Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft. An aviation fuel truck. ... A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ...

For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... Dirty burn is a slang term for an open-air, uncontrolled burn of a substance or compound, usually impure. ...

Description

Jet fuel is clear to straw colored. The most common fuel is an unleaded/paraffin oil-based fuel classified as Jet A-1, which is produced to an internationally standardized set of specifications. In the United States only, a version of Jet A-1 known as Jet A is also used. See the section for Jet A below. Unleaded is a term used for: Unleaded - a term for gasoline Unleaded - Cypriot band Category: ...

The only other jet fuel that is commonly used in civilian aviation is called Jet B, a fuel in the naptha-kerosene region that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. However, Jet B's lighter composition makes it more dangerous to handle, and it is thus restricted only to areas where its cold-weather characteristics are absolutely necessary. Naphtha is a group of various volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures used chiefly as solvents. ... Kerosene or kerosine, also called paraffin oil or paraffin in British usage (not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just paraffin) is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid. ...

Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons, possibly as many as a thousand or more. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 carbon numbers; wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15 carbon numbers. ^[1]

Both Jet A and Jet B may contain a number of additives:

• Antioxidants to prevent gumming, usually based on alkylated phenols, eg. AO-30, AO-31, or AO-37;
• Antistatic agents, to dissipate static electricity and prevent sparking; Stadis 450, with dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid (DINNSA) as the active ingredient, is an example
• Corrosion inhibitors, e.g. DCI-4A used for civilian and military fuels, and DCI-6A used for military fuels;
• Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) agents, e.g. Di-EGME; FSII is often mixed at the point-of-sale so that users with heated fuel lines do not have to pay the extra expense;

Militaries around the world use a different classification system of JP numbers. Some are almost identical to their civilian counterparts and differ only by the amounts of a few additives; Jet A-1 is similar to JP-8, Jet B is similar to JP-4. Other military fuels are highly specialized products and are developed for very specific applications. JP-5 fuel is fairly common, and was introduced to reduce the risk of fire on aircraft carriers (has a higher flash point - a minimum of 60 °C). Other fuels were specific to one type of aircraft. JP-6 was developed specifically for the XB-70 Valkyrie and JP-7 for the SR-71 Blackbird. Both these fuels were engineered to have a high flash point to better cope with the heat and stresses of high speed supersonic flight. One aircraft-specific jet fuel still in use by the United States Air Force is JPTS, which was developed in 1956 for the Lockheed U-2 spy plane. Space-filling model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione. ... Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... An antistatic agent is a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity generally caused by the triboelectric effect. ... Static electricity is a class of phenomena involving the net charge present on an object; typically referring to charged object with voltages of sufficient magnitude to produce visible attraction, repulsion, and sparks. ... Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid (DINNSA) is an organic chemical, an aryl sulfonic acid. ... Corrosion inhibitor - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) is an additive to aviation fuels that prevents the formation of ice in fuel lines. ... Glycol ethers are a group of solvents based on alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, also sometimes called Cellosolve. ... JP-8, or JP8 (for Jet Propellant) is a jet fuel, specified in 1990 by the U.S. government. ... An aviation fuel truck. ... JP-5, or JP5 (for Jet Propellant) is a jet fuel with a high flash point (min. ... Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft. ... The North American XB-70 Valkyrie was conceived for the Strategic Air Command in the 1950s as a high-altitude bomber that could fly three times the speed of sound (Mach 3). ... JP-7 (Jet Propellant 7, MIL-T-38219) is a jet fuel developed by the U.S. Air Force for use in supersonic aircraft because of its high flashpoint and thermal stability. ... SR-71 redirects here. ... For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... “The U.S. Air Force” redirects here. ... JPTS Stands for Jet Propellant Thermally Stable (high thermal stability, high altitude fuel) Created specifically for the U2 spy plane. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Lockheed U-2, nicknamed Dragon Lady, is a single-engine, high-altitude aircraft flown by the United States Air Force. ...

Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha-type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jets fuels, sometimes referred to as "wide-cut" jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4.

Jet A

Shell Jet A-1 refueller truck on the ramp at Vancouver International Airport (notice the 1863 Hazardous Material placard and "JET A-1" stickers)

