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See also: Yahweh

Jehovah is an English transcription of יְהֹוָה, which occurs 6518 times in the Ben Chayyim Hebrew Text of 1525 A.D., which underlies the Old Testament of the King James Bible. According to many scholars Jehovah [a.k.a. Iehouah and Iehovah) is a pseudo-Hebrew form which was mistakenly created when Medieval and/or Renaissance Christian scholars misunderstood the common Qere perpetuum of the partial vowel points of Adonai written together with the consonants of the Tetragrammaton YHWH (in order to indicate that written YHWH should be pronounced aloud as "Adonai", as was the usual Jewish practice at the time of the Masoretes).^[1] Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... It has been suggested that Yahweh be merged into this article or section. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Jehovah may refer to: Yahweh, the superordinate name of God in Hebrew scripture Yahwe, Yawé and other variant transcriptions: see tetragrammaton for a discussion Jehovah 1, an important character in the mythology of the Church of the SubGenius Jehovah Wanyonyi, a Kenyan mystic who claims to be God Jehovah complex... For other uses, see Yahweh (disambiguation). ...

Following long-standing tradition, in modern Jewish culture the Tetragrammaton is not pronounced, instead the above vocalization יְהֹוָה indicates to the reverent Jewish reader that the term Adonai is to be used. In places where the preceding or following word already is Adonai, the alternative term vocalized for the Tetragrammaton is differently indicated by the vocalization markings, indicating that the reading Elohim is to be used. Details of these vocalization markings differ between the various extant manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible. The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... At the bottom of the hands, the two letters on each hand combine to form יהוה (YHWH), the name of God. ... This article is about the Hebrew word. ...

Jewish tradition teaches that יְהֹוָה has the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי (Adonai), but the vowel points of these two words are not precisely the same, and scholars are not in total agreement as to why יְהֹוָה does not have the precise same vowel points as Adonai has. In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; dots) is the system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters in the Hebrew alphabet. ...

Early English translators, unacquainted with or in opposition to Jewish tradition, read this word as they would any other word, and transcribed "Iehouah" (1530 A.D.), "Iehovah" (1611 A.D.), or "Jehovah" (1671 A.D.).

In Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (1890 A.D.), James Strong transliterated יְהֹוָה as Y^ehovah.^[2]

See also: Yahweh

Ex 6.3 displaying Jehovah in 1671 KJV

Jehovah is the most commonly spoken English pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton.^{[citation needed]} The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 8, 1910 edition, page 329, states: “Jehovah, the proper name of God in the Old Testament." For other uses, see Yahweh (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with New Catholic Encyclopedia. ...

Modern usage of the rendering Jehovah

The following works, either always or sometimes render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah:

• William Tyndale, in his 1530 translation of the first five books of the English Bible, at Exodus 6:3 renders the divine name as Iehovah. In his note to this edition he wrote: "Iehovah is God's name...Moreover, as oft as thou seeist LORD in great letters (except there be any error in the printing) it is in Hebrew Iehovah."
• The King James (Authorized) Version, 1611: four times as the personal name of God (in all capital letters): Exodus 6:3; Psalm 83:18; Isaiah 12:2; Isaiah 26:4; and three times in place names: Genesis 22:14; Exodus 17:15; and Judges 6:24.
• Young's Literal Translation of the Holy Bible by J.N. Young, 1862, 1898 renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6831 times.
• A literal translation of the Old Testament (1890) and the New Testament (1884), by John Nelson Darby, renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6810 times in the main text.
• The American Standard Version, 1901 edition, consistently renders the Tetragrammaton as Je-ho’vah in all 6,823 places where it occurs in the Old Testament.
• The Modern Reader's Bible, 1914, by Richard Moulton, uses Jehovah at Ps.83:18; Ex.6:2-9; Ex.22:14; Ps.68:4; Jerm.16:20; Isa.12:2 & Isa. 26:4
• The New English Bible, published by Oxford University Press, 1970, e.g. Gen 22:14; Exodus 3:15,16; 6:3; 17:15; Judges 6:24
• The Literal Translation of the Holy Bible copyright © 1976-2000 by Jay P. Green, Sr., renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,866 times.
• The Living Bible, published by Tyndale House Publishers, Illinois 1971, e.g. Gen 22:14, Exodus 3:15; 4:1-27; 17:15; Lev 19:1-36; Deut 4: 29, 39; 5:5, 6; Judges 6:16, 24; Ps 83:18; 110:1; Isaiah 45:1, 18; Amos 5:8; 6:8; 9:6
• The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, published by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, NY 1961 and last revised in 1984: 'Jehovah' appears in the bible text 7,210 times, i.e. 6,973 in the Hebrew scriptures (OT), 237 times in the Christian Greek scriptures (NT).
• The Bible in Today's English (Good News Bible), published by the American Bible Society, 1976, in its preface states, 'the distinctive Hebrew name for God (usually transliterated Jehovah or Yahweh) is in this translation represented by "The Lord."' In the footnote to Exodus 6:3 they refer to their footnote for Exodus 3:14 which says of the '...name Yahweh, traditionally transliterated as Jehovah."
• In The Emphatic Diaglott, by Benjamin Wilson, the name Jehovah is found at Matthew 21:9 and in 17 other places in this translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (NT).

