The Jerusalem Talmud (In Hebrew Talmud Yerushalmi, in short known as the Yerushalmi), also known as the Palestinian Talmud, like its Babylonian counterpart (see Babylonian Talmud), is a collection of Rabbinic discussions elaborating on the Mishnah. The Jerusalem Talmud predates the Babylonian by about 200 years. Wheras the Babylonian Talmud uses a mixture of Hebrew and Aramaic, the Yerushalmi is almost entirely in Hebrew. Because the Babylonian Talmud is a later work from the same era (see Amoraim), it is seen as more authoritaive and studied much more than the Yerushalmi. Because of this, when people refer to the Talmud, it is assumed they are referring to the Babylonian unless otherwise specified. The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions of Jewish law, ethics, customs, legends, and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. ... Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ... The first page of the Talmud, in the standard Vilna edition. ... Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools (and among Sefaradim today) the sages... The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ... Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. ... Amora, plural Amoraim, (from the Hebrew root amar to say or tell over), were renowned Jewish scholars who said or told over the teachings of the Oral law, from about 200 to 500 CE in Babylonia and Palestine. ... The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions of Jewish law, ethics, customs, legends, and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. ...

Historical context

Like the Babylonian Talmud, the purpose of the Jerusalem Talmud was to elaborate on the Jewish Oral tradition as detailed in the 2nd-century Mishnah, following whose redaction many Jewish scholars living in Roman-controlled Palestine moved to Persia due to the harsh decrees against Jews enacted by the emperor Hadrian after the Bar Kokhba's revolt. The remaining scholars who lived in the Galilee area decided to continue their teachings (at a time when learning Jewish texts or teaching them was forbidden) in the learning centers that had been around since Mishnaic times. The first people to do so were Rabbi Chanina and Rabbi Osheya who started the composing the Jerusalem Talmud in the Galilee. The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... An oral law is a code of conduct in use in a given culture, religion or other regroupement, by which a body of rules of human behaviour is transmitted by oral tradition and effectively respected, or the single rule that is orally transmitted. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ... A bust of Hadrian. ... Bar Kokhba’s revolt (132-135 CE) against the Roman Empire, also known as The Second Jewish-Roman War or The Second Jewish Revolt (out of three Jewish-Roman Wars), was a second major rebellion by the Jews of Iudaea. ...

Although the Jerusalem Talmud was progressing at a similar pace to the Babylonian Talmud, it was much more difficult to learn and teach under the Roman authorities. Schools where what would become the Jerusalem Talmud was being prepared had to be hidden. When the empire under Constantine began to endorse Christianity in 313, decrees were enacted against the Jews and Christians gained control within the Galilee. Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on... For other uses, see 313 (number). ...

During the reign of Emperor Theodosius II the Jewish community was badly stricken. Under the influence of his elder sister, Pulchera, the Byzantine Emperor was pushed towards Orthodox Christianity and an anti-Semitic view which led to the destruction of Jewish synagogues and places of learning. Following this the last great scholars of Palestine, Rav Mana and Rav Yosi redacted the Jerusalem Talmud in approximately the year 400. Theodosius II Flavius Theodosius II (April, 401 - July 28, 450 ). The eldest son of Eudoxia and Arcadius who at the age of 7 became the Roman Emperor of the East. ... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions (which descend through, or alongside of, the Roman Catholic Church) or the Eastern Rite Catholic churches. ... Events First invasion of Italy by Alaric (probable date). ...

Comparison to Babylonian Talmud

Without the time and freedom given to the production of the Babylonian Talmud, the Jerusalem Talmud exhibits less coherence in its discussions, making it often a difficult work to understand. It is more abstruse in language and it differs from the Babylonian Talmud in language (being written in Western, rather than Eastern Aramaic), style, legal argumentation, and scope. Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ...

The Jerusalem Talmud naturally has a greater focus on the Land of Israel and the Torah's agricultural laws pertaining to the land because it was written in the Land of Israel were the laws applied. Nonetheless, it lacks the order of Kodshim, which deals with sacrificial rites and the Temple, laws that were not directly applicable following the 70CE destruction of the Second Temple, although the Babylonian Talmud does examine this content. In both talmuds, only one tractate of Tohorot is examined, since it also deals with Temple-related laws of ritual purity. This article concerns the concept of The Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל Eretz Yisrael) in Jewish and Christian thought throughout the history from its Biblical sources to the present day. ... Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ... Kodshim (קדשים, Holy Things in Hebrew) is the fifth order in the Mishna (also the Tosefta and Talmud). ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s - 70s - 80s 90s 100s 110s 120s Years: 65 66 67 68 69 - 70 - 71 72 73 74 75 Events The building of the Colosseum starts (approximate date). ... Drawing of the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the time of Herod the Great A stone (2. ... Tohorot (The Order of Purities) is the sixth order of the Mishnah (also the Tosefta and Talmud). ...

The Babylonian Talmud has traditionally been studied more widely and has had greater influence on the halakhic tradition than the Jerusalem Talmud. A notable exception is the Romaniotes, who traditionally follow and learn the Jerusalem Talmud. // Headline text Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... The Romaniotes are a Jewish population who have lived in the territory of todays Greece for more than 2000 years. ...

With the Jewish return to the land of Israel in modern times, the Jerusalem Talmud has taken on greater relevance and popularity with talmudic and rabbinical scholars. Another catalyst expected to increase study of the Jerusalem Talmud is its pending translation to English, to join the popular translation of the Babylonian Talmud in the Artscroll series, which was recently completed. Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian), in small (down) text is written First Palestinian sound movie 1844 Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews by Mordecai Noah, page one. ... ArtScroll is an imprint of translations, books and commentaries from an Orthodox Jewish, more specifically a Haredi, perspective published by Mesorah Publications, Ltd. ...

Translations into English

Talmud of the Land of Israel: A Preliminary Translation and Explanation Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, others. University of Chicago Press. This translation uses a form-analytical presentation which makes the logical units of discourse easier to identify and follow. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Schottenstein Edition of the Yerushalmi Talmud Mesorah/Artscroll. This translation is the counterpart to Mesorah/Artscroll's Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud (i.e. Babylonian Talmud). Mesorah/Artscroll's website for the Schottenstein Edition of the Yerushalmi Talmud

See also

• Babylonian Talmud
• Halakha
• Mishnah

The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions of Jewish law, ethics, customs, legends, and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. ... // Headline text Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ...

References

• The Yerushalmi--The Talmud of the Land of Israel: An Introduction, Jacob Neusner, Jason Aronson, 1992. ISBN 0876688121
• The Palestinian Talmud, Jewish Encyclopedia
• What is Talmud Yerushalmi?, faqs.org
• Jewish History: Talmud, Aish.com
• The Jerusalem Talmud, ORT
• Talmud/Mishna/Gemara, Jewish Virtual Library
• Jewish Law Research Guide, University of Miami Law Library
• A survey of Rabbinic Literature, Ohr Somayach

The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... The University of Miami (locally referred to as UM or simply The U) is a private university, founded in 1925, with its main campus in the city of Coral Gables in metropolitan Miami, Florida, in the United States. ... Ohr Somayach is both the pen name of Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk and also refers to his major written work known by its Hebrew name of Ohr Somayach (Light [that is] Happy, or Delightful) Ohr Somayach yeshivas, based on the pen name of Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk is...

External links

• Jerusalem Talmud Full Text, mechon-mamre.org