Conditions in Russia (1924) A Census -Bolsheviks by Ethnicity

Jewish Bolshevism, Judeo-Bolshevism, Judeo-Communism, or in Polish, Żydokomuna, is an antisemitic conspiracy theory which blames the Jews for Bolshevism; it is an antisemitic political epithet. Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... The Jewish Bolshevism - Illustration from the text (1922) The Jewish Bolshevism, is the title of an antisemitic pamphlet, booklet, or tract (literature) published in London in 1922 and 1923 by the Britons Publishing Society with a forward by German Nazi, Alfred Rosenberg. ... Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... Å»ydokomuna (Polish neologism for Jewish communism) is a pejorative term used to express the conspiracy theory that Communism in Poland was supported by Jews to a much greater extent than by the Gentile Polish population. ... Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 368 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1790 × 2912 pixel, file size: 59 KB, MIME type: image/png)USA, Senate, Government Chart File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 368 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1790 × 2912 pixel, file size: 59 KB, MIME type: image/png)USA, Senate, Government Chart File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Å»ydokomuna (Polish neologism for Jewish communism) is a pejorative term used to express the conspiracy theory that Communism in Poland was supported by Jews to a much greater extent than by the Gentile Polish population. ... For other uses, see Conspiracy theory (disambiguation). ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... See also Alternative political spellings and the list of pejorative political puns. ...

The expression was the title of a pamphlet, The Jewish Bolshevism, and became current after the October Revolution (1917) in Russia, and spread worldwide in the 1920s with the publication and circulation of the The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. It made an issue out of the Jewishness of Bolsheviks (most notably Leon Trotsky) during and after the revolution. The Jewish Bolshevism - Illustration from the text (1922) The Jewish Bolshevism, is the title of an antisemitic pamphlet, booklet, or tract (literature) published in London in 1922 and 1923 by the Britons Publishing Society with a forward by German Nazi, Alfred Rosenberg. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... 1992 Russian language imprint, adapting Eliphas Levis portrayal of Baphomet image The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Russian: , see also other titles) is an antisemitic text, first published in 1903 in Russian, in Znamya (newspaper), that purports to describe a Jewish and Masonic plot to achieve world domination. ... Leon Trotsky (Russian:  , Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7 [O.S. October 26] 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (), was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. ...

The label "Judeo-Bolshevism" was used in Nazi Germany to equate Jews with communists, implying that the communist movement served Jewish interests and/or that all Jews were communists.^[1] A label is any kind of tag attached with adhesive to something so as to identify the object or its contents. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ...

Nowadays, it is used in the antisemitic site Jew Watch. ^[2] Jew Watch is an antisemitic[1] website that describes itself as “The Internets Largest Scholarly Collection of Articles on Jewish History. ...

The idea of linking Jewishnes with Bolshevism was elaborated by the Nazis in Nazi Germany. The claim was that Jewishness and Bolshevism are one. ^[3] Laqueur asserts that the identification of Bolshevism with Jewry was perhaps the only truly original contribution which Nazism made to the study of Bolshevism or Communism: The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

"If Nazism made any original contribution to this field of study, it was the identification of world Jewry and Bolshevism;

a dogma it repeated time and again on every level of sophistication from the quasi-scientific to the most vulgar.

From the factual angle it was an uphill struggle; true, a fairly large percentage of the early Bolshevik leaders

had been Jewish by origin. But what the Nazis chose to ignore was the inconvenient fact that these Jewish Bolsheviks

had turned against their own religion and people and wanted nothing to do with them;

and the percentage of Jews in anti-Bolshevik political parties — such as the Mensheviks — was even higher.

They also ignored the fact that even within the Bolshevik party leadership the participation of Jews

had begun to decrease in the middle twenties, and had become quite insignificant after the big purges

of the late thirties; Kaganovich was in fact the only Communist of Jewish origin left

in the supreme party leadership.

...