In Italian, the divine name of God is rendered as Jeova, or Geova (soft 'G'), and some Catholic churches in Italy bear the name in this form in their architecture. William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tindale) (ca. ... // Authorized King James Version King James Version (disambiguation) James I of England (1566-1625) James II of England (1633-1701) King James can also refer to two Aragonese monarchs: James I of Aragon (1208–1276), surnamed the Conqueror, was the king of Aragon, count of Barcelona and Lord of Montpellier... Youngs Literal Translation (YLT) is a translation of the Bible into English. ... The Darby Bible refers to the Bible as translated from Hebrew by John Nelson Darby. ... The Standard American Edition, Revised Version, more commonly known as the American Standard Version (ASV), is a version of the Bible that was released in 1901. ... The New English Bible (NEB) was a fresh translation of the Bible into modern English directly from the original Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic texts (with some Latin in the Apocrypha); with the New Testament being published in 1961, and the Old Testament, along with the Apocrypha, being published in 1970. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Living Bible (TLB) is a English version of the Bible by Kenneth Taylor released in 1971. ... The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a modern-language translation of the Bible published by Jehovahs Witnesses, specifically Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. ... The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania is the main corporation representing the Jehovahs Witnesses, and publishes The Watchtower. ...

Although the original pronunciation of יהוה has become lost, for many centuries the popular English word for the personal name of God has been “Jehovah.” This is why some religious groups, notably Jehovah's Witnesses and the King-James-Only Movement, make prominent use, in English speaking countries, of the pronunciation, "Jehovah". Among Jehovah's Witnesses, the name varies according to the common pronuciation in the language spoken, and terms definitively referencing the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, such as Yahweh, are considered equally useful. The King-James-Only Movement is a position, usually of Fundamentalist Protestant Christians of English-speaking countries, which rejects all modern versions of the Bible, accepting only the King James Version (KJV), also known as the Authorized Version (AV), as the only accurate and reliable translation. ...

Other groups maintain that the proposed Yahweh is incorrect and invalid and that Jehovah alone is the correct pronunciation.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Yahweh (disambiguation). ...

Similarly well-established English substitutions for Hebrew personal names include Joshua, Isaiah, Jesus, and others, the precise pronunciations for many of which have also been lost.

History

A Latin rendering of the Tetragrammaton has been the form "Jova", sounding very similar to "Jehovah". Origenis Hexaplorum, edited by Frederick Field, 1875.

Under the heading "יהוה c. 6823", the editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon write that יְהֹוָה occurs 6518 times in the Masoretic Text. ^[3] The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible (Tanakh). ...

Early transcriptions of יהוה similar to "Jehovah"

• Ιεωα: (Ieōa, /ˈj:oʊɐ/) in Hellenistic magical texts #

'#' marks forms listed by Sir Godfrey Driver. The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance...

Early transcriptions of יְהֹוָה similar to "Jehovah"

Excerpts from Raymond Martin's Pugio Fidei adversus Mauros et Judaeos of 1270 CE (page 559).
(The text in the image reads: "Jehova, or [rather] Adonay".)

