NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Jewish Calendar

Download high resolution version (662x754, 67 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. Please see its image description page on the Commons. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. Start the DetailOfMedievalHebrewCalendar.jpg article...

This figure, in a detail of a medieval Hebrew calendar, reminded Jews of the Arecaceae (palm family) Manila dwarf coconut palm Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (also known as Palmae or Palmaceae), the palm family, is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the monocot order Arecales. There are... palm branches ( Lulav Name given to the festive palm-branch which with the Etrog, are carried and waved on the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot). The three constituents of the Lulav are: (1) A shoot of the palm-tree in its folded state before the leaves are spread out (also called Lulav... Lulav) and the Citron is a citrus fruit of the species Citrus medica. It is characterized by its thick rind and small sections. Generally, it is eaten preserved or in bakery goods, such as fruitcakes. The citron is known as the etrog by religious Jews, who use it in a ceremony on their... citron ( The Etrog is used with the Lulav, Hadas (myrtle) and willow branch (Arava) at the Feast of Tabernacles, or Sukkot . Of the Four Species of plants enumerated in Leviticus xxiii. 40 , on which the carrying of the lulav is based, tradition takes the fruit of the goodly tree ( , properly the... Etrog) to be brought to the synagogue at the end of Sukkot Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: סוכות or סֻכּוֹת Translation: Booths or Tabernacles Begins: 15th day of Tishrei Ends: 23rd (in Israel 22nd) day of Tishrei Occasion: One of the Three Pilgrim Festivals. Festival of Booths in which... sukkot, closing the solemn convocations of the calendar in autumn.

The Hebrew calendar or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in For a discussion of The word Jew ( Hebrew (עברית [‘Ivrit]) Spoken in: Israel Region: Israel and other countries Total speakers: Over 6 million (as all Israeli Jewish citizens as well as its Arabs speak it) Ranking: not in top 100 Genetic classification: Afro-Asiatic ... Judaism. It determines the Jewish holiday, (or Yom Tom or chag or taanit in Hebrew) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Torah, and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras. The holidays always... Jewish holidays, which Books of the Torah Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Books_of_Torah&action=edit) Torah, (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or especially Law. It primarily refers to the first section of the Tanakh–... Torah portions to read, Yahrzeit or Yohr Tzeit, means Time [of] Year in Yiddish, the phrase is still in use by non-Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, and refers to the annual anniversary of the day of death. Yahrzeit is the Yiddish spelling of the German-language word Jahreszeit (translated: Year time, meaning Time {of... Yahrzeits, and which set of Books of Ketuvim Psalms Proverbs Job Song of Solomon Ruth Lamentations Ecclesiastes Esther Daniel Ezra Nehemiah Chronicles edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Books_of_Ketuvim&action=edit) Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or... Psalms should be read each day. Originally observational, it is now a rule-based A lunisolar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates both the moon phase and the season. This is normally done by having a year that corresponds to a cycle of seasons and a month which corresponds to a lunation so that the day of month indicates the moon phase and... lunisolar calendar, using both lunar months and years defined via a solar cycle. This is in contrast to the The Gregorian calendar is the calendar currently used in the Western world. A modification of the Julian calendar, it was first proposed by the Neapolitan doctor Aloysius Lilius, and was decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, for whom it was named, on February 24, 1582 (Note: The papal bull Inter gravissimas... Gregorian calendar, which is based solely upon a solar cycle, or the This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer · Alms · Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) People Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph · Shia Imam Companions of Muhammad Holy Cities Mecca · Medina · Jerusalem Najaf · Karbala · Kufa Kazimain · Mashhad · Samarra Events... Islamic calendar, which is purely lunar. Although the The Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar formed by combining a purely lunar calendar with a solar calendar. Among Chinese, the calendar is not used for most day to day activities, but is used for the dating of holidays such as Chinese New Year (Spring Festival) and the Mid-Autumn... Chinese calendar is also a lunisolar calendar, its rules are totally different. All seasons mentioned herein are northern hemisphere seasons because the Hebrew calendar developed in the region east of the -1... Mediterranean Sea.

