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Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected to religion. Image File history File links Star_of_David. ... Menorah. ... Who is a Jew? (Hebrew: ?מיהו יהודי) is the name of the religious, social and political debate on the exact definition of which person can be called Jewish. ... Look up Jew in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people, with around 14 million followers (as of 2005 [1]). It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ... There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that one is expected to uphold in order to be said to be in consonance with the Jewish faith. ... A Jewish holiday or Jewish Festival is a day or series of days observed by Jews as holy or secular commemorations of important events in Jewish history. ... Jewish services are the communal prayer recitations which form part of the observance of Judaism. ... 11th century Targum Tanakh [תנ״ך] (also Tanach or Tenach) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish rabbinic law, custom and tradition. ... The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law, Jewish ethics, customs, legends and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. ... Mitzvah מצוה is the Hebrew word for commandment (plural mitzvot; from צוה, tzavah - command). The word is used in Judaism to refer to (a) the 613 commandments enumerated in the Torah (five books of Moses), or (b) any Jewish law at all. ... 613 mitzvot (or 613 Commandments. ... Minhag is a word for custom. ... Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish ethnic communities within the worlds Jewish population. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi, AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănāzî, ʾAÅ¡kănāzîm, pronounced sing. ... Persian Jews, Iranian Jews, or Parsim (Hebrew: , as they are commonly called in Israel), are Persian-speaking Jewish communities living throughout the former greatest extents of the Persian Empire. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... The Bene Israel (Sons of Israel) are a group of Jews who, in the mid-twentieth century, lived primarily in Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and parts of Pakistan. ... Sephardi Jews (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew SÉ™fardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazi Jews and/or Mizrahi Jews. ... The Beta Israel (or House of Israel), known by outsiders by the term Falasha (exiles or strangers), a term that they consider to be pejorative, are Jews of Ethiopian origin. ... Bukharan Jews (Bukhoran Jews, Bukharian Jews) is a blanket term for Jews from Central Asia speaking a dialect of the Tajik language. ... Yemenite Jews (תֵּימָנִי, Standard Hebrew Temani, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānî; plural תֵּימָנִים, Standard Hebrew Temanim, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānîm) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן far south, Standard Hebrew Teman, Tiberian Hebrew Têmān), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ... The number of Jews in the world is difficult to calculate, especially given the constant debates of the definition of Jew. ... Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith (Judaism) and culture. ... The vast territories of the Russian Empire once hosted the largest Jewish population in the world. ... This article is about the history of the Jewish people in England. ... History of the Jews in Latin America. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Islam and Judaism: This article is part of a series on Jewish history and discusses the history of Islam and Judaism, as they have interacted with each other for 1200 years, from the seventh century up until the... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Jews by country. ... // By type List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society List of Jewish historians List of Jewish members of Academies of Sciences, Humanities or Engineering List of Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities List of Jewish Members of the National Academy of Sciences the United States List... Many Jewish denominations exist within the religion of Judaism; the Jewish community is divided into a number of religious denominations as well as branches or movements. ... Orthodox Judaism is the stream of Judaism which adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmud (The Oral Law) and later codified in the Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law). It is governed by these works and the Rabbinical commentary... Conservative Judaism, also known as Masorti Judaism, is a modern denomination of Judaism that arose in United States in the early 1900s. ... Reform Judaism can refer to (1) the largest denomination of Judaism in America and its sibling movements in other countries, (2) a branch of Judaism in the United Kingdom, and (3) the historical predecessor of the American movement that originated in 19th Century Germany. ... Reconstructionist Judaism is a movement of Judaism with a relatively liberal set of beliefs: an individuals personal autonomy should generally override traditional Jewish law and custom, yet also take into account communal consensus, modern culture is accepted, traditional rabbinic modes of study, as well as modern scholarship and critical... Liberal Judaism is a term used by some communities worldwide for what is otherwise also known as Reform Judaism or Progressive Judaism. ... Karaite Judaism is a Jewish denomination characterized by reliance on the Tanakh as the sole scripture, and rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmud) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... Alternative Judaism refers to several varieties of modern Judaism which fall outside the common Orthodox/Non-Orthodox (Reform/Conservative/Reconstructionist) classification of the four major streams of todays Judaism. ... The Jewish languages are a set of languages that developed in various Jewish communities, in Europe, southern and south-western Asia, and northern Africa. ... Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 7 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Ladino is a Romance language, derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish) and Hebrew. ... Dzhidi, or Judæo-Persian, is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Iran. ... Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ... The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ... Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of the Jewish community. ... Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian) 1844 Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews by Mordecai Noah, page one. ... General Zionists were centrists within the Zionist movement. ... Revisionist Zionism is a right wing tendency within the Zionist movement. ... Timeline of Zionism in the modern era: 1861 - The Zion Society is formed in Frankfurt, Germany. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (אַלגמײַנער ײדישער אַרבײטערסבונד אין ליטאַ, פוילין און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (בונד) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Kibbutz Dan, near Qiryat Shemona, in the Upper Galilee, 1990s A kibbutz (Hebrew: קיבוץ; plural: kibbutzim: קיבוצים, gathering or together) is an Israeli collective community. ... Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith (Judaism) and culture. ... This is a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. ... Jewish leadership: Since 70 AD and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem there has been no single body that has a leadership position over the entire Jewish community. ... In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources, including the Jewish Tanakh (partially the Old Testament, it also consists of the book of the prophets, and the five books of Moses) and other Jewish texts such as the Talmud, the Ethiopian book of history... The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash) was built in ancient Jerusalem in c. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... Jerusalem (31°46′N 35°14′E; Hebrew: (help· info) Yerushalayim; Arabic: (help· info) al-Quds; (alternative Arabic found in Bible translations: أُورْشَلِيم Urshalim)) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meter. ... Jewish emblem of Jerusalem: the lion of Judah (Ariel) and olive branch of peace (shalom) with the Western Walls blocks in the background The city of Jerusalem is significant in a number of religious traditions, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam. ... 1800 BCE - The Jebusites build the wall Jebus (Jerusalem). ... The Hasmonean Kingdom (pronunciation) in ancient Judea and its ruling dynasty from 140 BCE to 37 BCE was established under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus, two decades after Judah the Maccabee defeated the Seleucid army in 165 BCE. // Recorded history The origin of the Hasmonean dynasty is recorded in the... For the tractate in the Mishnah, see Sanhedrin (tractate). ... Schisms among the Jews: // First Temple era Based on the historical narrative in the Bible and archeology, Levantine civilization at the time of Solomons Temple was prone to idol worship, astrology, worship of reigning kings, and paganism. ... Jewish-Roman War can refer to several revolts by the Jews of Judea against the Roman Empire: The First Jewish-Roman War (66–73 CE), sometimes called the First Jewish Revolt. ... The Pharisees (from the Hebrew perushim, from parash, meaning to separate) were, depending on the time, a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought among Jews that flourished during the Second Temple Era (536 BCE–70 CE). ... The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut, exile) is the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Jews in the Middle Ages : The history of Jews in the Middle Ages (approximately 500 CE to 1750 CE) can be divided into two categories. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Haskalah (Hebrew: השכלה; enlightenment, intellect, from sekhel, common sense), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a religious movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה; ascent or going up) is a term widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). ... Selection at the Auschwitz ramp in 1944, where the Nazis chose whom to kill immediately and whom to use as slave labor or for medical experimentation. ... This article discusses the history of the modern State of Israel, from its independence proclamation in 1948 to the present. ... Israel (in blue color) and the Arab League states (in green, Comoros is not shown). ... Related articles: anti-Semitism; history of anti-Semitism; modern anti-Semitism This article deals with various persecutions that the Jewish people have experienced throughout history. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the Jews as a religious or ethnic group. ... The new anti-Semitism refers to the contemporary international resurgence of anti-Jewish incidents and attacks on Jewish symbols, as well as the acceptance of anti-Semitic beliefs and their expression in public discourse [1][2]. The term, which first came into general use in the early 1970s, is sometimes... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... Jews (Hebrew: יהודים translit. ...

The word secular in secular Jewish culture, therefore, refers not to the type of Jew but rather to the type of culture. For example, religiously observant Orthodox Jews who write literature and music or produce films with non-religious themes are participating in secular Jewish culture, even if they are not secular themselves. Orthodox Judaism is one of the three major branches of Judaism. ...

However, Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life," which makes it difficult to draw a clear distinction between Judaism and Jewish culture. Furthermore, not all individuals or all cultural phenomena can be easily classified as either "secular" or "religious". Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people, with around 14 million followers (as of 2005 [1]). It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ...

In many times and places, such as in the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after the Enlightenment, and in the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews with others around them, and others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to religion itself. Hellenic may refer to: the Hellenic Republic (the modern Greek state) the Hellenes, itself a term for either ancient or modern Greeks anything related to Greece in general or Ancient Greece in particular. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... William Blakes Newton as a divine geometer (1795) The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason. ...

Origins of secular Jewish culture

For at least 2,000 years, there has not been a unity of Jewish culture. Jews were always geographically dispersed, so that by the 19th century the Ashkenazi Jews were mainly in Europe, especially Eastern Europe; the Sephardi Jews were largely, though not exclusively, in the Arab world; and other populations of Jews were scattered in such places as Ethiopia the Caucasus, and India. (See Jewish ethnic divisions.) Many of these populations were cut off in some degree from the surrounding cultures by ghettoization, by the Muslim laws of dhimma, etc. By 1931, before the Holocaust, 92% of the world's Jewish population was Ashkenazi in origin, and therefore much of what is thought of as "Jewish culture" is the Jewish culture of Central and Eastern Europe. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, Aškanazi, Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAškănāzî, ʾAškănāzîm, pronounced sing. ... Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ... Sephardi Jews (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazi Jews and/or Mizrahi Jews. ... The Arab world The Arab world(العالم العربي) consists of more than twenty countries stretching from Mauritania in the west to Oman in the east. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish ethnic communities within the worlds Jewish population. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) (sometimes also spelled Moslem) is an adherent of Islam. ... A Dhimmi, or Zimmi (Arabic ذمي), as defined in classical Islamic legal and political literature, is a person living in a Muslim state who is a member of an officially tolerated non-Islamic religion. ...

Medieval Jewish communities in Eastern Europe developed distinct cultural traits over the centuries, but beginning with the Enlightenment (and its echo within Judaism in the Haskalah movement), many Yiddish-speaking Jews in Eastern Europe saw themselves as forming an ethnic or national group whose identity did not depend on religion. Constanin Măciucă writes of "a differentiated but not isolated Jewish spirit" permeating the culture of Yiddish-speaking Jews. This was only intensified as the rise of Romanticism increased the sense of national identity across Europe generally. Thus, for example, Bund members — that is, members of the General Jewish Labor Union in the late 19th and early 20th centuries — were generally non-religious, and one of the historical leaders of the Bund was the child of converts to Christianity, though not a practising or believing Christian himself. The Haskalah combined with the Jewish Emancipation movement under way in Central and Western Europe to create an opportunity for Jews to enter secular society. At the same time, pogroms in Eastern Europe created a migration, in large part to the United States, where 2 million Jewish immigrants arrived between 1880 and 1920. In the 1940s, The Holocaust resulted in the destruction of most of European Jewry, which, combined with the birth of Israel and the movement of Jews from Arab nations, created a further geographic shift. Defining secular culture among those who practice Judaism is difficult, because the entire culture is entwined with religious traditions. (This is particularly true of Orthodox Judaism.) Gary Tobin, head of the Institute for Jewish and Community Research, said of traditional Jewish culture: The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... Haskalah (Hebrew: השכלה; enlightenment, intellect, from sekhel, common sense), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a religious movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (אַלגמײַנער ײדישער אַרבײטערסבונד אין ליטאַ, פוילין און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (בונד) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life, teachings, and actions of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ... Haskalah (Hebrew: השכלה; enlightenment, intellect, from sekhel, common sense), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a religious movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... Pogrom (Russian: ; from громить - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot, a massive violent attack on a particular group; ethnic, religious or other, primarily characterized by destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). ... Selection at the Auschwitz ramp in 1944, where the Nazis chose whom to kill immediately and whom to use as slave labor or for medical experimentation. ... The Jewish exodus from Arab lands is the 20th century emigration, and sometimes expulsion, of Jews, primarily Sephardi and Mizrahi, from Arab lands. ... Orthodox Judaism is the stream of Judaism which adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmud (The Oral Law) and later codified in the Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law). It is governed by these works and the Rabbinical commentary...

The dichotomy between religion and culture doesn’t really exist. Every religious attribute is filled with culture; every cultural act filled with religiosity. Synagogues themselves are great centers of Jewish culture. After all, what is life really about? Food, relationships, enrichment hellip; So is Jewish life. So many of our traditions inherently contain aspects of culture. Look at the Passover Seder—it’s essentially great theater. Jewish education and religiosity bereft of culture is not as interesting. ^[1] A synagogue (בית כנסת beit knesset in Hebrew meaning a house of assembly or שול shul in Yiddish) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... The Seder (pronounced say-der, meaning order in Hebrew, referring to the many sections which follow a specific sequence) is a special Jewish ceremonial dinner revolving around the story of Exodus. ...