The word Jehovah displayed at the Roman Catholic Church named St. Martinskirche, Olten, Switzerland, 1521.

Graven image of the divine name as it is written on the wall of a Norwegian church. (Source: The Divine Name in Norway)

Transcriptions of יְהֹוָה similar to
"Jehovah" occurred as early as the
13th century. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 440 pixelsFull resolution (1586 × 873 pixel, file size: 393 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 440 pixelsFull resolution (1586 × 873 pixel, file size: 393 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ramón Martí was a 13th century Catalan Dominican monk and theologian. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Location within Switzerland Olten is a town in the Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. ... Image File history File links Sorfron_iehova. ... Image File history File links Sorfron_iehova. ...

• 1278: Jehova/Yohoua: in the work Pugio fidei by the Spanish monk Raymond Martin (Raymundus Martini).^[4]
• 1303: Yohouah: in the book Porchetus' Victory Against the Ungodly Hebrews. by Porchetus de Salvaticis.^[5].[3]
• 1518: Iehoua: in De Arcanis
  Catholicæ Veritatis,1518, folio
  xliii by Pope Leo X's confessor
  Peter Galatin (Galatinus)
• 1530: Iehouah: Tyndale's Pentateuch
• 1611: Iehovah: King James Bible of 1611
• 1671: Jehovah: 1671 [OT] / 1669 [NT] edition of the King James Bible

The editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon write that the pronunciation "Jehovah" was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety. The English transcription "Jehovah" appears in King James Versions as early as the 1670's and in subsequent versions. The critique of the English transcription Jehovah, as well as the critique of Galatinus's Latin Transcription Iehoua, and the earlier English transcriptions Iehouah and Iehovah, is based on the belief of scholars that the vowel points of יְהֹוָה are not the actual vowel points of God's name. Ramón Martí was a 13th century Catalan Dominican monk and theologian. ... Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521) was Pope from 1513 to his death. ... The title confessor is used in the Christian Church in two separate ways. ... Pietro Colonna Galatino (Petrus Galatinus) ( b. ... Pietro Colonna Galatino, also known as Petrus Galatinus (died after 1539) was an Italian Friar Minor, philosopher, theologian, and Orientalist. ... Johannes van den Driesche [or Drusius] (June 28, 1550 - February, 1616), Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders. ...

Thus while most scholarly sources say that scholars are critiquing the name "Jehovah", Galatinus's Latin Transcription Iehoua and the earlier English transcriptions Iehouah [1530 A.D.] and Iehovah [1611 A.D.] were being critiqued before the English transcription "Jehovah" [1671] ever started to appear. From a pronunciation standpoint in English, Iehouah has the same pronunciation and sounds identical to Jehovah.

All three transcriptions have the vowels "e" and "o" and "a", and scholars believe that those vowels are from another word [i.e. Adonay / Adonai], but as noted in the introduction of this article, the vowel points of יְהֹוָה and the vowel points of Adonay / Adonai are not precisely the same. [See Section 3 and Section 3.1 for more information]

Kethib and Qere and Qere perpetuum

The original consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was provided with vowel marks by the Masoretes to assist reading. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the Qere) differed from the consonants of the written text (the Kethib), they wrote the Qere in the margin as a note showing what was to be read. In such a case the vowels of the Qere were written on the Kethib. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted: this is called Q're perpetuum. The Masoretes (baalei masorah) were scribes based primarily in at least three places, Tiberias (the best known); Eretz Yisrael, or the land of Israel; and Babylonia. ... Qere (from Hebrew what is read, pronounced KEH-ray) is a marginal note in a traditional Hebrew text. ... Kethib (or Kethibh or Kethiv or Ketiv; Aramaic, ‎ or ܟܬܝܒ [what is] written) is a term used to refer to the forms appearing in the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible as they were preserved by scribal tradition. ... A Qre perpetuum or standing Qre is a technical orthographic device to indicate the pronunciation of certain words in the masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). ...

One of these frequent cases was God's name, that should not be pronounced, but read as adonai ("My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or, if the previous or next word already was adonai, or adoni, as elohim (God). This combination produces יְהֹוָה and יֱהֹוִה respectively, non-words that would spell "yehovah" and "yehovih" respectively. A ghost word is a word that has been published in a dictionary, or has been adopted as genuine, as the result of misinterpretation or a typographical error. ...