Hitler and Rosenberg had decided, once and forever, that Communism was the revolt of the underlings;

a racial, not an ideological movement. Ideological discussions with Marxists, they said,

were not merely senseless and absurd but positively harmful;

it would imply that National Socialism accepted the Communists as more or less equal partners;

that the Communists had an ideology which deserved to be taken seriously;

what was important was to analyse the true (racial) sources of Communism.

As a Communist one could win an argument simply by provingthat one's ideas

conformed to those of Marx, Lenin, or Stalin.

As a Nazi any connection with Marx or Marxism was a priori evil,

for Marx had been born a Jew.|"^[3] James Webb writes: "[i]t is rare to find an anti-Semitic source after 1917 which does not stand in debt to the White Russian analysis of the Revolution."^[4]

Lazar Kaganovich Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич) (November 22, 1893–July 25, 1991) was a Soviet politician and a supporter of Joseph Stalin. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... James Webb (1945 - 1980) was an English historian and biographer. ... Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery near Paris, the foremost necropolis of White Russians. ...

Background

Walter Laqueur, in his seminal work, Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict, traces this conspiracy theory to the most important Nazi ideologue and Baltic German, Alfred Rosenberg: Walter Laqueur (born 1921) is an American historian and political commentator. ... A seminal work [semen = seed (from the Latin seminalis)] is a work from which other works come--it is an engendering work which is so important in its ideas or technique that other people take these up and create new works too. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, Deutschbalten, sometimes incorrectly Baltendeutsche), were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea which forms today the countries of Estonia and Latvia. ...   (January 12, 1893 Reval (nowadays Tallinn) – October 16, 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi party, who later held several important posts in the Nazi government. ...

Rosenberg's obiter dicta about Russia and Communism are found in the Mythos and in countless brochures and booklets: Bolshevism is the revolt of the Jewish and Mongolian races against the Germans (aryan) element in Russia; it is the revolt of the steppe, the hatred of the nomads of everything great, heroic, racially healthy; all big things in Russian history had been achieved by Germans or those of German blood, but the revolution of 1917 had exterminated the aryan element. . . ., nor did the Jewish-Soviet Government represent the Russian people. To the Nazi ideologists, all leading Soviet statesmen were Jews: Lenin and Trotsky, Lunacharsky and Rakovsky, Kuibyshev and Krasin, Beria and Manuilsky among them. Whoever was not a Jew was a Chinese. Rosenberg developed an elaborate theory about the leading role of Chinese silk merchants in the Russian revolution. While other observers of the Soviet scene engaged in political speculation and social analysis, the Nazis' Russian experts were preoccupied with another kind of scientific investigation which hardly left them time for anything else. They tracked down the 'real' (Jewish) names of all Soviet leaders; Lunacharsky, for instance, became Mondschein - for who did not know that 'luna' was 'moon' in Latin? This, by and large, was the level of Nazi Sovietology. In law, the term dicta is used to refer to a judges statement of legal opinion that is not directly relevant to the case being heard. ... The Myth of the Twentieth Century (Ger. ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /ɑːrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... A steppe in Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: - , Ukrainian: - , Kazakh: - ), pronounced in English as , is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a political movement in Russia that climaxed in 1917 with the overthrow of the provisional government that had replaced the Russian Tsar system, and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its collapse in 1991. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Trotskii, Trotski, Trotzky) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (&#1051... Anatoliy Vasilievich Lunacharsky Anatoliy Vasilievich Lunacharsky (Russian:Анатолий Васильевич Луначарский) (November 23 [O.S. November 11] 1875 – December 26, 1933) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and the first Soviet Peoples Commissar of Enlightenment responsible for culture and education. ... Christian Georgievich Rakovsky (August 13 (August 1, Old Style), 1873 - 1941) was a Bolshevik revolutionary. ... This article is not about Samarra, which is in Iraq. ... Krasin is the name of two Russian icebreakers, named after Leonid Borisovich Krasin. ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (Russian: Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия) (29 March 1899 - 23 December 1953), Soviet politician and police chief, is remembered chiefly as the executor of Joseph... Dmitry Manuilsky, or D. Z. Manuilsky was an important Bolshevik. ... Anatoliy Vasilievich Lunacharsky Anatoliy Vasilievich Lunacharsky (Russian: Анатолий Васильевич Луначарский), to the Nazis, Mondschein (November 23 [O.S. November 11] 1875 – December 26, 1933) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and the first Soviet Peoples Commissar of Enlightenment responsible for culture and education. ... Look up luna in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kremlinology is the study of Soviet politics and policies, named after the Kremlin, the seat of the Soviet government. ...