History

Two major forms of the calendar have been used: an observational form used before the destruction of the Artists impression of the Second Temple Destroyed The Second Temple was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 515 BC and 70 CE. During this time, it was the center of Jewish worship, which focused on the sacrifices known as the korbanot. The first Temple was destroyed when... Second Temple in For other uses, see number 70. Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s _ 70s - 80s 90s 100s 110s 120s Years: 65 66 67 68 69 - 70 - 71 72 73 74 75 Events The building of the Colosseum starts (approximate date). Pliny the... 70 and a rule-based form first fully described by Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Hebrew: רבי משה בן מיימון; Arabic: Mussa bin Maimun ibn Abdallah al-Kurtubi al-Israili; March 30, 1135—December 13, 1204), commonly known by his Greek name Maimonides, was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher... Maimonides in Years: 1175 1176 1177 - 1178 - 1179 1180 1181 Decades: 1140s 1150s 1160s - 1170s - 1180s 1190s 1200s Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Events June 18 - Five Canterbury monks see what was possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed The Sung Document written detailing the discovery of Mu-Lan-Pi... 1178. The period between 70 and 1178 is a transition period between the two forms, with the gradual adoption of more and more of the rules characteristic of the modern form. Except for the modern year number, the modern rules reached their final form before Years: 816 817 818 819 - 820 - 821 822 823 824 Decades: 790s 800s 810s - 820s - 830s 840s 850s Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century Events Michael II succeeds Leo V as Byzantine Emperor The Historia Brittonum is written (approximate date) Births Rhodri Mawr (the Great), ruler of Gwynedd (Wales... 820 or Years: 917 918 919 920 - 921 - 922 923 924 925 Decades: 890s 900s 910s - 920s - 930s 940s 950s Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century Events Embassy of Ahmad ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir. Births King... 921, with some uncertainty regarding when (see below). The modern Hebrew calendar cannot be used for A Bible handwritten in Latin, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. This Bible was transcribed in Belgium in 1407 AD, for reading aloud in a monastery. The Bible (From Greek (Ελληνικά) Spoken in: Greece, Cyprus, Albania and surrounding countries Region: The Balkans... Biblical dates because new moon dates may be in error by up to four days and months may be in error by up to four months. The latter accounts for irregular intercalation such as the three successive years which were given extra months during the early ( (1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century - other centuries) The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 99. Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events Beginning of Christianity Spread of the Roman Empire Masoretes adds vowel pointings to the... second century according to the The first page of the Talmud, in the standard Vilna edition. The core text of the Mishna and Talmud is in the center; commentaries and notes on either side surround it. The Talmud (התלמוד) is considered an authoritative record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law... Talmud.

Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since Biblical times, but originally referred to the months by number rather than name. Although the Bible never mentions an embolismic (extra) month, it must have existed in order to keep the first month in spring. Only four pre-exilic month names appear in the 11th century Targum Tanakh [תנ״ך] (also spelt Tanach or Tenach) is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible, based upon the initial Hebrew letters of each part: Torah [תורה] (The Law; also: Teaching or Instruction), Chumash [חומש] (The... Tanakh (the The Old Testament or the Hebrew Scriptures constitutes the first major part of the Christian Bible, usually divided into the categories law, history, poetry (or wisdom books) and prophecy. All of these books were written before the birth of Jesus. Contents // 1 Canon of the Old Testament 2 Historicity of... Old Testament), This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. Abib, also spelled Aviv, has three meanings: The stage in the growth of grain when the seeds have reached full size and are filling with starch, but have not dried yet. During the plague of hail (Exodus... Abib (first), Ziv (second), Ethanim (seventh), and Bul (eighth). All are Download high resolution version (568x950, 76 KB)Map of Canaan http://www.cts.edu/ImageLibrary/Public_domain.cfm This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the... Canaanite and at least two are Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plain of what is now Lebanon and Syria. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. Though ancient boundaries fluctuated, the southern... Phoenician names. Indeed, all of the months may have been identifiable via either native Jewish numbers or foreign Canaanite/Phoenician names, but the other names were simply not recorded in the Bible. During the Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite) Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel United States Russia/USSR Germany France ... Babylonian exile, immediately after Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC Events and Trends 589 BC - Apries succeeds Psammetichus II as king of Egypt 588 BC _ Nebuchadnezzar II of... 586 BCE, Jews adopted For other uses, see Babylon can refer to: Babylon, the capital city of Babylonia in ancient Mesopotamia. In Judeo-Christian tradition: Several references to Babel occur in the Bible, but it is not clear that they refer to the city. In the historical books of the Old Testament, the reference... Babylonian names for the months. Some sects, such as the The Essenes (Issiim) were a Jewish religious sect of Zadokites that flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. The name Essene, itself, is either a version of the Greek word for Holy, or various Aramaic dialect words for pious, and is probably not what the... Essenes, used a solar calendar during the last two centuries The Common Era is the period beginning with a year near the birth of Jesus, coinciding with the period from AD 1 onwards. It is synonymous with the period called the Christian era and is sometimes used as a religiously neutral alternative to it. The term has been in use... BCE.