Languages

See main article Jewish languages.

Literary and theatrical expressions of secular Jewish culture may be in specifically Jewish languages such as Hebrew, Yiddish or Ladino, or it may be in the language of the surrounding cultures, such as English or German. Secular literature and theater in Yiddish largely began in the 19th century and was in decline by the middle of the 20th century. The revival of Hebrew beyond its use in the liturgy is largely an early 20th-century phenomenon, and is closely associated with Zionism. Generally, whether a Jewish community will speak a Jewish or non-Jewish language as its main vehicle of discourse is dependent on how isolated or assimilated that community is. For example, the Jews in the shtetls of Poland and the Lower East Side of New York (during the early 20th century) spoke Yiddish at most times, while assimilated Jews in Germany during the 19th century or the United States today would or do speak German or English in general. The Jewish languages are a set of languages that developed in various Jewish communities, in Europe, southern and south-western Asia, and northern Africa. ... Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 7 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Ladino is a Romance language, derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish) and Hebrew. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian) 1844 Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews by Mordecai Noah, page one. ... ... A shtetl or shtetele (little town/city in Yiddish) was typically a small town or village with a large Jewish population in pre-Holocaust Central Europe and Eastern Europe. ... Categories: Manhattan neighborhoods | Stub ... Nickname: The Big Apple Motto: Official website: City of New York Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Politics and morals

A Bundist demonstration, 1917

See main article Jewish political movements.

Even in religious Judaism there is much room for a range of political or moral views; this is only more so for secular Jews. However, even Jewish secular culture is often strongly influenced by moral beliefs deriving from Jewish scripture and tradition. In recent centuries, Jews in Europe and the Americas have traditionally tended towards the political left, and played key roles in the birth of the labor movement as well as socialism. While Diaspora Jews have also been represented in the conservative side of the political spectrum, even politically conservative Jews have tended to support pluralism more consistently than many other elements of the political right. Some scholars ^[2] attribute this to the fact that Jews are not expected to proselytize, and as a result do not expect a single world-state, which differs from the beliefs of many religions, such as the Roman Catholic and Islamic traditions; rather, since in Jewish theology the religons of most nations are respected, there was never any percieved reason to convert others. This lack of a universalizing religion is combined with the fact that most Jews live as minorities in their countries, and that no central Jewish religious authority has existed for over 2,000 years. (See also list of Jews in politics, which illustrates the diversity of Jewish political thought and of the roles Jews have played in politics.) 1917 This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (אַלגמײַנער ײדישער אַרבײטערסבונד אין ליטאַ, פוילין און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (בונד) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of the Jewish community. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... The labor movement (or labour movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... Socialism is an ideology of a social and economic system where the means of production are collectively owned and controlled by all of society. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... This article deals with Jewish views of religious pluralism. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply The Right, are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of conservatism, classical liberalism, the religious right, authoritarian nationalism; or often simply the opposite of left-wing politics. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ... The Noahide Laws (Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח -- Seven Noahide Laws), also called the Brit Noah (Covenant [of] Noah) are the mitzvot (commandments) and halakhot (laws) that Judaism teaches that all non-Jews are morally bound to follow. ... // By type List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society List of Jewish historians List of Jewish members of Academies of Sciences, Humanities or Engineering List of Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities List of Jewish Members of the National Academy of Sciences the United States List...

"Jewish" professions

Some professions have traditionally been considered particularly "Jewish," partially as a result of historical circumstances. These include banking and finance, law, medicine, science, and academia. See also Court Jew. Court Jew (from German: Hofjude(n), Hoffaktor) is a term for historical Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and handled finances of some of the Christian European noble houses. ...

Banking & finance

Albert Einstein on the cover of TIME as Person of the Century.

In most of Europe up until the late 18th century, and in some places to an even later date, Jews were prohibited by Roman Catholic governments (and others) from owning land. On the other hand, the Church, because of a number of Bible verses forbidding usury, declared that charging any interest was against the divine law, and this prevented any mercantile use of capital by pious Christians. As the canon law did not apply to Jews, they were not liable to the ecclesiastical punishments which were placed upon usurers by the popes. Christian rulers gradually saw the advantage of having a class of men like the Jews who could supply capital for their use without being liable to excommunication, and the money trade of western Europe by this means fell into the hands of the Jews. However, in almost every instance where large amounts were acquired by Jews through banking transactions the property thus acquired fell either during their life or upon their death into the hands of the king. This happened to Aaron of Lincoln in England, Ezmel de Ablitas in Navarre, Heliot de Vesoul in Provence, Benveniste de Porta in Aragon, etc. It was for this reason indeed that the kings supported the Jews, and even objected to their becoming Christians, because in that case they could not have forced from them money won by usury. Thus both in England and in France the kings demanded to be compensated for every Jew converted. The result was the stereotypical Jewish role as bankers and merchants. Albert Einstein as Person of the Century on the cover of TIME Magazine (December 31, 1999 Vol. ... Albert Einstein as Person of the Century on the cover of TIME Magazine (December 31, 1999 Vol. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Usury (from the Latin usuria, demanding in return for a loan a greater amount than was borrowed) was defined originally as charging a fee for the use of money. ... In finance, interest has three general definitions. ... Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ... In Western culture, canon law is the law of the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. ... Usury (from the Latin usuria, demanding in return for a loan a greater amount than was borrowed) was defined originally as charging a fee for the use of money. ... The Pope (from Greek: pappas, father; from Latin: papa, Papa, father) is the successor of St. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Aaron of Lincoln, English financier; born at Lincoln, England, about 1125; died 1186. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Son of Don Juceph; born in the village of Ablitas, near Tudela, from which place he derived his name; died in 1342. ... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community and province of Spain. ... Flag of Provence Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Benevistse de Porta (1200s), Jewish Bailie (bayle) of Barcelona, Spain, and brother of Naḥmanides (whose secular name was Bon Astruc de Porta; see Grätz, Gesch. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate...

Medicine, science, and academia

Also, the strong Jewish tradition of religious scholarship often left Jews well prepared for secular scholarship, although in some times and places this was countered by Jews being banned from studying at universities, or admitted only in limited numbers (see Jewish quota). In medieval and early modern times, Jews were disproportionately represented among court physicians. Even into recent times Jews were little represented in the land-holding classes, but far better represented in academia, the learned professions, finance and commerce. The strong representation of Jews in science and academia is represented in the fact that at least 167 Jews and persons of half-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize, accounting for 22% of all individual recipients worldwide between 1901 and 2004. In addition, of TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century, fourteen persons listed are either of Jewish ancestry or have converted to Judaism. A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctor) in a variety of subjects. ... Jewish quota was a percentage that limited the number of Jews in various establishments. ... Half-Jewish is a controversial term, describing people who have only a single Jewish parent. ... Sir Edward Appletons medal Photographs of Nobel Prize Medals. ... The List of TIME Magazines 100 most influential people of the 20th century (called the TIME 100 for short) is a list of the 20th centurys most influential politicians, artists, innovators, scientists and icons, compiled by TIME Magazine. ...

Literary and artistic culture

In some places where there have been relatively high concentrations of Jews, distinct secular Jewish subcultures have arisen. For example, ethnic Jews formed an enormous proportion of the literary and artistic life of Vienna, Austria at the end of the 19th century, or of New York City 50 years later (and Los Angeles in the mid-late 20th century), and for the most part these were not particularly religious people. In general, however, Jewish artistic culture in various periods reflected the culture in which they lived. Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Slovenian: Dunaj, Hungarian: Bécs, Czech: Vídeň, Slovak: Viedeň, Romany Vidnya; Croatian and Serbian: Beč) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Nickname: The Big Apple Motto: Official website: City of New York Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... This article is about the largest city in California. ...

Literature

See main articles Yiddish literature, Ladino literature, Hebrew literature, Jewish American Literature, English Jewish Literature. Also see Jews in Literature and Journalism.

Jewish authors have both created a unique Jewish literature and contributed to the national literatures of many of the countries in which they live. Though not strictly secular, the Yiddish works of authors like Shalom Aleichem (whose collected works amounted to 28 volumes) and Isaac Bashevis Singer (winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize), form their own canon, focusing on the Jewish experience in both Eastern Europe, and in America. In the United States, Jewish writers like Philip Roth, Saul Bellow, and many others are considered among the greatest American authors, and incorporate a distinctly secular Jewish view into many of their works. Other famous Jewish authors that made contributions to world literature include Heinrich Heine, German poet, Isaac Babel, Russian author, and Franz Kafka, of Prague. Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... Ladino is a Romance language, derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish) and Hebrew. ... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... History See main article: History of the Jews in the United States Though Jews arrived in the United States are early as the 17th century, Jewish immigration grew in the 19th century. ... English Jewish Literature: (This page is part of the History of the Jews in England) Contents // Categories: Stub | Jewish English history | English literature ... // Poets and Lyric Writers Danny Abse, British poet Al Alvarez, British poet David Avidan, Israeli poet Joseph Brodsky, Soviet-born poet, Nobel laureate Bryher, British poet (probably Jewish father) Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet Paul Celan, German poet, Holocaust survivor Ivor Cutler, British poet, humorist, musician Nissim Ezekiel, Indian poet, playwright... Shalom Aleichem (or Sholom aleichem) (Hebrew שלום עליכם shālôm Ê»alêḵem; Yiddish שלום־עליכם ÅŸolem aleyxem) is a greeting in Hebrew, meaning Peace be upon you. The appropriate response is Aleichem shalom. This form of greeting is common in the Middle East. ... Isaac Bashevis Singer Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער or יצחק בת־שבֿעס זינגער) (November 21, 1902 or July 14, 1904 - July 24, 1991) was a Nobel Prize-winning Jewish writer of both short stories and novels. ... Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933) is a Jewish-American novelist who is known for his 1959 collection, Goodbye, Columbus, as well as his sexually-explicit comedic novel Portnoys Complaint (1969) and for his late-90s trilogy comprising the Pulitzer Prize-winning American Pastoral (1997), I Married a... Bellow as depicted in his Nobel diploma. ... Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (born as Harry Heine December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was one of the most significant German poets. ... Isaac Babel Isaac Emmanuilovich Babel, Russian: Исаак Бабель (July 13 (New Style), 1894 – January 27, 1940) was a Russian journalist, playwright, and short story writer. ... -1...

Theatre

Yiddish theatre

See main article Yiddish theatre.

The Ukrainian Jew Abraham Goldfaden founded the first professional Yiddish-language theatre troupe in Iaşi, Romania in 1876. The next year, his troupe achieved enormous success in Bucharest. Within a decade, Goldfaden and others brought Yiddish theater to Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Germany, New York City, and other cities with significant Ashkenazaic populations. Between 1890 and 1940, over a dozen Yiddish theatre groups existed in New York City alone, performing original plays, musicals, and Yiddish translations of theatrical works and opera. Perhaps the most famous of Yiddish-language plays is The Dybbuk (1919) by S. Ansky. Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Eastern European Ashkenazaic Jewish community. ... Abraham Goldfaden Abraham Goldfaden (July 24, 1840 – January 9, 1908), born Abraham Goldenfoden (first name alternately Avram, Avron, Avrohom, Avrom, or Avrum, last name alternately Goldfadn; the Romanian spelling Avram Goldfaden is common) was a Russian-born Jewish poet and playwright, author of some 40 plays. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... IaÅŸi (also known outside Romania as Jassy; pronunciation in Romanian: ) is a city and a county (see IaÅŸi County) in north-eastern Romania, in the historic region of Moldavia. ... Bucharest (Romanian: BucureÅŸti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ... Nickname: The Big Apple Motto: Official website: City of New York Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănāzî, ʾAÅ¡kănāzîm, pronounced sing. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For information on the creature from Jewish folklore, see dybbuk. ... Shloyme Zanvl Rappoport (1863–1920), better known by the pseudonym S. Ansky, was a scholar who documented Jewish folklore and mystical beliefs. ...

Yiddish theater in New York in the early 20th Century rivalled English-language theater in quantity and often surpassed it in quality. A 1925 New York Times article remarks, "…Yiddish theater… is now a stable American institution and no longer dependent on immigration from Eastern Europe. People who can neither speak nor write Yiddish attend Yiddish stage performances and pay Broadway prices on Second Avenue." This article also mentions other aspects of a New York Jewish cultural life "in full flower" at that time, among them the fact that the extensive New York Yiddish-language press of the time included seven daily newspapers. ^[3]

In fact, however, the next generation of American Jews spoke mainly English to the exclusion of Yiddish; they brough the artistic energy of Yiddish theater into the American theatrical mainstream, but usually in a less specifically Jewish form.

Yiddish theater also played a prominent role in the arts scene of the Soviet Union until Stalin's 1948 reversal in government policy toward the Jews.