—Laqueur, Ibid., pp. 21-22

Jews had been a persecuted minority in the Russian Empire. They had endured a form of physical segregation in the Pale of Settlement, as well as sporadic persecutions supported by Tsarist governments. More than two millions Russian Jews emigrated (in the period from 1881 to 1920, more than two million Jews left the Russian Empire^[5]). The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterised by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home[1]. Segregation... The Pale of Settlement (Russian: , chertA osEdlosti) was a western border region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, extending from the pale or demarcation line, to live near the border with central Europe. ...

On the eve of the February Revolution, the Bolshevik party had about 10,000 members^[6], of which 364 were ethnic Jews.^[5] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In 1924, the US Senate issued a report, titled Conditions in Russia, in which it reproduced the census results which the Soviet government had published in Pravda. Those results showed that the majority of Bolsheviks were Russian, with Ukrainians in second place. Nevertheless, no prominent expressions, such as "Russian Bolshevism," or "Ukrainian Bolshevism" had emerged. The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... Image:1870 census Lindauer Weber 01. ... For other uses, see Pravda (disambiguation). ...

Main articles: History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, Cantonist, May Laws, Pogrom, and Beilis trial

The vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest Jewish population in the world. ... // Cantonists in Prussia Cantonists (German: Kantonist, or a person living in a canton) were recruits in Prussia in 1733-1813, liable for draft in one of the cantons. ... On May 15, 1882, Tsar Alexander III of Russia introduced the so-called Temporary laws which stayed in effect for more than thirty years and came to be known as the May Laws. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... Menahem Mendel Beilis (1874-1934) was a Ukrainian Jew wrongly accused of murder, in a trial, known as the notorious Beilis trial, that sparked international criticism of the anti-Semitic policies of the Russian Empire. ...

Jewish Bolsheviks

Main article: History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union#Jews and Bolshevism

1922 issue of the Bezbozhnik (The Atheist) magazine. By 1934, 28% of Christian Orthodox churches, 42% of Muslim mosques and 52% of Jewish synagogues were shut down in the USSR.^[7]

A high percentage of ethnic Jews in comparison to the percentage of the total population took an active part in Bolshevik movement and revolutionary leadership before the revolution and for years after^[8][3], see details below. Most of these Jews were hostile to traditional Jewish culture and Jewish political parties, and were eager to prove their loyalty to the Communist Party's atheism and proletarian internationalism, and committed to stamp out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism". The vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest Jewish population in the world. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... “Atheist” redirects here. ... International Socialism redirects here. ...

Of the nine members of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party in April 1917, three were of Jewish decent (Kamenev, Zinoviev and Sverdlov). Of the twelve committee members (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Sverdlov, Yakovleva, Oppokov, Zinoviev, Kamenev) who, during a historic meeting on October 10, 1917, agreed for the necessity of armed revolution (leading to the October Revolution), six were Jewish (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Uritsky, Sverdlov, and Sokolnikov, although Kamenev and Zinoviev opposed the revolution).^[9] Categories: People stubs | Old Bolsheviks | Soviet politicians | Exonerated Soviet death sentences | Russian Jews ... Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евсе́евич Зино́вьев, real name Ovsel Gershon Aronov Radomyslsky (Радомысльский), also... Yakov Sverdlov Snow-covered statue of Sverdlov in Yekaterinburg Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov (Russian: Я́ков Миха́йлович Свердло́в), born Yankel Movshevich Eiman (Russian: Я́нкель Мовшевич Эйман); known under pseudonyms Andrey, Mikhalych, Max, Smirnov, Permyakov (June 3 [O.S. May 22] 1885 – March 16, 1919) was a Bolshevik party leader and an official of pre-Soviet Union Soviet Russia. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Trotskii, Trotski, Trotzky) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (&#1051... Moisei Solomonovich Uritsky was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader whose assassination helped precipitate the Red Terror. ... Grigory Sokolnikov (1888 - 1939) was a Bolshevik, and a friend of Leon Trotsky. ...