In Second Temple times, the beginning of each lunar month was decided by two eyewitnesses testifying to having seen the new crescent moon. Patriarch Gamaliel II (c. -1... 100) compared these accounts to drawings of the lunar phases. According to arguments offered a millennia later, these observations were compared against calculations made by the main Jewish court, the Sanhedrin is the name given in the mishna to the body of seventy-one sages who constituted the supreme court and legislative body in Judea during the Roman period. The make-up of the seventy-one sages included a president, vice president, and sixty-nine general members who all sat... Sanhedrin. Whether an embolismic month (a second Adar) was needed depended on the condition of roads used by families to come to Jerusalem for Passover (Pesach) Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: פסח Translation: Pass/skip-over Begins: 15th day of Nisan Ends: 22nd (in Israel 21st) day of Nisan Occasion: One of the Three Pilgrim Festivals. Celebrating the Exodus and freedom from slavery of the Children of Israel from ancient... Passover, on an adequate number of lambs which were to be sacrificed at the temple, and on the earing of barley needed for first fruits. The beginning of each Hebrew month, once decided, was first announced to other communities by signal fires lit on mountaintops, but the For the British telephone helpline, see Samaritans. Like the Jews, the Samaritans are both a religious and an ethnic group. Ethnically, they are descended from the inhabitants of Samaria from the beginning of the Babylonian Exile up to the beginning of the Christian era. Religiously, they are the adherents of... Samaritans and Boethusaeans lit false fires, leading to the use of special messengers. But they could not reach the communities outside Palestine (Latin: Syria Palæstina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina, ארץ־ישראל Eretz Yisrael; Arabic: فلسطين Filasṭīn), is a region in the Middle East extending inland from the eastern shore of... Palestine within one day, so the outlying communities opted to celebrate scriptural festivals a second day as well, the "second feast-day of the This article is about dispersion of peoples. For the novel by Greg Egan, see Diaspora (novel). The term diaspora (Greek διασπορά, a scattering or sowing of seeds) is used (without capitalization) to refer to any people or ethnic population forced or induced to... Diaspora". During the time of the Amora, plural Amoraim, (from the Hebrew root amar to say or tell over), were renowned Jewish scholars who said or told over the teachings of the Oral law, from about 200 to 500 CE in Babylonia and Palestine. Their legal discussions and debates were eventually codified in the Gemara. The... Amoraim ( (2nd century - 3rd century - 4th century - other centuries) Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events The Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east. (230 - 232 AD). Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire... third to (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. Attila the Hun conquers large parts of Europe, threatens to attack Rome in 452 Vandals conquer Carthage in 439, sack Rome... fifth centuries) calculations were increasingly used, e.g. by Samuel the astronomer during the first half of the third century who stated that the year contained 365 ¼ days, and by "calculators of the calendar" about For other uses, see number 300. Years: 296 297 298 299 - 300 - 301 302 303 304 Decades: 270s 280s 290s - 300s - 310s 320s 330s Centuries: 2nd century - 3rd century - 4th century Events Romano-Celtic temple-mausoleum complex is constructed in Lullingstone, and also in Anderida (approximate date). Magnetic compass for... 300. Jose, an Amora who lived during the second half of the (3rd century - 4th century - 5th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events Definitive declaration of biblical canon: Council... fourth century, stated that the feast of Purim Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: פורים Translation: Lots (of a lottery performed by the wicked Haman) Begins: 14th day of Adar, (in Jerusalem on 15th Adar - because its an ancient walled city.) Ends: 14th day of Adar, (in Jerusalem the 15th of... Purim, 14 Adar, could not fall on a Sabbath or a Monday, lest 10 Tishri fall on a Friday or a Sunday. This indicates a fixed number of days in all months from Adar to Elul, also implying that the extra month was already a second Adar added before the regular Adar.