Mentorship

Yiddish theatre fed into the mainstream of American stage and film acting: the method acting of Konstantin Stanislavski found its way to America through Jacob Adler; Adler's daughter Stella and son Luther were instrumental in the Group Theatre, two of whose three founders were also Jews. The list of Stella Adler's and Group Theatre founder Lee Strasberg's students, mostly Gentiles, reads like a Who's Who of American acting: Marlon Brando, Jill Clayburgh, James Dean, Robert DeNiro, Paul Newman, Jack Nicholson, Al Pacino, and Eva Marie Saint, to name just a few. Similarly, what Jewish composer John Kander calls an "interesting phenomenon that Broadway musical composers like Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and Marc Blitzstein are predominantly Jewish" comes from "the tradition established from New York's Yiddish theater."^[4] Method acting is an acting technique in which actors try to replicate the emotional conditions under which the character operates in real life, in an effort to process an acting role. ... Konstantin Stanislavski at a young age Konstantin (Constantin) Stanislavski (Stanislavsky) (Russian: ; January 5, 1863–August 7, 1938) was a Russian theatre and acting innovator. ... Categories: People stubs | Jewish film and theatre | 1855 births | 1926 deaths ... Stella Adler (February 10, 1901 – December 21, 1992) was a Jewish-American actress, and for decades was regarded as Americas foremost acting teacher. ... Luther Adler (May 4, 1903 – December 8, 1984) was an American actor best known for his work in theater, but who also worked in film and television. ... The Group Theatre was a left-wing theater collective, formed in New York in 1931 by Harold Clurman, Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg. ... Lee Strasberg (November 17, 1901 - February 17, 1982), was born Israel Lee Strassberg in Budzanów, former Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Budanov, Ukraine), to Ida and Baruch Meyer and became a Jewish American director, actor, producer and acting teacher. ... Marlon Brando, Jr. ... Jill Clayburgh (born April 30, 1944 in New York City) is a Jewish-American actress of stage, motion pictures, and television. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Robert De Niro Robert De Niro, Jr. ... Paul Newman in Cool Hand Luke Paul Leonard Newman (born January 26, 1925) is an Oscar winning American actor and film director. ... Jack Nicholson at Cannes, (2001) Jack Nicholson (born John Joseph Nicholson on April 22, 1937, New York City) is a highly successful, iconic American method actor known for his often dark, comedic portrayals of neurotic characters. ... Pacino (right) with Robert Duvall in The Godfather. ... Marie Saint in North by Northwest. ... John Kander (born March 18, 1927) is the composer of a series of musical theatre successes as part of the songwriting team of Kander and Ebb. ... Musical theatre (sometimes, although less often than not, spelled theater rather than theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ... Jerome David Kern (January 27, 1885 – November 11, 1945) was an American popular composer. ... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ... Marc Blitzstein (March 2, 1905 - January 22, 1964) was an American composer. ... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected...

American (non-Yiddish) theatre

See also List of Jewish American musicals writers, List of Jewish Americans in theatre, List of Jewish American playwrights.

Poster for the film adaptation of West Side Story by the team of Jewish writers consisting of Leonard Bernstein (music), Stephen Sondheim (lyrics), Arthur Laurents (book) and Jerome Robbins (direction and choreography)

Not only have "Jewish composers and lyricists always dominated Broadway musicals" ^[5] in New York City, but they were instrumental in the creation and development of genre of musical theatre and earlier forms of theatrical entertainment, as well as contributing to non-musical theatre in the United States. According to University of Toronto English professor Andrea Most, This page is a list of Jews. ... This page is a list of Jews. ... This is a list of famous Jewish American Playwrights. ... Image File history File links West_Side_Story_Poster. ... Image File history File links West_Side_Story_Poster. ... West Side Story is a musical written by Arthur Laurents (book), Leonard Bernstein (music), and Stephen Sondheim (lyrics), and was originally produced, choreographed, and directed by Jerome Robbins. ... West Side Story is a musical written by Arthur Laurents (book), Leonard Bernstein (music), and Stephen Sondheim (lyrics), and was originally produced, choreographed, and directed by Jerome Robbins. ... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer and orchestra conductor. ... Stephen Joshua Sondheim (born March 22, 1930) is an American musical theater lyricist and composer. ... Arthur Laurents (born July 14, 1918) is an American playwright, novelist, screenwriter, librettist and stage director. ... Jerome Robbins in Three virgins and a devil. ... American Jews (also commonly Jewish Americans) are Americans of Jewish descent or religion who maintain a connection to the Jewish community, either through actively practicing Judaism or through cultural and historical affiliation. ... Musical theater (or theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ... Nickname: The Big Apple Motto: Official website: City of New York Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... A genre is a division of a particular form of art according to criteria particular to that form. ... Musical theatre (sometimes, although less often than not, spelled theater rather than theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ... Founded in 1827, the University of Toronto (U of T), in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest university in Canada. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Almost all the American musicals in the 20th century were written by Jews and... the most compelling reason for this is that the musical offers a lot of strategies for exploring and performing new identities theatrically… the musical theater exists because of the unique historical situation of the Jews who created it" ^{[6] [7]}

Brandeis University Professor Stephen J. Whitfield has commented that "More so than behind the screen, the talent behind the stage was for over half a century virtually the monopoly of one ethnic group. That is... [a] feature which locates Broadway at the center of Jewish culture" ^[8]. New York University Professor Laurence Maslon says that "There would be no American musical without Jews… Their influence is corollary to the influence of black musicians on jazz; there were as many Jews involved in the form". ^[9] Likewise, in the analysis of Aaron Kula, director of The Klezmer Company, Brandeis University is a private university in Waltham, Massachusetts. ... New York University (NYU) is a major research university in New York City. ...

"…the Jewish experience has always been best expressed by music, and Broadway has always been an integral part of the Jewish-American experience… The difference is that one can expand the definition of "Jewish Broadway" to include an interdisciplinary roadway with a wide range of artistic activities packed onto one avenue--theatre, opera, symphony, ballet, publishing companies, choirs, synagogues and more. This vibrant landscape reflects the life, times and creative output of the Jewish-American artist".^[10]

In the 19th and early 20th centuries the European operetta, a precursor the musical, often featured the work of Jewish composers such as Paul Abraham, Leo Ascher, Edmund Eysler, Leo Fall, Bruno Granichstaedten, Jacques Offenbach, Emmerich Kalman, Sigmund Romberg, Oscar Straus and Rudolf Friml; the latter four eventually moved to the United States and produced their works on the New York stage. One of the librettists for Bizet's Carmen (not an operetta proper but rather a work of the earlier opera comique form) was the Jewish Ludovic Halévy, niece of composer Fromental Halévy (Bizet himself was not Jewish but he married the elder Halevy's daughter, many have suspected that he was the descendant of Jewish converts to Christianity, and others have noticed Jewish-sounding intervals in his music.^[11]) The Viennese librettist Victor Leon summarized the connection of Jewish composers and writers with the form of operetta: "The audience for operetta wants to laugh beneath tears—and that is exactly what Jews have been doing for the last two thousand years since the destruction of Jerusalem".^[12] Another factor in the evolution of musical theatre was vaudeville, and during the early 20th century the form was explored and expanded by Jewish comedians and actors such as Jack Benny, Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, The Marx Brothers, Anna Held, Al Jolson, Molly Picon, Sophie Tucker and Ed Wynn. During the period when Broadway was monopolized by revues and similar entertainments, Jewish producer Florenz Ziegfeld dominated the theatrical scene with his Follies. Operetta (literally, little opera) is a performance art-form similar to opera, though it generally deals with less serious topics. ... Operettas by composer: // Ralph Benatzky Im weissen Rössl Leonard Bernstein Candide (1956) Paul Burkhard Hopsa (1935, revised 1957) Feuerwerk (Der schwarze Hecht) (1950) Rudolf Dellinger Don Cesar (1885) Noel Coward Bitter Sweet (1929) Anton Diabelli Adam in der Klemme Edmund Eysler Bruder Straubinger (1903) Die goldne Meisterin (1927... Austria first became a center of Jewish learning during the 13th century. ... Austria first became a center of Jewish learning during the 13th century. ... Operettas by composer: // Ralph Benatzky Im weissen Rössl Leonard Bernstein Candide (1956) Paul Burkhard Hopsa (1935, revised 1957) Feuerwerk (Der schwarze Hecht) (1950) Rudolf Dellinger Don Cesar (1885) Noel Coward Bitter Sweet (1929) Anton Diabelli Adam in der Klemme Edmund Eysler Bruder Straubinger (1903) Die goldne Meisterin (1927... Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880), composer and cellist, was one of the originators of the operetta form, a precursor of the modern musical comedy. ... Emmerich Kálmán (October 24, 1882 - October 30, 1953), also known as Imre Kálmán, was a Hungarian composer of operettas. ... Sigmund Romberg (July 29, 1887 – November 9, 1951) was a Jewish composer best known for his operettas. ... Oscar Straus (6 March 1870 - 11 January 1954) was a Viennese composer of operettas. ... Rudolf Friml (December 7, 1879 - November 12, 1972) was a composer of operettas, musicals, songs, as well as a pianist. ... A libretto is the complete body of words used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, musical, and ballet. ... Georges Bizet Georges Bizet (October 25, 1838 – June 3, 1875) was a French composer and pianist of the romantic era. ... Poster from the 1875 premiere of Carmen Carmen is a French opera by Georges Bizet. ... The Opéra-Comique is an opera house in Paris. ... Ludovic Halévy (January 1, 1834 - May 8, 1908), French author, was born in Paris. ... Jacques Fromental Halévy Jacques-François-Fromental-Élie Halévy (May 27, 1799 - March 17, 1862) was a French composer. ... Vaudeville is a style of multi-act theatre which flourished in North America from the 1880s through the 1920s. ... Jack Benny Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky, February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974), an American comedian, vaudeville performer, and radio, television, and film actor, was arguably the biggest star in classic American radio and was also a major television attraction. ... Fanny Brice, early Ziegfeld Follies portrait photograph Fanny Brice (October 29, 1891 – May 29, 1951) was a United States comedian, singer, and entertainer. ... Eddie Cantor in the 1920s Eddie Cantor (January 31, 1892 - October 10, 1964) was a comedian, singer, actor, songwriter, and one of the most popular entertainers in the United States of America in the early and middle 20th century. ... See Marx brothers (fencing) for the 16th century German brotherhood. ... Anna Held, 1897 Anna Held (March 8, 1872? - August 12, 1918) was a Polish-born stage performer, most often associated with impresario Florenz Ziegfeld, her common-law husband. ... Al Jolson Al Jolson (born Asa Yoelson in Seredzius, Lithuania on May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was an American singer and the son of Jewish immigrants. ... Molly Picon Molly Picon was born Margaret Pyekoon in New York City on June 1, 1898. ... Sophie Tucker, 1917 Sophie Tucker (January 13, 1884 - February 9, 1966) was a singer and comedian, one of the most popular United States entertainers of the first third of the 20th century. ... Ed Wynn (November 9, 1886 - June 19, 1966) was a popular United States entertainer, born Isaiah Edwin Leopold in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... A revue is a theatrical entertainment based around music with dancing and sketches or skits either on contemporary news or the venue or base of the theatre company concerned, such as college or medical school. ... 1928 Time cover featuring Ziegfeld Florenz Ziegfeld (March 21, 1869–July 22, 1932) was a Jewish-American Broadway impresario who achieved fame by perfecting the United States revue. ... The Ziegfeld Follies were a series of elaborate theatrical productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931. ...