The first early modern English Bible translators to transcribe God's name into English did not contact Jewish scholars, and did not know of the Q're perpetuum custom, but transcribed "יְהֹוָה" into English as they saw it. It therefore became Iehouah in 1530 (Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch), Iehovah in 1611, and Jehovah in editions of the King James Bible dated 1670 or so. Early Modern English Bible translations are those translations of the Bible which were made between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. ... A Qre perpetuum or standing Qre is a technical orthographic device to indicate the pronunciation of certain words in the masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). ... William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tindale) (ca. ... Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The spelling gradually settling down as Roman alphabet J and V became distinct letters from I and U. The transcription Iehouah was used in the 16th century by many authors Roman Catholic and Protestant, but not Coverdale's Bible translation in 1535. ^[6] For other uses of J, see J (disambiguation). ... Look up V, v in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up I, i in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses of U, see U (disambiguation). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Myles Coverdale (also Miles Coverdale) (c1488 - January 20, 1568) was a 16th-century Bible translator who produced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English. ...

Examining the vowel points of יְהֹוָה and אֲדֹנָי

The spelling of the Tetragrammaton and connected forms in the Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible, with vowel points shown in red.

In the table below, Yehovah and Adonay are dissected Image File history File links Tetragrammaton-related-Masoretic-vowel-points. ... Image File history File links Tetragrammaton-related-Masoretic-vowel-points. ... In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; dots) is the system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters in the Hebrew alphabet. ...

Note in the table directly above that the "simple shewa" in Yehovah and the hatef patah in Adonay are not the same points. The same information is displayed in the table above and to the right where "YHWH intended to be pronounced as Adonai" and "Adonai, with its slightly different vowel points" are shown to have different vowel points. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The difference between the vowel points of ’ǎdônây and YHWH is explained by the rules of Hebrew morphology and phonetics. Shva and hataf-patah were allophones of the same phoneme used in different situations: hataf-patah on glottal consonants including aleph (such as the first letter in Adonai), and simple shva on other consonants (such as the 'y' in YHWH). For other uses, see Morphology. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound or voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme. ... In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ...

Critique of the transcription Jehovah in the 17th century

The transcription Jehovah [Iehouah] was used in the 16th century by many authors, both Catholic and Protestant. A publication by John Drusius in 1604 was the start of a bitter debate that lasted for a century. Fuller, Thomas Gataker, and Johann Leusden wrote five discourses defending the transcription "Jehovah" [or Iehouah, Iehovah] against the five discources written by Drusius, Amama, Cappellus, Buxtorf, and Altingius which opposed the transcription Jehovah. Hadrian Reland collected and published these ten discourses in 1707. [4] Johannes van den Driesche [or Drusius] (June 28, 1550 - February, 1616), Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders. ... Thomas Gataker (September, 1574 - July, 1654) was an English clergyman and theologian. ... Johann Leusden (sometimes also called Jan, John, or Johannes Leusden) (April 26, 1624 - September 30, 1699) was a Dutch Calvinist theologian and orientalist. ... Adrian Reland (1676-1718), Dutch Orientalist, was born at Ryp, studied at Utrecht and Leiden, and was professor of Oriental languages successively at Harderwijk (1699) and Utrecht (1701). ...

Note that while Louis Cappel and John Buxtorf are both listed as authors who opposed the transcription Jehovah, they each were involved in serious controversy with each other concerning the origin of the Hebrew vowel points. Johannes van den Driesche [or Drusius] (June 28, 1550 - February, 1616), Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders. ... Johannes van den Driesche [or Drusius] (June 28, 1550 - February, 1616), Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders. ... Louis Cappel (1585-1658), was a French Protestant churchman and scholar. ... Johannes Buxtorf (1564-1629) was a celebrated Hebraist, born in Westphalia, member of a family of Orientalists; professor of Hebrew for thirty-nine years at Basel and was known by the title, Master of the Rabbis. His massive tome, Synagoga Judaica (1st. ...