The Roman-Jewish wars of For other uses, see number 66. Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s _ 60s - 70s 80s 90s 100s 110s Years: 61 62 63 64 65 - 66 - 67 68 69 70 71 Events September 22 – Emperor Nero creates the legion I Italica... 66– For other uses, see number 74. Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s _ 70s - 80s 90s 100s 110s 120s Years: 69 70 71 72 73 - 74 - 75 76 77 78 79 Events Jewish rebel fortress of Masada falls to the Roman Empire... 74, For other uses, see number 115. Years: 111 112 113 114 - 115 - 116 117 118 119 Decades: 80s 90s 100s - 110s - 120s 130s 140s Centuries: 1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century Events Pope Sixtus I succeeds Jews in Egypt and Cyrene ignite a revolt against the rule of the Roman... 115– Years: 113 114 115 116 - 117 - 118 119 120 121 Decades: 80s 90s 100s - 110s - 120s 130s 140s Centuries: 1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century 117 (number) Events Emperor Trajan dies. Hadrian, who will reign until 148, succeeds him. Hadrian returns large parts of Mesopotamia to the Parthians as part... 117, and Years: 128 129 130 131 - 132 - 133 134 135 136 Decades: 100s 110s 120s - 130s - 140s 150s 160s Centuries: 1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century Events Simon bar Kokhba and Rabbi Eleazar start a war of liberation against the Romans, which is crushed by emperor Hadrian. Rabbi Akiva is also... 132– For other uses, see number 135. Years: 131 132 133 134 - 135 - 136 137 138 139 Decades: 100s 110s 120s - 130s - 140s 150s 160s Centuries: 1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century Events Epictetus writes the Enchiridion (approximate date) Last (4th) year of Yangjia era of the Chinese Han Dynasty The... 135 caused major disruptions in Jewish life, also disrupting the calendar. During the (2nd century - 3rd century - 4th century - other centuries) Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events The Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east. (230 - 232 AD). Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire... third and (3rd century - 4th century - 5th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events Definitive declaration of biblical canon: Council... fourth centuries, This article is about the religious people known as Christians. For other uses, see This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it... Christian sources describe the use of eight, nineteen, and 84 year lunisolar cycles by Jews, all linked to the civil calendars used by various communities of Diaspora Jews, which were effectively isolated from The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in A map showing Southwest Asia - The term Middle East is more often used to refer to both Southwest Asia and some North African countries Southwest Asia, or West Asia, is the southwestern part of Asia. Geographers... Levant Jews and their calendar. Some assigned major Jewish festivals to fixed solar calendar dates, whereas others used The epact (from Greek: epaktai hèmerai = added days) is, as the second Canon of the Gregorian Calendar reform puts it, nothing else than the number of days which the common solar year of 365 days surpasses the common lunar year of 354 days (Latin: Epacta nihil aliud est quam... epacts to specify how many days before major civil solar dates Jewish lunar months were to begin.

The This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityopiya, Amharic ኢትዮጵያ) is a country situated in an area known as the Horn of Africa. It has one of the most... Ethiopic Christian Computus (Latin for computation) is calculation of the date of Easter in the Christian calendar. The name has been used for this procedure since the early Middle Ages, as it was one of the most important computations of the age. The canonical rule is that Easter Sunday is the first... computus (used to calculate Easter (also called Pascha) is generally accounted the most important holiday of the Christian year, observed March or April each year to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus from the dead (after his death by crucifixion; see Good Friday), which Christians believe happened at about this time of year, almost two... Easter) describes in detail a Jewish calendar which must have been used by Antiquity and modernity stand cheek-by-jowl in Egypts chief Mediterranean seaport For other uses, see Alexandria (disambiguation). Located on the The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2... Alexandrian Jews near the end of the third century. These Jews formed a relatively new community in the aftermath of the annihilation (by murder or enslavement) of all Alexandrian Jews by Emperor Emperor Trajan Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (September 18, 53 - August 9, 117), Roman Emperor (98 - 117), commonly called Trajan, was the second of the so-called five good emperors of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the empire reached its greatest territorial extent. Trajan was the son of M. Ulpius... Trajan at the end of the 115–117 war. Their calendar used the same epacts in nineteen year cycles that were to become canonical in the Easter computus used by almost all medieval Christians, both those in the For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages... Latin West and the Greek (Ελληνικά) Spoken in: Greece, Cyprus, Albania and surrounding countries Region: The Balkans Total speakers: 12 million Ranking: 74 Genetic classification: Indo-European Greek Attic Modern Greek Official status Official language of: Greece, Cyprus (and the European... Greek East. Only those churches beyond the eastern border of the The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the The Roman Empire is not the Holy Roman Empire (843-1806). Roman Empire between AD 60 and 400 with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before 300. The... Byzantine Empire differed, changing one epact every nineteen years, causing four Easters every 532 years to differ.