While the modern musical can best be described as a fusion of operetta, earlier American entertainment and African-American culture and music, as well as Jewish culture and music, the actual authors of the first "book musicals" were the Jewish Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II, George and Ira Gershwin, George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind. From that time until the 1980s a vast majority of successful musical theatre composers, lyricists, and book-writers were Jewish (a notable exception is the Protestant Cole Porter, who acknowledged that the reason he was so successful on Broadway was that he wrote what he called "Jewish music").^[13] Rodgers and Hammerstein, Frank Loesser, Lerner and Loewe, Stephen Sondheim, Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Schwartz, Kander and Ebb and dozens of others during the "Golden Age" of musical theatre were Jewish. Since the Tony Award for Best Original Score was instituted in 1947, approximately 70% of nominees and 60% of winners were Jewish. Of successful British and French musical writers both in the West End and Broadway, Claude-Michel Schönberg and Lionel Bart are Jewish, among others. The ranks of prominent Jewish producers, directors, designers and performers include Boris Aronson, David Belasco, Joel Grey, the Minskoff family, Zero Mostel, Joseph Papp, Mandy Patinkin, the Nederlander family, Harold Prince, Max Reinhardt, Jerome Robbins, the Shubert family and Julie Taymor. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black), is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Jerome David Kern (January 27, 1885 – November 11, 1945) was an American popular composer. ... (For work done with Richard Rodgers, see Rodgers and Hammerstein) Oscar Hammerstein II (July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was a New-York born writer, producer, and (usually uncredited) director of musicals for almost forty years. ... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ... George (left) and Ira Gershwin Ira Gershwin (born Israel Gershowitz) (December 6, 1896 - August 17, 1983) American lyricist, collaborator with, and brother of George Gershwin He is interred in the Westchester Hills Cemetery, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. ... George Simon Kaufman (November 16, 1889 - June 2, 1961) was a playwright, director, producer, humorist, and drama critic noted for his many collaborations with other writers and his contributions to 20th century American comedy. ... Morrie Ryskind (born Morris Ryskind 20 October 1895 in New York City, New York, USA - 24 August 1985 in Washington, DC), was a Jewish-American Hollywood and Broadway writer, lyricist, and director. ... Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter from Indiana. ... Rodgers and Hammerstein were an American songwriting duo consisting of Richard Rodgers (1902–1979) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895–1960). ... Frank Loesser (June 29, 1910, New York City - July 26, 1969, New York City) was a composer and lyricist. ... Lerner and Loewe is a designation for the musical comedy writing team of lyricist and librettist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Frederick Loewe. ... Stephen Joshua Sondheim (born March 22, 1930) is an American musical theater lyricist and composer. ... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer and orchestra conductor. ... Stephen Schwartz (born March 6, 1948) is an American musical theater lyricist and composer. ... Kander and Ebb is the songwriting team of composer John Kander, born March 18, 1927 and lyricist Fred Ebb (April 8, 1933 - September 11, 2004). ... Musical theater (or theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ... The Tony Award for Best Original Score is the Tony Award given to the composers and lyricists of the best original score written for a musical in that year. ... West End is the name of some places in the world, including: The West End of London, England West End Theatre, is where many of Londons major theatres are located and premier cinema screenings take place. ... Claude-Michel Schönberg is a French record producer, actor, singer, popular songwriter, and musical theatre composer, best known for his collaborations with the librettist Alain Boublil. ... Lionel Bart (1930-1999) was a British composer of songs musicals, best known for Oliver! Bart was born Lionel Begleiter in London to Galician Jews, and grew up in Stepney. ... Boris Aronson (c. ... David Belasco (July 25, 1853 - May 14, 1931) was an important American playwright and theatrical producer. ... Joel Grey today. ... Mostel in Sirocco (1951) Zero Mostel (February 28, 1915 – September 8, 1977) was a Tony Award-winning stage actor. ... Joseph Papp (1921 - 1991) was an American theatre producer and director. ... Mandy Patinkin Mandel Bruce Patinkin (born November 30, 1952 in Chicago, Illinois), is a Jewish-American actor and renowned tenor. ... Hal Prince (born January 30, 1928), full name Harold Smith Prince, is a theatre producer and director associated with many of the best-known Broadway musical (and less notably, dramatic) productions of the past half-century. ... Max Reinhardt Max Reinhardt (born September 9, 1873 in Baden bei Wien; died October 31, 1943 in New York City) was an influential Austrian director and actor. ... Jerome Robbins in Three virgins and a devil. ... The Shubert family of New York City, New York is synonymous with theatre in the United States and the creation of the Broadway district as the pinnacle for theatrical productions. ... == Julie Taymor (born December 15, 1952) is a critically acclaimed Jewish-American director on Broadway and in film: she is known for her visual flair and brilliantly colorful costuming choices. ...

Many Jewish composers, lyricists, and playwrights used the Broadway musical to explore issues relating to assimilation, the acceptance of the outsider in society, the racial situation in the United States, the overcoming of obstacles through perserverance, and other topics pertinent to Jewish Americans and Western Jews in general, often using subtle and disguised stories to get this point across.^[14] For example, Kern, Rodgers, Hammerstein, the Gershwins, Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg wrote musicals and operas aiming to normalize societal toleration of minorities and urging racial harmony; these works included Show Boat, Porgy and Bess, Finian's Rainbow, South Pacific and the The King and I. Towards the end of Golden Age, writers also began to openly and overtly tackle Jewish subjects and issues, such as Fiddler on the Roof and Rags; Bart's Blitz! also tackles relations between Jews and Gentiles. Jason Robert Brown and Alfred Uhry's Parade is a sensitive exploration of both anti-Semitism and historical American racism. The original concept that became West Side Story was set in the Lower East Side during Easter-Passover celebrations; the rival gangs were to be Jewish and Italian Catholic.^[15] Harold Arlen, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1960 Harold Arlen (February 15, 1905 - April 23, 1986) was a Jewish-American composer of popular music. ... E. Y. Yip Harburg (April 8, 1896 - March 5, 1981) was a lyricist who worked with many well-known composers. ... Show Boat is a musical with music by Jerome Kern and book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II (with the notable exception of Bill, the lyrics of which were written by P. G. Wodehouse). ... The cast of Porgy and Bess during the Boston try-out prior to the Broadway opening. ... Petula Clark in the 1968 Warner Brothers film version Finians Rainbow, with music by Burton Lane and lyrics by E.Y. Harburg, opened on Broadway in 1947, with Ella Logan and David Wayne in the lead roles. ... South Pacific is a musical play, written with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II that opened on Broadway on April 7, 1949, and ran for more than five years. ... Movie dang gum ... Fiddler on the Roof is one of the most famous stage and film musicals. ... A rag is a piece of old cloth used to clean or wipe things. ... BLITZ! Book by Lionel Bart and Joan Maitland Music and lyrics by Lionel Bart played in the Westend of London at the Adelphi Theatre starting 8th May 1962 and ran for 568 performances. ... Jason Robert Brown is a musical theater composer and lyricist. ... Alfred Fox Uhry (born December 3, 1936) is an Jewish-American playwright best known for the play and screenplay of Driving Miss Daisy. ... Parade is a musical that opened on Broadway at the Vivian Beaumont Theater on December 17, 1998 with a book (musical theatre) book by Alfred Uhry and music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... It has been suggested that Scientific racism be merged into this article or section. ... West Side Story is a musical written by Arthur Laurents (book), Leonard Bernstein (music), and Stephen Sondheim (lyrics), and was originally produced, choreographed, and directed by Jerome Robbins. ... Categories: Manhattan neighborhoods | Stub ...

Jewish playwrights have also contributed to non-musical drama and theatre, both Broadway and regional. Edna Ferber, Moss Hart, Lillian Hellman, Arthur Miller and Neil Simon are only some of the prominent Jewish playwrights in American theatrical history. Approximately 21% of the plays and musicals that have won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama were written and composed by Jewish Americans. Edna Ferber (August 15, 1885 - April 16, 1968), Jewish-American novelist, author, and playwrite. ... Moss Hart (October 24, 1904 - December 20, 1961) was a Jewish-American playwright and director of plays and musical theater. ... Lillian Hellman Lillian Florence Hellman (June 20, 1905 – June 30, 1984) was an American playwright, romantically involved for thirty years with mystery and crime writer Dashiell Hammett. ... Arthur Miller in his later years Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and author. ... Neil Simon (born July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City), is an American playwright and screenwriter. ... The Pulitzer Prize for Drama was first awarded in 1918. ...

European (non-Yiddish/Hebrew) theatre

From their Emancipation to World War II, Jews were very active and sometimes even dominant in certain forms of European theatre, and after the Holocaust many Jews continued to that cultural form. For example, in pre-Nazi Germany, where Nietzsche asked "What good actor of today is not Jewish?", acting, directing and writing positions were often filled by Jews; controversial psychologist Kevin B. MacDonald has reported that in Berlin 80% of theatrical directors were Jewish and 75% of plays produced were by Jewish playwrights.^[16] "In Imperial Berlin, Jewish artists could be found in the forefront of the performing arts, from high drama to more popular forms like cabaret and revue, and eventually film. Jewish audiences patronized innovative theater, regardless of whether they approved of what they saw."^[17] Writer Paul Johnson, commenting on Jewish contributions to European culture at the fin de siècle, writes that Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths {{{notes}}} World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Kevin B. MacDonald Kevin B. MacDonald, (born January 24, 1944) is a professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach, best known for claiming to use evolutionary psychology to inform his study of Judaism. ... Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on November 2, 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic historian, journalist and author. ... Fin de siècle is French for End of the Century. The term turn-of-the-century is sometimes used as a synonym, but is more neutral (lacking some or most of the connotations described below), and can include the first years of a new century. ...

The area where Jewish influence was strongest was the theatre, especially in Berlin. Playwrights like Carl Sternheim, Arthur Schnitzler, Ernst Toller, Erwin Piscator, Walter Hasenclever, Ferenc Molnar and Carl Zuckmayer, and influential producers like Max Reinhardt, appeared at times to dominate the stage, which tended to be modishly left-wing, pro-republican, experimental and sexually daring. But it was certainly not revolutionary, and it was cosmopolitan rather than Jewish. ^[18] Arthur Schnitzler Arthur Schnitzler (May 15, 1862 - October 21, 1931) was an Austrian writer and doctor. ... Ernst Toller (December 1, 1893 - May 22, 1939) was a German Communist playwright. ... Erwin Friedrich Maximilian Piscator, (December 17, 1893 – March 30, 1966), German theatrical director and producer who, with Bertolt Brecht, was the foremost exponent of epic theater, a genre that emphasizes the sociopolitical context rather than the emotional content or aesthetics of the play. ... Walter Hasenclever, b. ... Ferenc Molnár (b. ... Carl Zuckmayer (December 27, 1896 – January 18, 1977) was a German writer. ... Max Reinhardt Max Reinhardt (born September 9, 1873 in Baden bei Wien; died October 31, 1943 in New York City) was an influential Austrian director and actor. ...

Jews also made similar, if not as massive, contributions to theatre and drama in Austria, Britain, France, and Russia (in the national languages of those countries). Jews in Vienna, Paris and German cities found cabaret both a popular and effective means of expression, as German cabaret in the Weimar Republic "was mostly a Jewish art form".^[19] The involvement of Jews in Central European theatre was halted during the rise of the Nazis and the purging of Jews from cultural posts, though many emigrated to Western Europe or the United States and continued working there. Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... Flag of Weimar Republic, 1919–1933 Coat of arms The Weimar Republic (German Weimarer Republik, IPA: []) is the historical name for the republic that governed Germany from 1919 to 1933. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ...

Hebrew theatre

The earliest known Hebrew drama was written around 1550 by a Jewish-Italian writer from Mantua.^[20] A few works were written by rabbis and Kabbalists, in 17th century Amsterdam, where Jews were relatively free from persecution and had both flourishing religious and secular Jewish cultures ^[21]. All of these early Hebrew plays were about Biblical or mystical subjects, often in the form of Talmudic parables. During the post-Emancipation period in 19th century Europe, many Jews translated great European plays such as those by Shakespeare, Molière and Schiller, giving the characters Jewish names and transplanting the plot and setting to within a Jewish context. (In particular, more links are needed. ... Mantua Mantua (in Italian Mantova) is an important city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province with the same name. ... A Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) is a religious Jewish scholar who is an expert in Jewish law. ... Kabbalah (Hebrew קַבָּלָה reception, Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah, Kaballah) is an interpretation (exegesis, hermeneutic) key, soul of the Torah (Hebrew Bible), or the religious mystical system of Judaism claiming an insight into divine nature. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates 52°22′N 4°54′E Website www. ... The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law, Jewish ethics, customs, legends and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. ... An ill digested lesson The Governess. ... William Shakespeare—born April 1564; baptised April 26, 1564; died April 23, 1616 (O.S.), May 3, 1616 (N.S.)—has a reputation as the greatest of all writers in English. ... Molière, engraved frontispiece to his Works Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known as Molière (January 15, 1622 – February 17, 1673), was a French theatre writer, director and actor, one of the masters of comic satire. ... Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (November 10, 1759 - May 9, 1805), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist. ...