Thomas Gataker (September, 1574 - July, 1654) was an English clergyman and theologian. ... Johann Leusden (sometimes also called Jan, John, or Johannes Leusden) (April 26, 1624 - September 30, 1699) was a Dutch Calvinist theologian and orientalist. ...

Summary of the criticism of the transcription Jehovah

The following text is found in William Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible". William Smith gives his summary of the results of the ten discourses mentioned in the previous section:

• In the decade of dissertations collected by Reland, Fuller, Gataker, and Leusden do battle for the pronunciation Jehovah, against such formidable antagonists as Drusius, Amama, Cappellus, Buxtorf, and Altingius, who, it is scarcely necessary to say, fairly beat their opponents out of the field; "the only argument of any weight, which is employed by the advocates of the pronunciation of the word as it is written being that derived from the form in which it appears in proper names, such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, &c."
• "Their antagonists make a strong point of the fact that, as has been noticed above, two different sets of vowel points are applied to the same consonants under certain circumstances. To this Leusden, of all the champions on his side, but feebly replies."
• The same may be said of the argument derived from the fact that the letters מוכלב, when prefixed to יהוה, take, not the vowels which they would regularly receive were the present pronunciation true, but those with which they would be written if אֲדֹנָי, adonai, were the reading; and that the letters ordinarily taking dagesh lene when following יהוה would, according to the rules of the Hebrew points, be written without dagesh, whereas it is uniformly inserted.

William Smith concludes:

• Whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not Jehovah.

In defense of the transcription Jehovah

Geneva Bible, 1560. (Psalm 83:18)

As mentioned in the previous section, the defenders of the transcription Jehovah believed that theophoric names such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, etc, indicated that Jehovah was the actual name of God. The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Theophoric names are exceedingly common in the Ancient Near East and Mesopotamia, where the personal name of an individual included the name of a god in whose care the individual is entrusted. ...

William Blake's manuscripts containing the word Jehovah.

The following text is found in the first sentence of the article: "Jehovah" in William Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible": For other persons named William Blake, see William Blake (disambiguation). ...

"JEHOVAH ( יְהֹוָה, usually with the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי ; but when the two occur together, the former is pointed יֱהֹוִה, that is with the vowels of אֱלֹהִים, as in Obad. i. 1, Hab. iii. 19:" [15]

The two vocalizations of the Tetragrammaton shown above were both critiqued by John Drusius in 1604 A.D.. However as noted below, Davidson defends the vowel points of יְהֹוָה. [See also sub section 3.1 above.]

In Scott Jones' article "Jehovah", under the heading "Davidson on the Tetragrammaton", Davidson explains why he believes that the fact that the Masoretes did not point יְהֹוָה with the precise same vowel points as are found in Adonay indicated that the vowel points of יְהֹוָה are the actual vowel points of God's name.

• The vocalized Hebrew spelling "Yahweh" is found in no extant Hebrew text.
• The central "ou" or "o" in some Greek transcriptions point to a pronunciation with a "u" or "o" vowel in the middle, i.e. "Yehowa".

However Greek, since it stopped using the digamma, when transcribing foreign words and names has had to write the "w" consonant sound as a vowel "u" or similar (or in later times as β, after the Greek pronunciation of β changed from "b" to "v").^[9]

George W. Buchanan argues: Digamma (upper case , lower case ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral. ...

"In the dozens of Biblical names that incorporate the divine name, this middle vowel sound appears in both the original and the shortened forms, such as in Jehonathan and Jonathan. “In no case is the vowel oo or oh omitted. The word was sometimes abbreviated as ‘Ya,’ but never as ‘Ya-weh.’ ... When the Tetragrammaton was pronounced in one syllable it was ‘Yah’ or ‘Yo.’ When it was pronounced in three syllables it would have been ‘Yahowah’ or ‘Yahoowah.’ If it was ever abbreviated to two syllables it would have been ‘Yaho.’”^[10]

For arguments for the pronunciation "Yahweh", see Yahweh. For other uses, see Yahweh (disambiguation). ...

Resulting consensus

Reland agreed with the opponents of "Jehovah", and since his days the majority opinion has been roughly what is expressed in the article "JEHOVAH" of the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 [16], that the pronunciation was "Yahweh". See also: Adrian Reland (1676-1718), Dutch Orientalist, was born at Ryp, studied at Utrecht and Leiden, and was professor of Oriental languages successively at Harderwijk (1699) and Utrecht (1701). ...