A popular tradition holds that Patriarch Hillel II, also known simply as Hillel was a Jewish communal and religious authority, circa 330 - 365 CE. He was the son and successor of Judah III. He is sometimes confused with Hillel the Elder, as the Talmud sometimes simply uses the name Hillel. He is regarded as the creator... Hillel II revealed the continuous calendar in Years: 355 356 357 358 - 359 - 360 361 362 363 Decades: 320s 330s 340s - 350s - 360s 370s 380s Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century Events Battle of Amida: Shapur II of Persia conquers Amida from the Romans. September - The Council of Seleucia is held. Births Godgisel, king of the... 359 due to Christian persecution, formerly a secret known only to the 'calendar committee', a council of sages. This tradition was first mentioned quite late by Rabbi (or Rav) Hai Gaon (969-1038) was one of the last geonim (rabbinic authorities of the early Middle Ages). He was the head of the academy at Pumbedita, Babylonia. He authored both a commentary on the Talmud as well as a collection of responsa, plus several other smaller works... Hai Gaon (died Years: 1035 1036 1037 - 1038 - 1039 1040 1041 Decades: 1000s 1010s 1020s - 1030s - 1040s 1050s 1060s Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century 1038 state leaders Events Births Deaths Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury Alhazen, Arabian mathematician August 15 - Hungary Categories: 1038 ... 1038). But the Talmud, which did not reach its final form until c. For other uses, see number 500. Years: 496 497 498 499 - 500 - 501 502 503 504 Decades: 470s 480s 490s - 500s - 510s 520s 530s Centuries: 4th century - 5th century - 6th century Events Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that... 500, does not mention it or even anything as mundane as the nineteen year cycle or the length of any month, despite discussing the characteristics of earlier calendars. Furthermore, Jewish dates during post-Talmudic times (specifically in 506 and 776) are impossible using modern rules. Instead, all evidence points to the arithmetic rules of the modern calendar being developed in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim (also Gaonim) (גאונים) (Singular: Gaon [גאון] meaning Genius in Hebrew) were the rabbis who were the Jewish Talmudic sages who were the generally accepted leaders of the Jewish community in the early medieval era. They were active in Sura and Pumbeditha... Geonim ( ( (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the... seventh to (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there... eighth centuries). Most of the modern rules were in place by about 820 as described by the A Muslim is a believer in or follower of This article forms part of the seriesIslam This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer ÃÂ· Alms ÃÂ· Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) People Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph ÃÂ· Shia... Muslim astronomer Soviet postage stamp commemorating the 1200th anniversary of Muhammad al‑Khwarizmi in 1983. Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi (خوارزمی in Persian, أبو عبد الله محمد بن موسى... al-Khwarizmi. A notable exception was the epoch (the beginning of year 1), which was placed one year later than that of the modern calendar.

In 921, Aaron ben Meir, a person otherwise unknown, sought to return the authority for the calendar to Palestine by asserting that the first day of Tishri should be the day of the new moon unless the new moon occurred more than 642 parts after noon, when it should be delayed by one or two days. The Babylonian rules delayed the first day of Tishri when the new moon occurred after noon. One possible explanation is that local time on the Babylonian meridian is 642 parts later than on the meridian of Jerusalem, so ben Meir was asserting that the calendar should be run from Jerusalem, not Babylon. An alternative explanation for the 642 parts is as follows: The calculated time of New Moon during the six days of creation was on Friday at 14 hours exactly (day starting at 6pm the previous evening), assuming that creation occurred in the Autumn to coincide with Rosh Hashanah Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: ראש השנה Translation: Head [of] the year Begins: 1st day of Tishrei Ends: 2nd day of Tishrei Occasion: Jewish new year according to the Hebrew calendar. Commemorates both the Creation of Genesis and the birth and... Rosh Hashana. However, it was at 9 hours and 642 parts on Wednesday if creation actually took place six months earlier, in Spring. Ben Meir may thus have believed, along with many earlier Jewish scholars, that creation occurred in Spring and the calendar rules had been adjusted by 642 parts to fit in with an Autumn date. In any event he was opposed by Sa'adiah Gaon and in the end all Jewish communities ignored his opinion, but accounts of the controversy show that all of the rules of the modern calendar (except for the year) were in place before 921. In For other uses, see number 1000. Years: 997 998 999 - 1000 - 1001 1002 1003 Decades: 970s 980s 990s - 1000s - 1010s 1020s 1030s Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century 1000 state leaders Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 See also Events World Population 300 million. Gunpowder invented in... 1000, the Muslim chronologist Abu Raihan Al-Biruni (also, Biruni, Alberuni Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی) ; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني; (September 15, 973 - December 13, 1048) was a... al-Biruni also described all of the modern rules except that he specified three different epochs used by various Jewish communities being one, two, or three years later than the modern epoch. Finally, in 1178 Maimonides described all of the modern rules, including the modern epochal year.