Modern Hebrew theatre and drama, however, began with the development of Modern Hebrew in Europe (the first Hebrew theatrical professional performance was in Moscow in 1918) ^[22] and was "closely linked with the Jewish national renaissance movement of the twentieth century. The historical awareness and the sense of primacy which accompanied the Hebrew theatre in its early years dictated the course of its artistic and aesthetic development".^[23] These traditions were soon transplanted to Israel. Playwrights such as Natan Alterman, Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Leah Goldberg, Ephraim Kishon, Hanoch Levin, Aharon Megged, Moshe Shamir, Avraham Shlonsky, Yehoshua Sobol and A. B. Yehoshua have written Hebrew-language plays. Themes that are obviously common in these works are the Holocaust, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the meaning of Jewishness, and contemporary secular-religious tensions within Jewish Israel. The most well-known Hebrew theatre company and Israel's national theatre is the Habima (meaning "the stage" in Hebrew), which was formed in 1913 in Lithuania, and re-established in 1917 in Russia; another prominent Israeli theatre company is the Cameri Theatre, which is "is Israel's first and leading repertory theatre". ^[24] Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 7 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: (help· info)) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... Natan Alterman (1910, Warsaw - 1970) was an Israeli poet, journalist, and translator. ... Hayyim Nahman Bialik (January 9, 1873–July 4, 1934), also commonly written as Chaim or Haim Nachman Bialik and in the Hebrew language as חיים נחמן ביאליק, was a Jewish poet who wrote in Hebrew. ... Leah Goldberg (1911-1970) was a Hebrew poet and student of literature who is considered one of Israels classic poets. ... Ephraim Kishon Ephraim Kishon (August 23, 1924–January 29, 2005) was an Israeli satirist, dramatist, screenwriter, and film director. ... Hanoch Levin (December 18, 1943 - August 18, 1999), in Hebrew חנוך לוין, was an Israeli playwright, theater director, poet, and author. ... Aharon Megged (born 1920) is an Israeli author and playwright. ... Moshe Shamir (September 15, 1921–August 20, 2004) was an Israeli author, playwright, opinion writer, and public figure. ... Avraham Shlonsky (1900 - 1973), Hebrew אברהם שלונסקי, was an Israeli poet born in Ukraine. ... Yehoshua Sobol (Born Israel, Tel Aviv, 1939) is an Israeli playwright, writer and director at theatres in Israel and abroad. ... Avraham Boolie Yehoshua (born in Jerusalem in 1936) is an Israeli novelist, essayist, and playwright, known publicly as A. B. Yehoshua, and familiarly as Boolie. Yehoshua was born in the fifth Jerusalem generation of a Sephardi Jewish family (Feld 2000). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into The Holocaust. ... Israel (in blue color) and the Arab League states (in green, Comoros is not shown). ... Habima Theater (Hebrew: the stage) in Tel Aviv is Israels national theater and it is one of the first Hebrew theaters. ...

Film

Poster for His Wife's Lover (1931), starring Ludwig Satz

In the era when Yiddish theatre was still a major force in the world of theatre, over 100 films were made in Yiddish. Many are now lost. Prominent films included Shulamith (1931), the first Yiddish musical on film His Wife's Lover (1931), A Daughter of Her People (1932), the anti-Nazi film The Wandering Jew (1933), The Yiddish King Lear (1934), Shir Hashirim (1935), the biggest Yiddish film hit of all time Yidl Mitn Fidl (1936), Where Is My Child? (1937), Green Fields (1937), Dybuk (1937), The Singing Blacksmith (1938), Tevye (1939), Mirele Efros (1939), Lang ist der Weg (1948), and God, Man and Devil (1950). Image File history File links Satz_His_Wifes_Lover. ... His Wifes Lover (1931, original Yiddish title Zayn Vaybs Lubovnik) was billed as the first Jewish musical comedy talking picture. A play before it as a film, it was based on Ferenc Molnárs The Guardsman. ... Satz played an atypically serious role in 1937s Moshiach Kumt (The Messiah is Coming) Ludwig Satz was an actor in Yiddish theater and film, best known for his comic roles. ... His Wifes Lover (1931, original Yiddish title Zayn Vaybs Lubovnik) was billed as the first Jewish musical comedy talking picture. A play before it as a film, it was based on Ferenc Molnárs The Guardsman. ... The Wandering Jew by Gustave Doré The Wandering Jew is a figure from Christian folklore. ... Poster for an 1898 production of The Yiddish King Lear starring Jacob Adler. ... The Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds (Yid. ... Tevye is the protagonist of several of Sholom Aleichems stories, originally written in Yiddish, most famously the fictional memoir Tevye and his Daughters, about a pious Jewish milkman in Tzarist Russia, and the troubles he has with his daughters (Tevye has six daughters — in the first story there is... This website sucks and it is completely useless to others. ...

The roster of Jewish entrepreneurs in the English-language American film industry is legendary: Samuel Goldwyn, Louis B. Mayer, the Warner Brothers, David O. Selznick, Marcus Loew, and Adolph Zukor, to name just a few, and continuing into recent times with such industry giants as super-agent Lew Wasserman, Steven Spielberg, and David Geffen. However, few of these brought a specifically Jewish sensibility either to the art of film or, with the sometime exception of Spielberg, to their choice of subject matter. A much more specifically Jewish sensibility can be seen in the films of the Marx Brothers, Mel Brooks, or Woody Allen; other examples of specifically Jewish films from the Hollywood film industry are the Barbra Streisand vehicle Yentl (1983), or John Frankenheimer's The Fixer (1968). Samuel Goldwyn (August 17, 1879, Warsaw, Poland – January 31, 1974, Los Angeles, California, United States) was a major producer of motion pictures. ... Louis Burt Mayer (July 4, 1882 – October 29, 1957) was an early film producer, generally cited as the creator of the star system within Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in its golden years. ... Warner Bros. ... David O. Selznick David Oliver Selznick (May 10, 1902–June 22, 1965), was one of the icon Hollywood producers of the Golden Age. ... Marcus Loew Marcus Loew (May 7, 1870–September 5, 1927) was an American business magnate and a pioneer of the motion picture industry who formed Loews Theatres and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, MGM. Born into a poor Jewish family in New York City, circumstances dictated he go to work at a... Adolph Zukor Adolph Zukor (January 7, 1873–June 10, 1976) was the founder of Paramount Pictures Studios, and one of the greatest film moguls of all time. ... Lew Wasserman (March 15, 1913 - June 3, 2002) was a Hollywood agent and studio executive credited with first creating and then taking apart the studio system in a career spanning more than six decades. ... Steven Spielberg Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (born December 18, 1946) is a four time Academy Award winning American film director (three OSCARS and 1 Lifetime Achievement Award), and among the most successful filmmakers in history. ... David Geffen (born February 21, 1943) is anAmerican record executive, film and theatrical producer, and philanthropist. ... The Marx Brothers were a team of sibling comedians that appeared in vaudeville, stage plays, film and television. ... Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is a Jewish-American actor, writer director, and theatrical producer best known as a creator of broad film farces and comedic parodies. ... Woody Allen Woody Allen, (born Allen Stewart Königsberg on December 1, 1935), is an American film director, screenwriter, actor, stand up comic, playwright, short story writer, and musician whose large body of work and cerebral style have made him one of the most widely respected and prolific filmmakers in... Barbra Streisand - Guilty Pleasures. ... Barbara Streisand on the soundtrack cover for the movie Yentl. ... John Michael Frankenheimer (February 19, 1930 – July 6, 2002) was an American film director. ... The Fixer is a 1968 film which tells the true story of a Jew, Menahem Mendel Beilis, in Tsarist Russia who is unjustly imprisoned, the notorious Beilis trial that ensued, and the international uproar that it caused, forcing Russia to back down in the face of world indignation. ...

Jewish film composers have also written scores to a large amount of the great films of the 20th century. Among the most profilic have been Elmer Bernstein, Danny Elfman, Elliot Goldenthal, Jerry Goldsmith, Bernard Herrmann, James Horner, Alan Menken, Alfred Newman, Miklós Rózsa, Lalo Schifrin, the Sherman Brothers, Howard Shore, Max Steiner, and Dimitri Tiomkin. A film score is the background music in a film, generally specially written for the film and often used to heighten emotions provoked by the imagery on the screen or by the dialogue. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922 – August 18, 2004) was an American composer best known for his work writing music for film and television. ... Image:ELFMAN.jpg Daniel Robert Danny Elfman (born May 29, 1953, in Amarillo, Texas) is a Jewish-American pop musician, composer and writer of film scores. ... Elliot Goldenthal, born on May 2, 1954, in Brooklyn, New York City, is an American composer of contemporary music and has written works for concert hall, theater, dance and film. ... Jerry Goldsmith Jerrald King Goldsmith (February 10, 1929 – July 21, 2004) was a famous Jewish-American film score composer from Los Angeles, California. ... Bernard Herrmann (June 29, 1911 – December 24, 1975) was a composer, best known for his film scores, particularly for those directed by Alfred Hitchcock. ... James Horner James Horner (born August 14, 1953 in Los Angeles, California) is an American composer of orchestral music. ... Alan Menken Alanis Menken (born July 22, 1949) is an American Broadway and film music composer. ... Alfred Newman (March 17, 1900 – February 17, 1970) was a major American composer of music for films. ... Miklós Rózsa (April 18, 1907 - July 23, 1995) was a Hungarian-American composer, best known for his film scores. ... Lalo Schifrin (born on June 21, 1932) is an Argentinian Jewish pianist and composer, most famous for composing the burning-fuse theme tune from the Mission:Impossible television series. ... Robert B. Sherman (born December 19, 1925) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928) are Academy Award-winning American songwriters who specialize in musical film. ... Howard Shore Howard Leslie Shore (born October 18, 1946) is a Canadian film composer. ... Maximilian Raoul Walter Steiner (Born May 10, 1888 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary; Died December 28, 1971 in Hollywood, California) was an Austrian-American composer of music for films. ... Dimitri Zinovievich Tiomkin (Russian: ) (May 10, 1894 - November 11, 1979) was a film composer and conductor. ...

Radio and Television

The first radio chains, the Radio Corporation of America and the Columbia Broadcasting System, were created by the Jewish-American David Sarnoff and William Paley, respectively. These Jewish innovators were also among the first producers of televisions, both black-and-white and color.^[25] Among the Jewish immigrant communities of America there was also a thriving Yiddish language radio, with its "golden age" from the 1930s to the 1950s. For other uses, see RCA (disambiguation). ... CBSs first color logo, which debuted in the fall of 1965. ... American Jews (also commonly Jewish Americans) are Americans of Jewish descent or religion who maintain a connection to the Jewish community, either through actively practicing Judaism or through cultural and historical affiliation. ... Radios Sarnoff on the cover of Time in 1929 David Sarnoff (February 27, 1891–December 12, 1971) was the General Manager of Radio Corporation of America (RCA) from its founding in 1919 to his retirement in 1970. ... William Paley William Paley (July, 1743 - May 25, 1805), English divine, Christian apologist and philosopher, was born at Peterborough, Northamptonshire. ... See TV (disambiguation) for other uses and Television (band) for the rock band European networks National In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... // Events and trends A public speech by Benito Mussolini, founder of the Fascist movement The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... // Events and trends This map shows two essential global spheres during the Cold War in 1959. ...

Although there is little specifically Jewish television in the United States (National Jewish Television, largely religious, broadcasts only three hours a week), Jews have been involved in American television from its earliest days. From Sid Caesar and Milton Berle to Joan Rivers, Gilda Radner, and Andy Kaufman to Billy Crystal and Jerry Seinfeld, Jewish stand-up comedians have been icons of American television. Other Jews that held a prominent role in early radio and television were Eddie Cantor, Al Jolson, Jack Benny, Walter Winchell and David Susskind. In the analysis of Paul Johnson, National Jewish Television is a Jewish television channel sandwiched between TBN and EWTN every Sunday from 1:00-4:00. ... Sid Caesar (born Isaac Sidney Caesar on September 8, 1922) is an Emmy-winning comic actor and writer, best known as the leading man on the 1950s television sketch comedy series Your Show of Shows. ... Milton as Mad Man Mooney (right), with Sweetums in The Muppet Movie. ... Joan Rivers on the video cover Joan Rivers (born 8 June 1933) is a United States comedian, talk show host, and celebrity. ... Gilda Radners Live From New York LP cover Gilda Radner (28 June 1946 – 20 May 1989) was an American comedian and actress, best known for her five years as part of the original cast of the NBC comedy series Saturday Night Live. ... Andy Kaufman Andrew Geoffrey Kaufman (January 17, 1949 – May 16, 1984) was a New York-born American entertainer. ... Billy Crystal Billy Crystal (born March 14, 1947) is an American actor, writer, producer, and film director. ... Jerry Seinfeld Jerome Jerry Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor, writer and observational comedian from Massapequa, New York, a Long Island hamlet. ... Eddie Cantor in the 1920s Eddie Cantor (January 31, 1892 - October 10, 1964) was a comedian, singer, actor, songwriter, and one of the most popular entertainers in the United States of America in the early and middle 20th century. ... Al Jolson Al Jolson (born Asa Yoelson in Seredzius, Lithuania on May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was an American singer and the son of Jewish immigrants. ... Jack Benny Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky, February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974), an American comedian, vaudeville performer, and radio, television, and film actor, was arguably the biggest star in classic American radio and was also a major television attraction. ... Walter Winchell (April 7, 1897 – February 20, 1972), an American newspaper and radio commentator, invented the gossip column at the New York Evening Graphic. ... David Susskind (December 19, 1920, New York City - February 22, 1987, New York City, heart attack) was best known as a pioneer TV talk show host. ... Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on November 2, 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic historian, journalist and author. ...

The Broadway musical, radio and TV were all examples of a fundamental principle in Jewish diaspora history: Jews opening up a completely new field in bsiness and culture, a tabula rasa on which to set their mark, before other interests had a chance to take possession, erect guild or professional fortifications and deny them entry.^[26] The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut, exile) is the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. ... Tabula rasa (Latin: scraped tablet, though often translated blank slate) is the notion that individual human beings are born blank (with no built-in mental content), and that their identity is defined entirely by events after birth. ... A guild is an association of people of the same trade or pursuits (with a similar skill or craft), formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards of morality or conduct. ... A professional does an activity to receive payment for an act (as a profession), which usually requires expertise and carries with it socially significant mores and folkways. ...