Out of Lenin's fifteen Peoples' Commissars (Narkoms) in 1919, six were Jewish (Trotsky, Uritsky, Isaac Steinberg, I. A. Teodorovich, Semyon Dimanstein and Sokolnikov). Among the 23 Narkoms between 1923–1930, there were twelve Russians, five Jews, two Georgians (Stalin and Ordzhonikidze), one Pole, one Moldavian, one Latvian, and one Ukrainian. The situation had clearly evolved, within a relatively short time, to the advantage of the Russian majority. In the 1930s, there was one person of Jewish descent in the Politburo (Lazar Kaganovich). Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... This article or section should be merged with Sovnarkom From 1919 to 1946, functions of ministers in the government of Russia and, later, the Soviet Union were performed by Peoples Commissars (Russian title: Narodny Komissar, or Narkom). ... Isaac Steinberg, Narkom of Justice Isaac Nachman Steinberg (July 13, 1888-January 2, 1957) was a politician, lawyer and writer in Russia and in exile. ... Semyon Dimanstein in 1930s Semyon Dimanstein (in Russian Диманштейн Шим‘он (Семен Маркович) (1886(uncertain)- August,1938), a Soviet state activist, publisher, theorist of national issue in the USSR, one of the founders of the Soviet Oriental studies. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... The name Ordzhonikidze can mean:- Sergo Ordzhonikidze Various towns in the USSR which were renamed after him, the most important being Vladikavkaz. ... Lazar Kaganovich Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Russian: ) (November 22, 1893–July 25, 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and a close associate of Joseph Stalin. ...

In 1922, of the 44,148 members of the Bolshevik party that had joined before 1917 (the Old Guard, as Lenin referred to them) 7.1% were Jewish (65% were Russian). An Old Bolshevik (старый большевик) was a member of the Bolsheviks before the Russian Revolution. ...

The number of Jews in top administrative positions began to decline soon after 1917. It continued to shrink heavily in the 1930s when Stalin had his old comrades Kamenev and Zinoviev executed while in prison, after a rigged trial in 1936. Kamenev and Zinoviev had previously been expelled, in 1926 and 1927, from the top positions they shared with Stalin in the Soviet ruling elite. Leon Trotsky had concurrently been expelled from the Soviet Union in 1927 and was then assassinated in Mexico City in 1940, by Soviet agent Ramón Mercader. Thus by the year 1940, and after his rapprochement with Hitler's Germany, Stalin had eliminated virtually all Jews from very high level government positions inside the Soviet Union. Nickname: Motto: Capital en movimiento Location of Mexico City in south central Mexico Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Jaume Ramon Mercader del Rio Hernández (February 7, 1914 – October 18, 1978) was a Catalan Communist who served as a foreign agent of the NKVD during Joseph Stalins time as ruler of the Soviet Union. ...

Walter Laqueur states in his book The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day: Walter Laqueur (born 1921) is an American historian and political commentator. ...

