against male homosexuality (as was eventually done in the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик... Soviet Union), but chose not to do so, presumably at least partly as a result of the influence of Cambacérès. In this sense Cambacérès can be credited with the decision to make decriminalisation a permanent fact of French law. Recent research by Michael Sibalis has shown, however, that Napoléonic officials could and did repress homosexuality using other laws, such as "offenses against public decency."

Sibalis argues that while officials of the Napoléonic regime disliked what they saw "crimes against nature," such offences were seldom actually tried as such in the courts. He concludes that despite police surveillance and harassment, "the Revolutionary and Napoléonic period was a time of relative freedom," partially anticipating "contemporary legal toleration."

Later career

Cambacérès disapproved of Bonaparte's accumulation of power into his own hands, culminating in the proclamation of the The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire, the Napoleonic Empire or simply as The Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and of much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. Constitutionally, it refers to the period of 1804 to 1814, from the Consulate... First French Empire on May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). There are 226 days remaining. Events 1500-1899 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with 3 ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnaconas 2 sons... 19 May 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Events January January 1 - End of French rule in Haiti February February 14 - First Serbian Uprising began. February 15 - New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery February 16 - First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the... 1804. But he retained office under Napoléon, with the title Arch-Chancellor of the Empire and President of the Senate. He also became a prince of the Empire and in Events January 1 - Importation of slaves into the United States is banned February 11 - Russia issues an ultimatum to France, Finland. March 26 - Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII April 6 - John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company. May 2 - Peninsular War: The... 1808 was made The Duchy of Parma was a small Italian state between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1860. The Duke of Parma was also Duke of Piacenza, except for the first years of the rule of Ottavio Farnese (1549-1556), and the time of the Napoleonic Dukes of Parma... Duke of Parma. Under Napoléon as under the revolutionary regime, he was a force for moderation, opposing adventures such as the invasion of The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia in Events January 1 - the Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, the Austrian civil code enters into force in the Austrian Empire February 2 - Russia establishes a fur trading colony at Fort Ross, California February 7 - The strongest in a series of massive earthquakes near New Madrid, Missouri, est. >8 on Richter... 1812.

As Napoléon became increasingly obsessed with military affairs, Cambacérès became the de facto domestic ruler of France, a position which inevitably made him increasingly unpopular as France's economic situation grew worse. His taste for high living attracted hostile comment. Nevertheless he was given credit for the justice and moderation of his government, although the enforcement of conscription was increasingly resented towards the end of the The French Revolutionary Wars occurred between the outbreak of war between the French Revolutionary government and Austria in 1792 and the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. It is usually divided between the First Coalition (1792-1797) and the Second Coalition (1798-1801), although France was at war with Britain continuously... wars.

When the Empire fell in 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). Events January 14 - Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in exchange for west Pomerania, as part of the Treaty of Kiel January 29 - French army of Emperor Napoleon I wins the Battle of Brienne January 31 - Gervasio Antonio de... 1814 Cambacérès retired to private life, but was recalled during Napoléon's brief return to power in 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 3 - Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. January 4 - Netherlands, Foundation of the first dutch student association, the Groninger Studenten Corps, Vindicat Atque Polit. The first rector of... 1815. After the Following the ouster of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called in French the Restauration, characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re_establishment of the Roman Catholic church as a power in French politics. Louis XVIII 1814... restoration of the monarchy, he was in danger of arrest for his revolutionary activities, and for a time he was exiled from France. But the fact that he had opposed the execution of Louis XVI counted in his favour, and in May 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. Events February 12 - Chile gains its independence from Spain March 11 - Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is published March 22 - Easter Sunday falls on its earliest possible date. The next time Easter will fall this early: 2285. April 4 - The U.S. Congress... 1818 his civil rights as a citizen of France were restored. He was a member of the The Académie française, or French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution... Académie française, and lived quietly in provincial France until his death in 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 22 - Ashantis crush British forces in the Gold Coast Cimetière du Montparnasse established The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War March 17 signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty... 1824.

External links

• The House of Cambacérès (http://www.heraldique-europeenne.org/Regions/France/Cambaceres.htm) (in French)
• French Council of State website on Cambacérès (http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/histoi/index_hp_gf01.shtml) (in French)
• The Code Napoléon (http://www.history-magazine.com/codenap.html)
• website of Dr Michael Sibalis (http://www.wlu.ca/~wwwhist/msibalis.shtml)