Modern calendar

The epoch of the modern Hebrew calendar is 1 Tishri AM 1 (AM = anno mundi = in the year of the world), which in the The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar to dates preceding its official introduction in 45 BC. Historians since Bede have traditionally represented the years preceding AD 1 as 1 BC, 2 BC, etc. In this system the year 1 BC would be a leap year (although... proleptic Julian calendar is Monday, October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an... October 7, (39th century BC - 38th century BC - 37th century BC - other centuries) (5th millennium BC - 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC) Events Civilization of Crete September 6, 3761 BC - First day of the Hebrew Calendar (the Creation) Significant persons Inventions, discoveries, introductions Categories: Centuries | 38th century BC | 4th millennium BC ... 3761 BCE, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period). This date is about one year before the traditional Jewish Many cultures have held traditional beliefs that the Earth, or indeed the entire Universe, was brought into being in a grand Creation event by one or more gods. Once these cultures developed calendars, many began to ponder the question of precisely how long ago it was that this event happened... date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1. A minority place Creation on 25 Adar AM 1, six months earlier, or six months after the modern epoch. Thus adding 3760 to any Julian/Gregorian year number after 1178 will yield the Hebrew year number beginning in autumn (add 3759 for that ending in autumn). Due to the slow drift of the Jewish calendar relative to the Gregorian calendar, this will be true for about another 20,000 years.

The Hebrew month is tied to an excellent measurement of the average time taken by the For other moons in the solar system see natural satellite. For other uses see Moon (disambiguation). Moon The Moon as seen from Earth Orbital characteristics Semi-major axis 384,400 km (0.0026 AU) Orbital circumference 2,413,402 km (0.016 AU) Eccentricity 0.0554 Perigee 363,104 km... Moon to cycle from A lunar conjunction is the moment when the earth, moon and sun, in that order, are approximately in a straight line. (See conjunction (astronomy) for a precise definition.) It is called the molad in Hebrew and is sometimes refered to as the new moon, though traditionally new moon refers to... lunar conjunction to lunar conjunction. Twelve lunar months are about 354 days while the solar year is about 365 days so an extra lunar month is added every two or three years in accordance with a The Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris in astronomy and calendar studies is a particular approximate common multiple of the tropical year and the synodic month. 19 tropical years differ from 235 synodic months by about 2 hours. 19 tropical years = 6939.602 days 235 synodic months = 6939.688 days This approximation... 19-year cycle of 235 lunar months (12 regular months every year plus 7 extra or embolismic months every 19 years). The average Hebrew year length is about 365.2468 days, about 7 minutes longer than the average tropical solar year which is about 365.2422 days. Approximately every 216 years, those minutes add up so that the Hebrew year is "slower" than the average solar year by a full day. Because the average Gregorian year is 365.2425 days, the average Hebrew year is slower by a day every 231 Gregorian years. During the last century a number of Jewish scholars suggested that the chief rabbinate in Jerusalem consider modifying this rule to avoid this effect.

There are exactly 14 different patterns that Hebrew calendar years may take. Each of these patterns is called a "keviyah" ( Hebrew (עברית [‘Ivrit]) Spoken in: Israel Region: Israel and other countries Total speakers: Over 6 million (as all Israeli Jewish citizens as well as its Arabs speak it) Ranking: not in top 100 Genetic classification: Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central ... Hebrew for "species"), and is distinguished by the day of the week for Rosh Hashanah Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: ראש השנה Translation: Head [of] the year Begins: 1st day of Tishrei Ends: 2nd day of Tishrei Occasion: Jewish new year according to the Hebrew calendar. Commemorates both the Creation of Genesis and the birth and... Rosh Hashanah of that particular year and by that particular year's length.

A variant of this pattern of naming includes another letter which specifies the day of the week for the first day of Pesach (Passover) in the year.

Every hour is divided into 1080 halakim or parts. A part is 3¹/₃ seconds or ¹/₁₈ minute. The ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a barleycorn, itself equal to ¹/₇₂ of a Babylonian time degree (1° of celestial rotation). Actually, the barleycorn or she was the name applied to the smallest units of all Babylonian measurements, whether of length, area, volume, weight, angle, or time. But by the (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant... twelfth century that source had been forgotten, causing Maimonidies to speculate that there were 1080 parts in an hour because that number was evenly divisible by all numbers from 1 to 10 except 7. But the same statement can be made regarding 360. The weekdays start with Sunday (day 1) and proceed to Saturday (day 7). Since some calculations use division, a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday.