• http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jehovah
• http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tetragrammaton

More recent opinions

The "JEHOVAH" article in the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 agrees with (1) [17]. Most modern scholars agree with it.

The editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament write "יַהְוֶה" under the heading "יהוה", and describes "יַהְוֶה" as: "n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel."

Use of "Jehovah" in English

William Baillie's The First Twelve Psalms in Hebrew (1843) p. 22.
The Latin reading of the Tetragrammaton as "Yehovah" is seen. Similarly, the transliteration of the Hebrew text gives the vocalization "Yehovah".

• 1530: Iehouah appeared in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (at Exodus 6.3 for instance) upwards of 20 times. This custom continued with Miles Coverdale's translation in 1535, John Rogers Matthew Bible in 1537, the Great Bible of 1539, the Geneva Bible of 1560, Bishop's Bible of 1568, the King James of 1611, the Revised Version of 1885 and the American Standard Version in 1901. The Revised Standard Version (1952) was the first mainline English translation to not use Jehovah in the main text. Nor does it tranliterate alleluia [sometimes 'Hallelujah'] in any of the four occurrences found in many English translations [in the 19th chapter of Revelation].
• 1611: יְהֹוָה is translated IEHOVAH ("JEHOVAH" from at least the 17th century on) in all uppercase in four places in the King James Bible of 1611 A.D.(Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2, Isaiah 26:4), and three times in placenames (e.g. Jehovah-jireh). Elsewhere in the King James Bible it is rendered as GOD or LORD. ^[11]

William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tindale) (ca. ... Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Myles Coverdale (also Miles Coverdale) (c1488 - January 20, 1568) was a 16th-century Bible translator who produced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English. ... Matthews Bible, also known as the Matthew Bible, is the first complete English translation of the Bible (not just the Old Testament or New Testament) published in 1537 under the pseudonym Thomas Matthew. The Matthew Bible was the combined work of three individuals, working from numerous sources in at... The Great Bible was the first authorised edition of the Holy Bible in English, authorised by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the Church of England. ... The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ... The Bishops Bible was an English translation of the Holy Bible produced under the authority of the established Church of England in 1568. ... // Authorized King James Version King James Version (disambiguation) James I of England (1566-1625) James II of England (1633-1701) King James can also refer to two Aragonese monarchs: James I of Aragon (1208–1276), surnamed the Conqueror, was the king of Aragon, count of Barcelona and Lord of Montpellier... The Revised Version (or English Revised Version) of the Bible is a late 19th-century British revision of the King James Version of 1611. ... The Standard American Edition, Revised Version, more commonly known as the American Standard Version (ASV), is a version of the Bible that was released in 1901. ... The Revised Standard Version (RSV) is an English translation of the Bible published in the mid-20th century. ... Jehovah-jireh (Jehovah/YHWH will provide) According to the Bible this is a place on top of a mountain in the land of Moriah. ...

See also

• Yahweh
• Allah
• God
• God in Judaism
• Gott
• Jah
• Jehovah's Witnesses
• Names of God
• Names of God in Judaism
• Theophoric names:

• Jehoshaphat, Jehonadab, Tobijah
• Search: Jeho* ,*iah ,*ijah

For other uses, see Yahweh (disambiguation). ... Allah is the Arabic language word for God. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... The Conception of God in Judaism is henotheistic or (as Rabbinic Judaism) monotheistic. ... Gott is a prefix for surnames and place names. ... Jah (IPA: ) is a name for God, most commonly used in the Rastafari movement. ... Jehovahs Witnesses are members of an international Christian movement of the same name, whose adherents believe it to be restored first-century Christianity. ... Holy name redirects here. ... At the bottom of the hands, the two letters on each hand combine to form יהוה (YHVH), the name of God. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Theophory in the Bible. ... In the Bible, Jehoshaphat or Josaphat or Yehoshafat (יְהוֹשָׁפָט The LORD is judge, Standard Hebrew Yəhošafat, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhôšāp̄āṭ) was the son and successor of Asa, king of Judah. ... Jehonadab was the son of Rechab. ...

References

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Jehovah