One of the first televised situation comedies, The Goldbergs was set in a specifically Jewish milieu in the Bronx. While the overt Jewish milieu of The Goldbergs was unusual for an American television series—one of the few other examples being Brooklyn Bridge (1991–1993). Jews have also played an enormous role among the creators and writers of television comedies: Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, Selma Diamond, Larry Gelbart, Carl Reiner,and Neil Simon all wrote for Sid Caesar; Reiner's son Rob Reiner worked with Norman Lear on All in the Family (which often engaged anti-semitism and other issues of prejudice); Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld created the hit sitcom Seinfeld, Lorne Michaels, Al Franken, Rosie Shuster, and Alan Zweibel of Saturday Night Live breathed new life into the variety show in the 1970s. To meet Wikipedias quality standards and appeal to a wider international audience, this article may require cleanup. ... The Goldbergs was a situation comedy which ran on USA radio from 1929 to 1947 and then on television from 1949 to 1956. ... Main article: New York City The Bronx is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the United States. ... Brooklyn Bridge was an American television show (1991–1993, on CBS) about a Jewish American family living in Brooklyn in the 1950s. ... Woody Allen Woody Allen, (born Allen Stewart Königsberg on December 1, 1935), is an American film director, screenwriter, actor, stand up comic, playwright, short story writer, and musician whose large body of work and cerebral style have made him one of the most widely respected and prolific filmmakers in... Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is a Jewish-American actor, writer director, and theatrical producer best known as a creator of broad film farces and comedic parodies. ... Selma Diamond (August 5, 1920 - May 13, 1985) was a Canadian-born comedic actress and TV writer. ... Larry Gelbart (b. ... Carl Reiner (born March 20, 1922) is a Jewish-American actor, film director, producer, writer and comedian. ... Neil Simon (born July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City), is an American playwright and screenwriter. ... Rob Reiner as a young man Robert Rob Reiner (born March 6, 1947 in The Bronx, New York) is an American actor, director, producer, and writer. ... Norman Lear Norman Lear (born July 27, 1922) is an American television writer and producer who produced such popular 1970s sitcoms as All in the Family, Sanford and Son and Maude. ... All in the Family is a popular and acclaimed American situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12, 1971 until April 8, 1979, when the final original episode aired. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... For with(out) prejudice in law, see Prejudice (law). ... Larry Gene David (born July 2, 1947) is an American actor, writer, producer, and film director born and raised in the Sheepshead Bay section of Brooklyn, New York. ... Jerry Seinfeld Jerome Jerry Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor, writer and observational comedian from Massapequa, New York, a Long Island hamlet. ... Seinfeld was a television sitcom which ran from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998. ... Lorne Michaels Lorne Michaels CM , LL.D (born November 17, 1944 in Toronto, Ontario) is a television producer and writer best known for creating and producing Saturday Night Live and producing the various film and TV projects that spun off from it. ... Al Franken (credit: Bill Hayward) Alan Stuart Franken (born May 21, 1951) is an American humorist, satirist, comedian, author, screenwriter, political commentator, and radio host, noted for his liberal politics. ... Saturday Night Live (SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute comedy-variety show based in New York City which has been broadcast by NBC nearly every Saturday night since its debut on October 11, 1975. ... A variety show is a show with a variety of acts, often including music and comedy skits, especially on television. ...

Music

See also List of Jewish musicians. For information on Jewish sacred music see Jewish music.

Jewish musical contributions also tend to reflect the cultures of the countries in which Jews live, the most notable examples being classical and popular music in the United States and Europe. Some music, however, was unique to particular Jewish communities, such as klezmer in Eastern Europe. Template:TOCLeft See also List of Jewish American musicians for more complete listings of Jewish-American musicians in some categories. ... // Origin of Jewish music in the Temple The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system that in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ... Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and mostly distributed commercially. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Klezmer (from Yiddish כלזמיר, etymologically from Hebrew kli zemer כלי זמר, vessel of song) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ...

Klezmer, Sephardic/Ladino, Mizrahi and Israeli Folk as secular Jewish music

See main articles klezmer, Sephardic music, Mizrahi music, Israeli Folk music.

While the below two sections address instances in which Jews have contributed musically using originally non-Jewish forms or the forms used by the mainstream culture, Ashkenazi/Yiddish (klezmer), Sephardic, Mizrahi and Israeli Folk music are examples of genres of music that are secular but yet Jewish in their form. Klezmer (from Yiddish כלזמיר, etymologically from Hebrew kli zemer כלי זמר, vessel of song) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ... The Sephardic Jews are one of the three main ethnicities among Diaspora Jews, the others being the Ashkenazi and Mizrahi. ... Mizrahi music usually refers to the new wave of music in Israel which combines Israeli music with the flavor of Arabic and Mediterranean (especially Greek) music. ... Modern Israeli music is heavily influenced by its constituents, which include Palestinians (see Palestinian music) and Jewish immigrants (see Jewish music) from more than 120 countries around the world have brought their own musical traditions, making Israel a global melting pot. ...

Jews in classical music

Fromental Halévy, the French-Jewish composer of the Grand Opera La Juive.

Before Emancipation, virtually all Jewish music in Europe was sacred music, with the exception of the performances of klezmorim during weddings and other occassions. The result was a lack of a Jewish presence in European classical music until the 19th century, with a very few exceptions, normally enabled by specific aristocratic protection, such as Salamone Rossi (whose work is considered the beginning of "Jewish art music").^[27] Although during the Classical period small numbers of Jewish composers were present in Amsterdam, Southern France and Italy, the vast majority of Jewish classical composers were active during the Romantic period (following the French Revolution) and even more so in the 20th century ^[28]. Paul Johnson summarizes the dynamics of this cultural pattern: Halevy, in a carte de visite 19th century photogravure The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Halevy, in a carte de visite 19th century photogravure The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Jacques Fromental Halévy Jacques-François-Fromental-Élie Halévy (May 27, 1799 - March 17, 1862) was a French composer. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia The history of the Jews of France dates back over 2,000 years. ... Grand Opéra is a style of opera largely characterized by many features on an excessive scale. ... La Juive (The Jewess) is a opera in five acts by Jacques Halévy to an original libretto by Eugène Scribe. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... // Origin of Jewish music in the Temple The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system that in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Klezmer (כלזמיר) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ... Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Salamone Rossi (about 1570 – about 1630) was an Italian violinist and composer of the Jewish faith. ... The Classical period in Western music occurred from about 1730 and 1820, but there was considerable overlap at both ends with preceding and following periods, as is true for all musical eras. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates 52°22′N 4°54′E Website www. ... Composers are people who write music. ... The era of Romantic music is defined as the period of European classical music that runs roughly from the early 1800s to the first decade of the 20th century, as well as music written according to the norms and styles of that period. ... The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a period in the history of France. ... 20th century classical music, the classical music of the 20th century, was extremely diverse, beginning with the late Romantic style of Sergei Rachmaninoff and the Impressionism of Claude Debussy, and ranging to such distant sound-worlds as the complete serialism of Pierre Boulez, the simple triadic harmonies of minimalist composers... Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on November 2, 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic historian, journalist and author. ...

The Jewish musical tradition, for instance, was for older than anyone else's in Europe. Music remained an element in Jewish services, and the cantor was almost as pivotal a figure in local Jewish society as the rabbi. But Jewish musicians, except as converts, had played no part in European musical development. Hence the entry, in considerable numbers, of Jewish composers and performers on the musical scene in the middle decades of the nineteenth century was a phenomenon, and a closely observed one.^[29] A hazzan or chazzan (Hebrew for cantor) is a Jewish musician trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the synagogue in songful prayer. ... Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools the sages were addressed as רִבִּי (Ribbi...

Despite this later trend, however, it should be noted that the origin of Gregorian chant, which was the earliest manifestation of European classical music, was Jewish choral music of the Temple and synagogue, according to large number of analytical liturgists.^[30] and music historians.^[31] Gregorian chant is also known as plainchant or plainsong and is a form of monophonic, unaccompanied singing, which was developed in the Catholic church, mainly during the period 800-1000. ... This article is about choirs, musical ensembles containing singers. ... // Origin of Jewish music in the Temple The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system that in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash) was built in ancient Jerusalem in c. ... A synagogue (בית כנסת beit knesset in Hebrew meaning a house of assembly or שול shul in Yiddish) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... From the Greek word λειτουργια, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning the work of the people, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), a daily activity such... Musicology is reasoned discourse concerning music (Greek: μουσικη = music and λογος = word or reason). In other words: the whole body of systematized knowledge about music which results from the application of a scientific method of investigation or research, or of philosophical speculation and rational systematization to the facts, the processes and the...

After Jews were admitted to mainstream society in England (gradually after their return in the 17th century), France, Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and Russia (in that order), the Jewish contribution to the European music scene steadily increased, but in the form of mainstream European music, not specifically Jewish music. Notable examples of Jewish Romantic composers (by country) are Charles-Valentin Alkan, Paul Dukas and Fromental Halevy from France, Josef Dessauer, Karl Goldmark and Gustav Mahler from Bohemia (most Austrian Jews during this time were native not to what is today Austria but rather the outer provinces of the Empire), Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer from Germany, and Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein from Russia. Singers included John Braham and Giuditta Pasta. There were very many notable Jewish violin and pianist virtuosi, including Joseph Joachim, Ferdinand David, Carl Tausig, Henri Herz, Leopold Auer, Jascha Heifetz, and Ignaz Moscheles. During the 20th century the number of Jewish composers and notable instrumentalists increased, as did their geographical distribution. Jewish composers were most heavily concentrated in Vienna and other cities in pre-Nazi Austria and Germany. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, after Jews moved out of the Austrian-Hungarian provinces into Vienna, they "comprised a third of the students of the city’s conservatories and more than half of its music audiences. Jewish children acquired musical instruction at rates exceeding three times that of the non-Jewish population^[32]. Beyond Vienna, Jews were also to a certain extent prominent in Paris and New York (the latter's Jewish population being heavily multiplied by waves of immigration). During the rise of the Nazis in the 1930s, when works by Jews were labelled as degenerate music (not only because of the Jewish origins of the composers but also their association with Modernism), many European Jewish composers emigrated to the United States and Argentina, strengthening classical music in those countries. Sample Jewish 20th-century composers include Arnold Schoenberg and Alexander von Zemlinsky from Austria, Hanns Eisler^[33] and Kurt Weill from Germany, Viktor Ullmann and Jaromír Weinberger from Bohemia and later the Czech Republic (the former perished at the Auschwitz extermination camps), George Gershwin and Aaron Copland from the United States, Darius Milhaud and Alexandre Tansman from France, Alfred Schnittke^[33] and Lera Auerbach from Russia, Lalo Schifrin and Mario Davidovsky from Argentina and Paul Ben-Haim and Shulamit Ran from Israel. Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Flag of the German Empire, 1871–1919: black-white-red The term German Empire commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... Charles-Valentin Alkan (November 30, 1813–March 29, 1888) was a French composer and one of the greatest virtuoso pianists of his day. ... Paul Dukas (October 1, 1865 – May 17, 1935) was a French composer of classical music. ... Josef Dessauer (1798 - 1876) was a Czech-born composer. ... Karl Goldmark (May 18, 1830 - January 2, 1915) was a Jewish composer who was self-taught. ... Gustav Mahler in 1909 Gustav Mahler (7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and conductor. ... Austria first became a center of Jewish learning during the 13th century. ... Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy at the age of thirty Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, known generally as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3, 1809 – November 4, 1847) was a German composer of the early Romantic period. ... Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (September 5, 1791 – May 2, 1864) was a noted opera composer, and the first great exponent of Grand Opera. ... Anton Rubinstein Anton Grigorevich Rubinstein (Анто́н Григо́рьевич Рубинште́йн) (November 28, 1829 – November 20, 1894) was a Russian pianist, composer and conductor. ... Categories: Stub | 1835 births | 1881 deaths | Russian composers | Pianists | Russian musicians ... John Braham (born as John Abraham) (c. ... Giuditta Pasta (October 28, 1798 - April 1, 1865), born in Saronno, Italy was a soprano considered among the greatest of opera singers. ... Joseph Joachim Joseph Joachim (June 28, 1831 – August 15, 1907) was a violinist, conductor and composer. ... Ferdinand David (born January 20th, 1810 in Hamburg; died July 19th, 1871 in Klosters) was a German virtuoso violinist and composer. ... Carl Tausig (November 4, 1841 - July 17, 1871) was a Polish pianist and composer. ... Henri Herz (January 6, 1803–January 5, 1888) was an Austrian pianist and composer. ... Leopold Auer Leopold Auer (June 7, 1845 – July 15, 1930) was a Hungarian violinist, teacher, conductor and composer. ... Jascha Heifetz Jascha Heifetz (February 2, 1901 – December 10, 1987) was a violinist, often proclaimed as one of the greatest of all time and the most famous of the 20th century. ... Ignaz Moscheles (May 23, 1794–March 10, 1870) was a Bohemian composer and piano virtuoso. ... Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Slovenian: Dunaj, Hungarian: Bécs, Czech: Vídeň, Slovak: Viedeň, Romany Vidnya; Croatian and Serbian: Beč) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... This article is about political regions. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Nickname: The Big Apple Motto: Official website: City of New York Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... New York City is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world, and has a long history of absorbing immigrants from nations all over the globe. ... Degenerate Music was a label applied by the Nazi government in Germany to certain forms of music that it considered to be harmful or decadent. ... Modernism in music is characterized by a desire for or belief in progress and science, surrealism, anti-romanticism, political advocacy, general intellectualism, and/or a breaking with tradition or common practice. ... -1... Alexander von Zemlinsky Alexander von Zemlinsky or Alexander Zemlinsky, (October 14, 1871 - March 15, 1942) was an Austrian composer of classical music, a conductor and a teacher. ... Hanns Eisler (July 6, 1898 - September 6, 1962) was a German and Austrian composer. ... Kurt Weill, a photo taken in Salzburg, Austria, 1934 Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950), born in Dessau, Germany and died in New York, was a German composer active from the 1920s until his death. ... Viktor Ullmann (b 1 January 1898 in Teschen, Austro-Hungarian Empire, now divided between Cieszyn in Poland and Cesky Tesin in the Czech Republic; d 18 October 1944 in Auschwitz-Birkenau) was an Austrian (or Czech) composer, conductor and pianist. ... Jaromír Weinberger (January 8, 1896, Prague - August 8, 1967, St. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ... Aaron Copland Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. ... Darius Milhaud (September 4, 1892 – June 22, 1974) was a French-Jewish composer and teacher. ... Alexandre Tansman (*1897 in Lodz - 1986) was a Polish composer who lived in France for most of his life. ... Alfred Garyevich Schnittke (Russian: Альфре́д Га́ррьевич Шни́тке, November 24, 1934 – August 3, 1998) was a Russian-German Jewish composer. ... Lera Auerbach Lera Auerbach (Russian: ; b. ... Lalo Schifrin (born on June 21, 1932) is an Argentinian Jewish pianist and composer, most famous for composing the burning-fuse theme tune from the Mission:Impossible television series. ... Mario Davidovsky (born March 4, 1934) is an Argentine-American composer. ... Paul Ben-Haim (1897-1984), also Paul Ben-Chaim, was an Israeli composer. ... Shulamit Ran (born 1949) is an Israeli-American composer. ...