The calendar is based on mean lunar conjunctions called "molads" spaced precisely 29 days, 12 hours, and 793 parts apart. Actual conjunctions vary from the molads by up to 7 hours in each direction due to the nonuniform velocity of the moon. This value for the interval between molads (the mean synodic month) was measured by Babylonians before Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301 BC - 300 BC - 299 BC 298 BC... 300 BCE and was adopted by the Greek astronomer For the Athenian tyrant, see Hipparchus (son of Pisistratus). Hipparchus (Greek Ἳππαρχος) (circa 190 BC – circa 120 BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. The ESAs Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission was named after him. Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (now... Hipparchus and the Alexandrian astronomer This article is about the geographer and astronomer Ptolemy. For Alexander the Greats general, see Ptolemy I of Egypt. For others named Ptolemy or Ptolemaeus, see Ptolemy (disambiguation). Claudius Ptolemaeus, given contemporary German styling, in a 16th century engraved book frontispiece Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Κλαύδ... Ptolemy. Its remarkable accuracy was achieved using records of lunar eclipses from the (9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC - other centuries) (800s BC - 790s BC - 780s BC - 770s BC - 760s BC - 750s BC - 740s BC - 730s BC - 720s BC - 710s BC - 700s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Golden age in Armenia Assyria... eighth to (6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events Demotic becomes the dominant script of ancient Egypt Persians invade Greece twice (Persian Wars) Battle... fifth centuries BCE. Measured on a strictly uniform time scale, such as that provided by an An atomic clock is a type of clock that uses an atomic resonance frequency standard as its counter. Early atomic clocks were masers with attached equipment. Todays best atomic frequency standards (or clocks) are based on more advanced physics involving cold atoms and atomic fountains. National standards agencies maintain... atomic clock, the mean synodic month is becoming gradually longer, but since the rotation of the earth is slowing even more the mean synodic month is becoming gradually shorter in terms of the day-night cycle. The value 29-12-793 was almost exactly correct in For other uses, see One (disambiguation), for the number, see Number 1. Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC - 0s - 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s Years: 5 BC 4 BC 3 BC 2 BC 1 BC - 1 - 2... 1 CE and is now about 0.6 s per month too great. However it is still the most correct value possible as long as only whole numbers of parts are used. Especially, it is far more accurate than the average solar year due to the 19-years-235-months equality described above — the total accumulated error of 29-12-793 from its Babylonian measurement until the present amounts to only about five hours.

The 19 year cycle has 12 common and 7 leap years. There are 235 lunar months in each The Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris in astronomy and calendar studies is a particular approximate common multiple of the tropical year and the synodic month. 19 tropical years differ from 235 synodic months by about 2 hours. 19 tropical years = 6939.602 days 235 synodic months = 6939.688 days This approximation... cycle. This gives a total of 6939 days, 16 hours and 595 parts for each cycle. Due to the vagaries of the Hebrew calendar, 19 Hebrew years can be either 6939, 6940, 6941, or 6942 days each. To start on the same day of the week, the days in the cycle must be divisible by 7, but none of these values can be so divided. This keeps the Hebrew calendar from repeating itself too often. The calendar almost repeats every 247 years, except for an excess of 50 minutes (905 parts). So the calendar actually repeats every 36,288 cycles (every 689,472 Hebrew years).

Leap years of 13 months are the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and the 19th years beginning at the epoch of the modern calendar. Dividing the Hebrew year number by 19, and looking at the remainder will tell you if the year is a leap year (for the 19th year, the remainder is zero). A Hebrew leap year is one that has 13 months in it, a common year has 12 months. A mnemonic word in Hebrew is GUCHADZaT (the Hebrew letters gimel-vav-het aleph-dalet-zayin-tet, i.e. 3, 6, 8, 1, 4, 7, 9. See edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Numeral_systems&action=edit) Numeral systems Arabic Armenian Attic (Greek) Babylonian Chinese Egyptian Etruscan Greek Hebrew Indian Ionian (Greek) Japanese Khmer Maya Roman Cyrillic Thai Binary (2) Octal (8) Decimal (10) Hexadecimal (16) The system of Hebrew numerals is... Hebrew numerals). Another mnemonic is that the intervals of the In music theory, the major scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is often considered to be made up of eight notes (seven plus the octave), divided into two groups of four, the tetrachords. The pattern of steps in each tetrachord is, in ascending order: tone, tone, semitone, tone... major scale follow the same pattern as do Hebrew leap years: a The musical interval of a major second — also called a whole-tone — is the relationship between the first note (the root or tonic) and the second note in a major scale (and also a minor scale). It is the inversion of the minor seventh. It is abbreviated as... whole step in the scale corresponds to two common years between consecutive leap years, and a A half step is either: the interval of a minor second in music, or the half step (dance move) in dance. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might... half step to one common between two leap years.

A Hebrew common year will only have 353, 354, or 355 days. A leap year will have 383, 384, or 385 days.

Although simple math would calculate 21 patterns for calendar years, there are other limitations which mean that Rosh Hashanah Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: ראש השנה Translation: Head [of] the year Begins: 1st day of Tishrei Ends: 2nd day of Tishrei Occasion: Jewish new year according to the Hebrew calendar. Commemorates both the Creation of Genesis and the birth and... Rosh Hashanah may only occur on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays (the "four gates"), according to the following table:

Basically, the Hebrew months alternate between a long month and a short month, that is:

For leap years, a 30 day month of Adar I is added immediately after the month of Shevat, and the 29 day Adar is called Adar II. This is to ensure that the months remain at the same season rather than continuing to drift earlier by about 11 days per year.