Jet A is the standard jet fuel type in the U.S. since the 1950s and is only available there. Jet A is similar to Jet-A1, except for its higher freezing point of −40 °C (vs −47 ° Jet A-1). Like Jet A-1, Jet A has a fairly high flash point of 38 °C, with an autoignition temperature of 410 °F (210 °C). Jet A can be identified in trucks and storage facilities by the UN number, 1863, Hazardous Material placards. Jet A trucks, storage tanks, and pipes that carry Jet A will be marked with a black sticker with a white "Jet A" written over it, next to another black stripe. Jet A will have a clear to straw color if it is clean and free of contamination. Water is denser than Jet A, and will collect on the bottom of a tank. Jet A storage tanks must be sumped on a regular basis to check for water contamination. It is possible for water particles to become suspended in Jet A, which can be found by performing a "Clear and Bright" test. A hazy appearance can indicate water contamination beyond the acceptable limit of 30ppm (parts per million). ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 724 KB) A Shell Jet A refueller truck on the ramp at Vancouver International Airport. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 724 KB) A Shell Jet A refueller truck on the ramp at Vancouver International Airport. ... Royal Dutch Shell plc is a multinational oil company of British and Dutch origins. ... An aviation fuel truck. ... Vancouver International Airport (IATA: YVR, ICAO: CYVR) is located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, about 15 kilometres from downtown Vancouver. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... The autoignition temperature, or the ignition temperature of a substance is the lowest temperature at which a chemical will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere, without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. ... UN numbers or UN IDs are four-digit numbers that identify hazardous substances and products (such as explosives and poisonous materials) of commercial importance. ... A hazardous material (HAZMAT) is any solid, liquid, or gas that can cause harm to humans, other living organisms, or the environment due to being radioactive, flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, a biohazard, an oxidizer, an asphyxiant, or capable of causing severe allergic reactions. ... The parts-per notations are used to denote low concentrations of chemical elements. ...

The U.S. commercial fuels are not required by law to contain antistatic additives, and generally do not^{[citation needed]}.

The annual U.S. usage of jet fuel was 21 billion gallons (80 billion liters) in 2006. ^[2]

A consortium consisting of Boeing, NASA Glenn Research Center, MTU Aero Engines (Germany), and the US Air Force Research Laboratory is investigating development of jet fuel blends containing a substantial percentage of bio-fuel. [1] The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Edward Boeing. ... Aerial View of Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field The Glenn Research Center (more correctly, the ) is a NASA center, located in Cleveland, Ohio between Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and the Rocky River Reservation (part of the Cleveland Metroparks). ... MTU Aero Engines, Germanys leading aircraft engine manufacturer, develops, manufactures and provides service support for aircraft engines, military and civil alike. ... The United States Air Force Research Laboratory with headquarters at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, was created in October 1997. ...

History of jet fuel

Fuel for a piston-engine powered aircraft (usually a high-octane gasoline known as Avgas) has a low flash point to improve its ignition characteristics. Turbine engines can operate with a wide range of fuels, and jet-aircraft engines typically use fuels with higher flash points, which are less flammable and therefore safer to transport and handle. The first jet fuels were based on kerosene or a gasoline-kerosene mix, and most jet fuels are still kerosene-based. Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... A gas station pump offering five different octane ratings. ... Petrol redirects here. ... // Avgas is a high-octane fuel used for aircraft and, in the past, racing cars. ... For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... Kerosene or kerosine, also called paraffin oil or paraffin in British usage (not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just paraffin) is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid. ...

Commercial fuels

Commercial jet fuels had their origins in military fuels, but commercial use worldwide now greatly exceeds military use. As noted above, Jet-A is similar to JP-8, while Jet-B is a mix similar to JP-4. is it helll

Piston engine use

Jet fuel is very similar to diesel fuel, and a few aircraft engine manufacturers, most notably Thielert, have begun offering piston engines which run on jet fuel. The technology promises to be a way to provide light, powerful, and environmentally-friendly engines for the general aviation market while simplifying airport logistics and phasing out leaded avgas. This article is about the fuel. ... Thielert Centurion 1. ... Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... General aviation (abbr. ... // Avgas is a high-octane fuel used for aircraft and, in the past, racing cars. ...

Jet fuel is often used in ground support vehicles at airports, instead of diesel. The United States military makes heavy use of JP-8, for instance. However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, thereby increasing wear on fuel pumps and other related engine parts. Civilian vehicles tend to disallow its use, or require that an additive be mixed with the jet fuel in order to restore its lubricity. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

References

1. ^ Chevron Products Corporation. Aviation Turbine Fuel Composition.
2. ^ Energy Information Administration. U.S. Prime Supplier Sales Volumes of Petroleum Products.

See also

• JP-1
• JP-4
• JP-5
• JP-6
• JP-7
• JP-8
• Aviation fuel
• JPTS

Categories: Possible copyright violations ... An aviation fuel truck. ... JP-5, or JP5 (for Jet Propellant) is a jet fuel with a high flash point (min. ... Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft. ... JP-7 (Jet Propellant 7, MIL-T-38219) is a jet fuel developed by the U.S. Air Force for use in supersonic aircraft because of its high flashpoint and thermal stability. ... JP-8, or JP8 (for Jet Propellant) is a jet fuel, specified in 1990 by the U.S. government. ... An aviation fuel truck. ... JPTS Stands for Jet Propellant Thermally Stable (high thermal stability, high altitude fuel) Created specifically for the U2 spy plane. ...

External links

• Aviation Fuels (by Chevron)
• Day, Dwayne A., Aviation Fuel
• Jet fuel information
• Jet A MSDS