There are some genres and forms of classical music that Jewish composers have been associated with, including notably during the Romantic period French Grand Opera. The most prolific composers of this genre included Giacomo Meyerbeer, Fromental Halévy, and the later Jacques Offenbach; Halevy's La Juive was based on Scribe's libretto very loosely connected to the Jewish experience. While little-known today, this "work by a Jewish composer in which anti-Semitism is a motivating force" was an extremely potent influence on late Romantic composers from Mahler (who took the story of anti-Semitism and assimilation personally, also calling it "one of the very greatest works ever written"^[34]) to (ironically) the anti-Semitic Wagner^[35] In the 20th century, Jewish composers were pioneers of avant-garde and contemporary music. Arnold Schoenberg in his middle and later periods devised the twelve-tone technique and was a primary advocate of atonality, a system of composition which was laster used by Jewish composers Paul Dessau and René Leibowitz. George Rochberg and Milton Babbitt were leading composers in the school of serialism, Steve Reich and Philip Glass worked with minimalism, George Perle devised his own form of twelve-tone tonality, Leo Ornstein helped develop the tone cluster, Morton Feldman and Armand Lunel were noted composers of chance music (the latter is also considered the inventor of spatialization, and Mario Davidovsky was famous for writing a series of compositions mixing acoustic and electronic music. In addition, Lera Auerbach, Alfred Schnittke and John Zorn have worked with Polystylism and other forms of Postmodern music, and Modernist Miriam Gideon combined atonalism and Jewish folk motives in her pieces. Grand Opéra is a style of opera largely characterized by many features on an excessive scale. ... Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (September 5, 1791 – May 2, 1864) was a noted opera composer, and the first great exponent of Grand Opera. ... Jacques Fromental Halévy Jacques-François-Fromental-Élie Halévy (May 27, 1799 - March 17, 1862) was a French composer. ... Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880), composer and cellist, was one of the originators of the operetta form, a precursor of the modern musical comedy. ... La Juive (The Jewess) is a opera in five acts by Jacques Halévy to an original libretto by Eugène Scribe. ... Augustin Eugène Scribe (December 24, 1791 - February 20, 1861), was a French dramatist and librettist. ... A libretto is the complete body of words used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, musical, and ballet. ... The era of Romantic music is defined as the period of European classical music that runs roughly from the early 1800s to the first decade of the 20th century, as well as music written according to the norms and styles of that period. ... Gustav Mahler in 1909 Gustav Mahler (7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and conductor. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his groundbreaking symphonic-operas (or music dramas). His compositions are notable for their continuous contrapuntal texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and elaborate... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... In the broadest sense, contemporary music is any music being written in the present day. ... -1... Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold Schoenberg. ... Atonality describes music that does not conform to the system of tonal hierarchies, which characterizes the sound of classical European music between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. ... Paul Dessau (b. ... René Leibowitz (February 17, 1913 – August 29, 1972) was a French composer, conductor, music theorist and teacher born in Warsaw, Poland. ... George Rochberg, (July 5, 1918, Paterson, New Jersey – May 29, 2005, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania) was an American composer. ... Milton Byron Babbitt (born May 10, 1916) is an American composer. ... In the European classical music theory, serialism is a set of methods for composing and analyzing works of music based on structuring those works around the parameterization of parts of music: that is, ordering pitch, dynamics, instrumentation, rhythm, and on occasion other elements into a row or series in which... Steve Reich Steve Reich (born Stephen Michael Reich, October 3, 1936; last name pronounced []) is an American composer. ... Philip Glass looks upon sheet music in a portrait taken by Annie Leibovitz. ... This article is about a musical style. ... George Perle (born May 6, 1915 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is a composer and musicologist who has studied with Ernst Krenek. ... Leo Ornstein (December 2, 1892 - February 24, 2002) was an avant-garde composer and pianist. ... A tone cluster, in music and in Western tuning, is a chord or simultaneity comprised of consecutive tones separated chromatically. ... Morton Feldman (born January 12, 1926, died September 3, 1987) was an American composer. ... Armand Lunel was a french writer and the last known speaker of Shuadit (Judeo-Provençal), a now-extinct Occitan language. ... Aleatoric (or aleatory) music or composition, is music where some element of the composition is left to chance. ... Mario Davidovsky (born March 4, 1934) is an Argentine-American composer. ... Acoustic music can refer to music that solely or primarily uses acoustic instruments, such as the acoustic guitar, banjo, mandolin, piano, cello, and voice. ... Electronic music has existed, in various forms, for more than a century. ... Lera Auerbach Lera Auerbach (Russian: ; b. ... Alfred Garyevich Schnittke (Russian: Альфре́д Га́ррьевич Шни́тке, November 24, 1934 – August 3, 1998) was a Russian-German Jewish composer. ... John Zorn (born September 2, 1953 in New York City) is an American composer and saxophonist/multi-instrumentalist. ... In the broadest sense, contemporary music is any music being written in the present day. ... Postmodern music is both a musical style and a musical condition. ... Modernism in musicis characterized by a desire for or belief in progressand science, surrealism, anti-romanticism, politicaladvocacy, general intellectualism, and/or a breaking with tradition or common practice. ... Miriam Gideon (23 October 1906 - 1996) was a composer. ...

While orchestral and operatic music works by Jewish composers would in general be considered secular, many Jewish (as well as non-Jewish) composers have incorporated Jewish themes and motives into their music. Sometimes this is done covertly, such as the klezmer band music that many critics and observers believe lies in the third movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 1, and this type of Jewish reference was most common during the 19th century when openly displaying one's Jewishness would most likely hamper a Jew's chances at assimilation. During the 20th century, however, many Jewish composers wrote music with direct Jewish references and themes, e.g. David Amram (Symphony – "Songs of the Soul"), Leonard Bernstein (Kaddish Symphony, Chichester Psalms), Ernest Bloch (Schelomo), Arnold Schoenberg (see below), Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (Violin Concerto no. 2) Kurt Weill (The Eternal Road) and Hugo Weisgall (Psalm of the Instant Dove). However, even during the 20th century some Jewish composers often quoted Jewish music within non-Jewish contexts; for example, Gershwin used liturgical melodies and Hebrew songs for a few numbers in Porgy and Bess, and many also believe that the opening clarinet glissando in his Rhapsody in Blue is a reference to klezmer. Finally, many non-Jewish (mostly, but not all, Russian) composers have composed classical music with clear Jewish themes and inspiration, such as Max Bruch (Kol Nidre), Sergei Prokofiev (Overture on Hebrew Themes), Maurice Ravel (Chanson Hebraique in Yiddish, Deux Melodies Hebraiques - including "Kaddisch" in Aramaic and "Fregt di velt di alte kashe" in Yiddish)^[36], Dmitri Shostakovich (Second Piano Trio, From the Jewish Folk Poetry and Symphony No. 13 "Babi Yar")^[37] and Igor Stravinsky (Abraham and Isaac - used the Hebrew Masoretic text of a passage of Genesis, and was dedicated to the Jews and the State of Israel). Manyoperatic works by non-Jewish composers show a direct connection with and sympathy for the Jewish people and history, like Saint-Saëns' Samson and Delilah (incidentally, Saint-Saëns' composition teacher was Halevy, and it has been speculated that he was himself of Jewish background^[38], though this is unconfirmed) and Verdi's Nabucco. Klezmer (from Yiddish כלזמיר, etymologically from Hebrew kli zemer כלי זמר, vessel of song) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ... Gustav Mahler in 1909 Gustav Mahler (7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and conductor. ... The Symphony No. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cultural Assimilation, or assimilation for short (but that word also had other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into an established, generally larger community. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... David Amram (born November 17, 1930 in Philadelphia) is an American composer, musician and writer. ... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer and orchestra conductor. ... Kaddish is the third symphony of Leonard Bernstein. ... The Chichester Psalms is a choral work by Leonard Bernstein for countertenor, choir and orchestra (3 trumpets in Bb, 3 trombones, timpani, percussion (5 players), 2 harps, and strings). ... Ernest Bloch (July 24, 1880 – July 15, 1959) was a Swiss-born American Jewish composer. ... Schelomo was written by Ernest Bloch and is a concerto for cello and orchestra. ... -1... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (April 3, 1895 – March 16, 1968) was an Italian Jewish composer. ... Kurt Weill, a photo taken in Salzburg, Austria, 1934 Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950), born in Dessau, Germany and died in New York, was a German composer active from the 1920s until his death. ... Kurt Weill, a photo taken in Salzburg, Austria, 1934 Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950), born in Dessau, Germany and died in New York, was a German composer active from the 1920s until his death. ... Hugo Weisgall (1912–1997) was a American composer, known chiefly for opera and vocal music. ... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ... From the Greek word λειτουργια, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning the work of the people, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), a daily activity such... The cast of Porgy and Bess during the Boston try-out prior to the Broadway opening. ... A bass clarinet, which sounds an octave lower than the more common Bâ™­ soprano clarinet. ... Glissando (plural: glissandi) is a musical term that refers to either a continuous sliding from one pitch to another (a true glissando), or an incidental scale played while moving from one melodic note to another (an effective glissando). ... Rhapsody in Blue is a composition by George Gershwin which combines elements of classical music with jazz-influenced effects. ... Max Bruch (January 6, 1838 – October 20, 1920) was a German composer and conductor. ... Kol Nidre, Op. ... Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Russian: , Sergej Sergejevič Prokofev, 15/April 271, 1891 – March 5, 1953) was a Ukrainian-born Russian composer who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. ... Joseph-Maurice Ravel (March 7, 1875 – December 28, 1937) was a French composer and pianist, known especially for the subtlety, richness, and poignancy of his music and generally considered to be one of the major composers of the 20th century. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... Kaddish (Hebrew: קדיש, sanctification) refers to an important and central blessing in the Jewish prayer service. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich â–¶ (help· info) (Russian: , Dmitrij Dmitrievič Å ostakovič) (September 25 [O.S. September 12] 1906) – August 9, 1975) was a Russian composer of the Soviet period. ... The Piano Trio No. ... The Symphony No. ... Igor Stravinsky in his middle ages. ... Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 7 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... This article is about Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Charles Camille Saint-Saëns (IPA: ) (9 October 1835–16 December 1921) was a French composer and performer. ... Samson et Dalila is a grand opera composed by Camille Saint-Saëns to a French libretto by Ferdinand Lemaire. ... Giuseppe Verdi, by Giovanni Boldini, 1886 (National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome) Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (October 10, 1813 – January 27, 1901) is to date the most influential composer of the 19th centurys Italian School of Opera. ... Nabucco is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, based on the biblical story and the play by Anicet-Bourgeois and Francis Cornu. ...