The 265 days from the first day of the 29 day month of Adar (the last of the religious year) and ending with the 29th day of Heshvan forms a fixed length period that has all of the festivals specified in the Bible, such as Passover (Pesach) Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: פסח Translation: Pass/skip-over Begins: 15th day of Nisan Ends: 22nd (in Israel 21st) day of Nisan Occasion: One of the Three Pilgrim Festivals. Celebrating the Exodus and freedom from slavery of the Children of Israel from ancient... Pesach (Nisan 15), Shavuot Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: שבועות or חג שבעות Translation: Festival of [seven] Weeks Begins: 6th day of Sivan Ends: 7th (in Israel 6th) day of Sivan Occasion: One of the Three Pilgrim Festivals. Celebrating the giving... Shavuot (Sivan 6), Rosh Hashanah Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: ראש השנה Translation: Head [of] the year Begins: 1st day of Tishrei Ends: 2nd day of Tishrei Occasion: Jewish new year according to the Hebrew calendar. Commemorates both the Creation of Genesis and the birth and... Rosh Hashana (Tishri 1), Yom Kippur Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: יום כפור or יום הכיפורים Translation: Day [of the] Atonement Begins: 10th day of Tishrei Ends: 10th day of Tishrei Occasion: Judgment day for individuals and all... Yom Kippur (Tishri 10), Sukkot Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: סוכות or סֻכּוֹת Translation: Booths or Tabernacles Begins: 15th day of Tishrei Ends: 23rd (in Israel 22nd) day of Tishrei Occasion: One of the Three Pilgrim Festivals. Festival of Booths in which... Sukkot (Tishri 15), and Sukkot Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: סוכות or סֻכּוֹת Translation: Booths or Tabernacles Begins: 15th day of Tishrei Ends: 23rd (in Israel 22nd) day of Tishrei Occasion: One of the Three Pilgrim Festivals. Festival of Booths in which... Shemini Atzeret (Tishri 22).

The festival period from Pesach up to and including Shemini Atzeret is exactly 185 days long. The time from the traditional day of the vernal In astronomy, an equinox is defined as the moment when the sun reaches one of two intersections between the ecliptic and the celestial equator. The word equinox comes from the Latin for equal night. The equinoxes in March and September are the two occasions each year when the day and... equinox up to and including the traditional day of the autumnal equinox is also exactly 185 days long. This has caused some unfounded speculation that Pesach should be March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). There are 285 days remaining. March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... March 21, and Shemini Atzeret should be September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an... September 21, which are the traditional days for the equinoxes. Just as the Hebrew day starts at sunset, the Hebrew year starts in the Autumn (Rosh Hashanah), although the mismatch of solar and lunar years will eventually move it to another season if the calendar isn't reformed (this will not happen for thousands of years).

Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite) · Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel · United States · Russia/USSR Germany · France ... Karaites use the lunar month and the solar year, but determine when to add a leap month by observing the ripening of barley in For other uses, see Israel (disambiguation). The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the... Israel, rather than a fixed calendar. This occasionally puts them a month out of sync with the rest of the Jews. (For several centuries, most Karaites, especially outside Israel, have kept in step with other Jews for the sake of simplicity. However, in recent years many Karaites have reverted to their traditional practice.)

Accuracy of the Jewish Calendar

The length of the month assumed by the calendar is correct within a fraction of a second. There will thus be no significant errors from this source for a very long time. However, the assumption that 19 years exactly equal 235 months is wrong, so the average length of a 19 year cycle is too long (compared with 19 A tropical year is the length of time that the Sun, as viewed from the Earth, takes to return to the same position along the ecliptic (its path among the stars on the celestial sphere). The precise length of time depends on which point of the ecliptic one chooses: starting... tropical years) by about 0.088 days or just over 2 hours. Thus on average the calendar gets further out of step with the tropical year by roughly one day in 216 years. If the intention of the calendar is that Pesach should fall on the first full moon after the vernal equinox, this is still the case in most years. However, at present three times in 19 years Pesach is a month late (as in Years: 2002 is a This is the calendar for a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F), e.g. 2002, 1991, 1985, 1974, 1963... (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa ... 2005). Clearly, this problem will get worse over time and if the calendar is not amended, Pesach and the other festivals will progress through a complete cycle of seasons in about 79,000 years.

History

Modern calendar

Accuracy of the Jewish Calendar

Literature

External links

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Modern calendar

Accuracy of the Jewish Calendar

Literature

External links

History