To what extent did the presence of many Jews among the Communist leadership contribute to antisemitism? It certainly played an important role in antisemitic propaganda, and it is certainly true that during the 1920s Jews were heavily overrepresented in the ranks of party and state officials. With the rise of Stalin, Jews were removed from key positions and very often "liquidated." The fact that other minorities were also disproportionately highly represented did not greatly matter - there was no tradition of anti-Latvianism in Russia, nor were Latvians found in the very top positions. Nor did it matter that Jews were equally strongly represented among other anti-Communist parties of the left such as the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries, or that the anti-Stalinist opposition was to a considerable extent of Jewish extraction.^[3]

In his 1938 book The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Proved Forgery, based on his testimony at the Berne Trial, Vladimir Burtsev wrote: 1992 Russian language imprint, adapting Eliphas Levis portrayal of Baphomet image The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Russian: , see also other titles) is an antisemitic text, first published in 1903 in Russian, in Znamya (newspaper), that purports to describe a Jewish and Masonic plot to achieve world domination. ... Vladimir Burtsev Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev (Russian: ; November 17, 1862 – August 21, 1942), was a revolutionary activist, scholar, publisher and editor of several Russian language periodicals. ...

"Antisemites... refused to acknowledge the important and indisputable fact that the Jews who participated in the Socialist and Anarchist movements around the world, including the Russian Jews in particular, were renegades of the Jewish nation who had no connection with Jewish history nor with Jewish religion nor with Jewish masses, but were rather exclusively internationalists, promoting the ideas shared by Socialists of other ethnicities, and were hostile to the Jewish nation in general."^[10] Internationalism is a political movement which advocates a greater economic and political cooperation between nations for the benefit of all. ...

Reactions and allegations

"The great majority of non-Jews reacted negatively to the intensification of Jewish political activity, and it became one of the important factors in the exacerbation of differences between Jews and their surroundings that cast its shadow over the two inter-war decades. ... It was apparently the emigrants who fled the Russian Revolution who brought to the West the claim that Bolshevism was a Jewish affair (the old anti-Semitic argument regarding 'Jewish domination' in new guise)."^[11]

Nazi Germany

1941 Nazi propaganda poster in Lithuanian language equating Stalinism and Jews

In Nazi Germany, this term expressed the common perception that Communism was a Jewish-inspired and Jewish-led movement seeking world domination from its very origin: Karl Marx. The term was popularized in print by German journalist Dietrich Eckhart, who authored the pamphlet "Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin" in the early 1920s, thereby tying Moses and Lenin as both Communists and Jews. Alfred Rosenberg's 1923 edition of the Protocols "gave a forgery a huge boost".^[12] This was followed by Hitler's highly inflammatory statement in "Mein Kampf" (1924): "In Russian Bolshevism we must see Jewry's twentieth century effort to take world dominion unto itself". Image File history File links Size of this preview: 414 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (428 × 620 pixel, file size: 56 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)A nazi propaganda poster from 1941 in Lithuanian language, equating Stalinism and Jews. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 414 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (428 × 620 pixel, file size: 56 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)A nazi propaganda poster from 1941 in Lithuanian language, equating Stalinism and Jews. ... Poster depicting America as a monstrous war machine destroying European culture. ... For architecture, see Stalinist architecture. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Dietrich Eckart. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ...   (January 12, 1893 Reval (nowadays Tallinn) – October 16, 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi party, who later held several important posts in the Nazi government. ... Hitler redirects here. ...

According to Michael Kellogg, the author of The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945:

In his groundbreaking 1939 book, L’Apocalypse de notre temps: Les dessous de la propagande allemande d’après des documents inédits (The Apocalypse of Our Times: The Hidden Side of German Propaganda According to Unpublished Documents), Henri Rollin stressed that “Hitlerism” represented a form of “anti-Soviet counter-revolution” which employed the “myth of a mysterious Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik plot.” Rollin investigated the National Socialist belief, which was taken primarily from White émigré views, that a vast Jewish-Masonic conspiracy had provoked World War Ⅰ, toppled the Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and unleashed Bolshevism after undermining the existing order through the insidious spread of liberal ideas. German forces promptly destroyed Rollin’s work in 1940 after they occupied France, and the book has remained in obscurity ever since.^[13]

United States and Great Britain, 1920s

The American Ambassador to Russia, David Francis, wrote in January 1918 that most of the Bolshevik leaders were Jewish.^[14] Also, in a report to the United States and other governments from British Intelligence, entitled "A Monthly Review of the Progress of Revolutionary Movements Abroad", it is stated in the first paragraph that international Communism is controlled by Jews.^[15]

