Jean-Pierre Boyer

Jean-Pierre Boyer (possibly February 15, 1776 – July 9, 1850), Haïtian soldier and President of Haïti (1818-1843), born a free mulatto in Port-au-Prince, and educated in France. He fought with Toussaint L'Ouverture and then joined André Rigaud, also a mulatto, in the latter's abortive insurrection against Toussaint. He returned in 1802 with the French army of Charles Leclerc, but later joined the patriots under Alexandre Pétion, who chose him as his successor. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1776 (MDCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Haiti is a country situated on the western third of the island of Hispaniola and the smaller islands of La Gonâve, La Tortue (Tortuga), Grande Caye, and Ile a Vache in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba; the Dominican Republic shares Hispaniola with Haiti. ... This page lists presidents and other heads of state of Haïti. ... Categories: Caribbean geography stubs | Capitals in North America | Haiti ... François-Dominique Toussaint LOuverture François-Dominique Toussaint LOuverture, also Toussaint Bréda, Toussaint-Louverture (c. ... André Rigaud (1761-1811) was the leading mulatto military leader during the Haitian Revolution. ... Dame Kelly Holmes is half Black (Jamaican) and half White (English). ... Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc (Pontoise Val-dOise, France 1772 - Saint Domingue, November 1, 1802) was a French general and a companion of Napoleon I of France. ... Alexandre Sabès Pétion (April 2, 1770 – March 29, 1818) was President of the southern Republic of Haiti from 1806 until his death. ...

Old French Haïti split north–south in 1806 following the overthrow of Emperor Jean-Jacques Dessalines into two separate realms of Henri Christophe and Pétion. Boyer was made the successor of Pétion and took control of the south following his death in 1818. When Christophe committed suicide in 1820, Boyer secured the northern portion of the country. When Spanish Santo Domingo became independent in late 1821 Boyer was quick to invade the island by February, 1822. Jean-Jacques Dessalines Jean-Jacques Dessalines (September 20, 1758–October 17, 1806) was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and an Emperor of Haiti (1804–1806 under the name of Jacques I). ... Portrait as King Henry I. Henri Christophe (October 6, 1767 – October 8, 1820) was a career officer and general in the Haïtian Army. ... Santo Domingo de Guzmán, population 2,061,200 (Metro) (2003), estimated 2,253,437 (Metro) in 2006, is the capital and the largest city of the Dominican Republic. ...

Internationally, Boyer was anxious to remove the threat of France and opened negotiations. An agreement was reached on July 11, 1825, when with fourteen French warships off Port-au-Prince, Boyer signed an indemnity, stating that in return for 150 million francs paid within five years, France would recognize Haïti as an independent country. While this sum was later reduced to 60 million francs (1838), it was a crushing economic blow to Haïti, and cruelly Boyer had to negotiate a loan from France of 30 million francs in order to pay the first part of the indemnity. The Haïtian population meanwhile was retreating into an agricultural subsistence pattern, defying the initial plan of Boyer to enforce the semi-feudal fermage system.

The people of Haïti were aggrieved at their situation and in order to placate them, Boyer resurrected a land distribution program, attempted and then abandoned during the initial revolution. The large plantations were broken up and the land distributed, the rural population were tied to their smallholdings and given production quotas.

Boyer's rule lasted until 1843 when the poor economic situation was worsened by an earthquake, and the disadvantaged rural population rose up under Charles Riviere-Hérard in late January. On February 13, Boyer fled Haïti to nearby Jamaica before eventually settling in exile in France, dying in Paris. Descendants of Boyer live in the impoverished Haïti to this day. Charles Riviere-Hérard also known as Charles Herard Aine (February 16, 1789 - August 31, 1850) was an officer in the Haitian Army during that countries war for independence. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...