Captain Montgomery Schuyler, a military intelligence officer in Russia, reported regularly to the chief of staff of U.S. Army Intelligence (the Army handled intelligence before the CIA was established), who relayed the reports to the President. In one of these, declassified in 1958, Schuyler states: The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

It is probably unwise to say this loudly in the United States, but the Bolshevik movement is and has been since its beginning, guided and controlled by Russian Jews of the greasiest type …^[16]

In another report on June 9, 1919, Schuyler cites Robert Wilton, who was then the chief correspondent in Russia for The Times. He writes the following, which the historical record shows^{[citation needed]}, incidentally, to be mostly inaccurate: The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ...

A table made up in 1918, by Robert Wilton, correspondent of the London Times in Russia, shows at that time there were 384 commissars including 2 Negroes, 13 Russians, 15 Chinamen, 22 Armenians and more than 300 Jews. Of the latter number, 264 had come from the United States since the downfall of the Imperial Government.^[16]

"Even Winston Churchill briefly joined this bandwagon, blaming the Russian Revolution on Jews."^[12] In his article in the Illustrated Sunday Herald on February 8 1920, Churchill asserted: Churchill redirects here. ...

There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution by these international and for the most part atheistic Jews. It is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. ^[17]

Churchill also declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle".^[18] Such attitudes were not uncommon in the UK at the time of the allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The British court of inquiry, appointed to investigate the Arab 1920 Palestine riots, associated Zionism with Bolshevism and identified Ze'ev Jabotinsky with a Labor Zionist party Poale Zion, which the court called "a definite Bolshevist institution."^[19] In reality he was a right-wing leader. "The association of the fiercely antisocialist Jabotinsky with a Marxist party was not the only nonsense in the report."^[19] Britain, France, Canada and the United States, along with other World War I Allied countries, conducted a military intervention into the Russian Civil War during the period of 1918 through 1920. ... This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ... Zeev Jabotinsky Zeev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky MBE (Hebrew: זאב זבוטינסקי, Russian: Зеэв (Владимир Евгеньевич) Жаботинский, 18 October 1880 – 4 August 1940) was a Zionist leader, author, orator, soldier, and founder of the Jewish Legion in World War I. He is however most known for being the founder and leader of the jewish terroristgroup Irgun. ... Labor Zionism (or Socialist Zionism, Labour Zionism) is the traditional left wing of the Zionist ideology and was historically oriented towards the Jewish workers movement. ... Poale Zion (also spelled Poalei Tziyon or Poaley Syjon, meaning Workers of Zion) was a Movement of Marxist Zionist Jewish workers circles founded in various Russian cities about the turn of the century after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901. ...

In the early 1920s, a leading British antisemite Henry Hamilton Beamish announced that "Bolshevism was Judaism."^[20] Henry Hamilton Beamish (June 2, 1873 – March 27, 1948) was a leading British anti-Semite and the founder of The Britons. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Iran, 2006

The allegation was revived in a December 28, 2006 interview by Iranian Presidential Advisor Mohammad Ali Ramin who was appointed secretary-general of the new "World Foundation for Holocaust Studies" established at the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust: Participants on the first day of the conference. ...

"The Bolshevik Soviet government in Lenin's time, and later, in Stalin's - both of whom were Jewish, though they presented themselves as Marxists and atheists... - was one of the forces that, until the Second World War, cooperated with Hitler in promoting the idea of establishing the State of Israel."^[21]

References

Walter Laqueur (born 1921) is an American historian and political commentator. ... Walter Laqueur (born 1921) is an American historian and political commentator. ... James Webb (1945 - 1980) was an English historian and biographer. ... Sergey Georgyevich Kara-Murza Sergey Georgyevich Kara-Murza (Russian: Сеpгей Геоpгиевич Каpа-Муpза) (born January 23, 1939), Soviet and Russian chemist, historian, political philosopher and sociologist. ... Lechaim (Лехаим) is the flagship magazine of the Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS (FJC). ... Vladimir Burtsev Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev (Russian: ; November 17, 1862 – August 21, 1942), was a revolutionary activist, scholar, publisher and editor of several Russian language periodicals. ... Daniel Pipes in Copenhagen Daniel Pipes (born September 9, 1949) is an American historian and analyst who specializes in the Middle East. ... Tom Segev is a public intellectual, journalist, and Israeli historian. ... James Webb (1945 - 1980) was an English historian and biographer. ... The Middle East Media Research Institute (German name identical, Hebrew name המכון לחקר התקשורת המזרח התיכון, abbreviated ממרי), or MEMRI for short, is a organization...

See also

• History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
• Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Bolshevik
• Yevsektsiya
• History of antisemitism
• Komzet
  • OZET
• Red Latvian Riflemen
• Jewish Autonomous Oblast
  • Birobidzhan
• Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)
• Jewish Communist Union (Poalei Zion)
• Poale Zion
• Jewish left

Historical background As waves of anti-Jewish pogroms and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the Middle Ages, a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: КПСС (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... For other uses, see Bolshevik (disambiguation). ... Yevsektsiya (alternative spelling: Yevsektsia), Russian: ЕвСекция, the abbreviation of the phrase Еврейская секция (Yevreyskaya sektsiya) was the Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party created to challenge and eventually destroy... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Komzet (Russian: ) was the Committee for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land in the Soviet Union aiming to help impoverished and persecuted Jewish population of the former Pale of Settlement to adopt agricultural labor. ... OZET (Russian: ) was public Society for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land in the Soviet Union in the period from 1925 to 1938. ... Monument to the Red Latvian Riflemen in Riga, Latvia Latvian riflemen (Latvian: LatvieÅ¡u strÄ“lnieki, Russian: Латышские стрелки) were military formations assembled starting 1915 in Latvia in order to defend Baltic territories against Germans in World War I. Initially the battalions were formed by volunteers, from 1916 by conscription among the... , Capital Birobidzhan Area - total - % water Ranked 61st - 36,000 km² - no data Population - Total - Density Ranked 80th - est. ... Birobidzhan (ru: Биробиджа́н, yi: ביראָבידזשאן) is the capital of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia; the name is sometimes also used to refer to the entire oblast. ... Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion) (Russian: , EvreÄ­skaia kommunisticheskaia partiia (PoaleÄ­-Tsion), abbreviated EKP) was a political party in Russia 1919-1922. ... Jewish Communist Union (Poalei Zion), Komverband was the name taken by the Left World Union of Poalei Zion in 1921. ... Poale Zion (also spelled Poalei Tziyon or Poaley Syjon, meaning Workers of Zion) was a Movement of Marxist Zionist Jewish workers circles founded in various Russian cities about the turn of the century after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901. ... The term Jewish left describes Jews who identify with or support left wing or liberal causes. ...

External links

• Jews,Communism,and the Jewish Communists
• Stalin and the Jews by Stephen Schwartz (weeklystandard.org)
• The Truth & Facts about mostly NON Jewish Communism in Non-Jewish J. Stalin's Crimes
• Stalin's Jews by Israeli journalist Sever Plocker (ynetnews.com)
• Stalin's Jewish affair by Israeli journalist Dmitri Prokofiev (ynetnews.com)
• From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism by Konstantin Azadovskii and Boris Egorov (www.fas.harvard.edu)

Further reading

• Arkady Vaksberg: Stalin against the Jews, 1994, Vintage Books (a division of Random House, New York), ISBN 0-679-42207-2
• Yuri Slezkine: The Jewish Century, 2004, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11995-3
• Richard Pipes: Russia under the Bolshevik regime, 1993, Alfred A.Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-50242-6
• Mikhail Agursky: The Third Rome.National Bolshevism in the USSR,1987,Westview Press, ISBN 08133-0139-4
• Robert Wistrich: Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky, 1976, Harrap, London, ISBN 0-245-52785-0