In addition to composers, many Jews have been prominent music critics, music theorists and musicologists, such as Guido Adler, Leon Botstein, Eduard Hanslick, Abraham Zevi Idelsohn, Julius Korngold and Hedi Stadlen. Jewish classical performers have most frequently been violinists (as can be expected from the violin's importance in klezmer), pianists and cellists. Notable examples are Isaac Stern, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Leonard Rose, respectively. It has been observed that "Of the one hundred leading virtuoso performers of the twentieth century… approximately two-thirds of the violinists, half the cellists, and forty percent of the pianists were, or are, Jews" ^[39]. Beginning with Gustav Mahler and most frequently today, Jewish conductors have also been prominent, with many like Leonard Bernstein achieving international stature. As of January 2006, the principal music directors of the American Symphony Orchestra, Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra/Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra , Boston Symphony Orchestra/Metropolitan Opera, Chicago Symphony Orchestra/Berlin State Opera, National Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Pittsburgh Symphony Pops Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony and Tonhalle Orchestra (in Zurich) are of Jewish descent (respectively Leon Botstein, Mariss Jansons,James Levine, Daniel Barenboim, Leonard Slatkin, Lorin Maazel, Marvin Hamlisch, Michael Tilson Thomas and David Zinman); furthermore, "of the one hundred leading conductors of the twentieth century... approximately one-fourth were, or are, Jews".^[39] A few notable cantors also worked as opera singers, such as Jan Peerce and Richard Tucker. A music critic is someone who reviews music, songs and albums, and writes about them. ... Music theory is a field of study that describes the elements of music and includes the development and application of methods for analyzing and composing music, and the interrelationship between the notation of music and performance practice. ... Musicology is reasoned discourse concerning music (Greek: μουσικη = music and λογος = word or reason). In other words: the whole body of systematized knowledge about music which results from the application of a scientific method of investigation or research, or of philosophical speculation and rational systematization to the facts, the processes and the... Guido Adler (November 1, 1855, Eibenschütz(Ivančice), Moravia - February 15, 1941, Vienna) was the Austrian musicologist, writer on music. ... Leon Botstein, as photographed during a February 2004 interview with WXBC Radio Bard. ... Eduard Hanslick (September 11, 1825 – August 6, 1904) was a German writer on music, perhaps the most influential music critic of the 19th century. ... Abraham Zevi Idelsohn (1882-1938) was a foremost Jewish ethnologist and musicologist, who conducted several comprehensive studies of Jewish music around the world. ... Julius Korngold was a noted music critic. ... Hedi Stadlen, (6 January 1916 – 21 January 2004), better known in Sri Lanka as Hedi Keuneman, was an Austrian Jewish philosopher, political activist and musicologist. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article deals with those who play the piano. ... Alternate meaning: Cello web browser A cropped image to show the relative size of a cello to a human (Uncropped Version) The cello (also violoncello or cello) is a stringed instrument and part of the violin family. ... Isaac Stern (July 21, 1920 – September 22, 2001) is widely considered one of the finest violin virtuosi of the twentieth century. ... Vladimir Ashkenazy Vladimir Davidovich Ashkenazy (sometimes transliterated Ashkenazi) (Russian: Влади́мир Дави́дович А́шкенази) (born July 6, 1937) is a conductor and, more notably, a pianist. ... Leonard Rose (July 27, 1918 – November 16, 1984) was an American cellist. ... Gustav Mahler in 1909 Gustav Mahler (7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and conductor. ... See Conductor for other possible uses of the word. ... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer and orchestra conductor. ... Look up January in Wiktionary, the free dictionary January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 2006 (MMVI in Roman) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The title of music director is used by many orchestras to designate the primary conductor of the orchestra. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest in Dutch) is the best known and most respected symphonic orchestra in the Netherlands, and is generally considered to be among the worlds finest. ... The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the worlds most renowned orchestras. ... A full house at the old Metropolitan Opera House, seen from the rear of the stage, at the Metropolitan Opera House for a concert by pianist Josef Hofmann, November 28, 1937. ... The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, based in Chicago, Illinois, is one of the leading orchestras in the world. ... Staatsoper Unter den Linden, 2003 Berlin State Opera (in German: Staatsoper Unter den Linden) is a prominent German opera company. ... The National Symphony Orchestra in Washington DC is a major symphony orchestra that performs at the Kennedy Center. ... The New York Philharmonic is an American orchestra based in New York City. ... The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra is one of the major orchestras in the United States. ... The San Francisco Symphony is a major orchestra based in San Francisco, California. ... Location within Switzerland   Zürich[?] (German pronunciation IPA: ; usually spelled Zurich in English) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of Zürich. ... Leon Botstein, as photographed during a February 2004 interview with WXBC Radio Bard. ... Mariss Jansons (born 1943) is a prominent Latvian conductor. ... James Levine (born June 23, 1943) is an American orchestral conductor and pianist. ... Daniel Barenboim Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is an Argentinean-Israeli pianist and conductor. ... Leonard Slatkin (born September 1, 1944) is an American conductor. ... Lorin Varencove Maazel (born March 6, 1930) is a conductor, violinist and composer. ... Marvin Hamlisch (born June 2, 1944) is one of the most successful composers of the twentieth century. ... Michael Tilson Thomas (born December 21, 1944), nicknamed MTT, is a Jewish-American conductor, pianist and composer. ... David Zinman (born New York, 10 July 1936) is an American conductor. ... A hazzan or chazzan (Hebrew for cantor) is a Jewish musician trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the synagogue in songful prayer. ... This article is about opera as an art form. ... Jan Peerce (June 3, 1904 – December 15, 1984) was an American tenor. ... Richard Tucker (August 28, 1913 – January 8, 1975) was an American tenor. ...

Case Study in Secular Jewish culture: Jewish identity in 19th Century Central Europe

A page from the score of the oratorio Die Jacobsleiter (Jacob's Ladder) (1917-1922, unfinished) by Arnold Schoenberg

Research regarding the Jewish identity of composers usually centers around the assimilated German-speaking Felix Mendelssohn and Gustav Mahler; the former, although the grandson of the most famous philosopher of the Haskalah, was baptized and raised as a Lutheran, and the latter converted to Roman Catholicism in order to remove his most powerful obstacle to success (anti-Semitism) in musical Vienna. While in both cases the conversion was made in order to assimilate with European Christian society and therefore leave persecution in favor of prosperity, Mendelssohn wrote overtly and unapologetically Christian music (Symphony No. 5 "Reformation", St. Paul Oratorio and numerous chamber and other vocal pieces), and on one occassion he even changed his appearance in order to avoid looking like related Jewish composer Meyerbeer. Mahler also wrote Christian-inspired music in the fifth movement of the Second Symphony (although this highly spiritual piece has also been interpreted as fundamentally Jewish at its core^[40]), the fifth movement of the Third Symphony, the fourth movement of the Fourth Symphony and his Eigth Symphony. An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus. ... Jacobs Ladder refers to a ladder to heaven described in the Book of Genesis (28:11-19) which the biblical patriarch Jacob envisioned during his flight from his brother Esau: Jacob left Beersheba, and went toward Haran. ... -1... Cultural Assimilation, or assimilation for short (but that word also had other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into an established, generally larger community. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy at the age of thirty Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, known generally as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3, 1809 – November 4, 1847) was a German composer of the early Romantic period. ... Gustav Mahler in 1909 Gustav Mahler (7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and conductor. ... Moses Mendelssohn. ... Haskalah (Hebrew: השכלה; enlightenment, intellect, from sekhel, common sense), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a religious movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Baptism in early Christian art. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Slovenian: Dunaj, Hungarian: Bécs, Czech: Vídeň, Slovak: Viedeň, Romany Vidnya; Croatian and Serbian: Beč) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation Christ, which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. ... Called the Reformation Symphony, was composed by Felix Mendelssohn in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation initiated by Martin Luther. ... An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus. ... Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy at the age of thirty Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, known generally as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3, 1809 – November 4, 1847) was a German composer of the early Romantic period. ... Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (September 5, 1791 - May 2, 1864) was a noted opera composer. ... A performance of Mahlers 2nd Symphony The Symphony No. ... The Symphony No. ... The Symphony No. ... The Symphony No. ...

However, the issue in both cases is not so simple: although his father urged him to drop the name "Mendelssohn" in concert programs to purge any reference to his Jewish past, Felix "retained the name… despite his father's protests, and though undoubtedly a sincere Lutheran, retained a respect for his Jewish history. His professional and social success may have emboldened him to be more forthrightly pro-Jewish than other converts".^[41] Mahler wrote what have been percieved as Jewish references in his works, including klezmer-like passages in the third movement of the First Symphony and first movement of the Third; in addition, the previously mentioned fifth movement of the Second Symphony includes a passage that many believe imitates shofar blasts with a programmatic text resembling the Unetanneh Tokef prayer. The Symphony No. ... The Symphony No. ... A shofar in the Yemenite Jewish style. ... Program music is music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas, images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene, image or mood [1]. By contrast, absolute music stands for itself and is intended to be appreciated without any particular reference to the outside world. ...

The most compelling reason why Mendelssohn and Mahler are commonly considered Jewish composers are because they have been repeatedly identified as such both by anti-Semites and Jews. In both cases contemporaries (respectively, Richard Wagner in his Das Judenthum in der Musik, and the virulent Vienna press and Austrian anti-Semites such as Rudolph Louis^[42]) argued that no matter how much the composer in question attempted to pass himself off as a good Austrian/German and a good Christian, he and his music would remain fundamentally and unalterably Jewish (in the context, with an obviously negative connotation). Therefore, when Nazi Germany suppressed what they considered "degenerate music", both Mendelssohn and Mahler were banned as Jewish composers; they were contrasted with "good" German composers like Beethoven, Bruckner and Wagner^[43] (it should be noted, to a lesser degree concerning Wagner and Bruckner but most especially in the case of Beethoven, that the fact that the Nazi propagandists claimed that deceased, and therefore unable to object composers are personifications of their ideology does not mean that they would have approved of such a label). The claim of "fundamental Jewishness" was repeated, but with a completely opposite meaning, by 20th century Jews like Leonard Bernstein (regarding Mahler), who viewed that the dual Jewishness and success of the composers is something to be championed and celebrated.^[44] A persuasive argument to the Jewishness of Mahler comes from his wife, Alma Mahler: The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his groundbreaking symphonic-operas (or music dramas). His compositions are notable for their continuous contrapuntal texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and elaborate... Das Judenthum in der Musik (Judaism in Music or Jewishness in Music) is an anti-Semitic article which was published in the Neue Zeitschrift. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Degenerate Music was a label applied by the Nazi government in Germany to certain forms of music that it considered to be harmful or decadent. ... Ludwig van Beethoven by Carl Jäger (Date unknown). ... Anton Bruckner Anton Bruckner (4 September 1824–11 October 1896) was an Austrian composer of the Romantic era. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 in Leipzig – February 13, 1883 in Venice) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his groundbreaking symphonic-operas (or music dramas). His compositions are notable for their continuous contrapuntal texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and elaborate... North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Leonard Bernstein in 1971 Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer and orchestra conductor. ... Alma Mahler Alma Maria Mahler (August 31, 1879 – December 11, 1964), noted in her native Vienna for her beauty and intelligence, was the wife, successively, of one of the centurys leading composers (Gustav Mahler), architects (Walter Gropius), and novelists (Franz Werfel). ...

He [Gustav] was not a man who ever deceived himself, and he knew that people would not forget he was a Jew.... Nor did he wish it forgotten.... He never denied his Jewish origin. Rather he emphasized it. ^[45]

Regarding Wagner himself, it often seems ironic to some that many of the most influential and popular interpreters of his work have been Jewish conductors such as the aforementioned Mahler and Bernstein, as well as Daniel Barenboim, Arthur Fiedler, Asher Fisch, Otto Klemperer, Erich Leinsdorf, James Levine, Hermann Levi (who was chosen by Wagner to conduct the premiere of Parsifal^[46] Lorin Maazel, Arthur Nikisch, Eugene Ormandy, Fritz Reiner, Sir George Solti, George Szell and Bruno Walter. It has been noted that there is a "love of contemporary Jewish conductors for Wagner".^[47] While much has been written about Wagner's anti-Semitism in his writings and music, and the Nazi appropriation of his music, research in recent years has analyzed the possibility that Wagner was himself of Jewish ancestry, and explored Wagner's interaction with and attitude towards the Jews through a multi-sided perspective ^[48] . Daniel Barenboim Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is an Argentinean-Israeli pianist and conductor. ... Arthur Fiedler (December 17, 1894 – July 10, 1979) was the long-time conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra, a symphony orchestra that specialized in popular music. ... Otto Klemperer (May 14, 1885 – July 6, 1973) was a German-born conductor and composer. ... Erich Leinsdorf (February 4, 1912 - September 11, 1993) was a conductor. ... James Levine (born June 23, 1943) is an American orchestral conductor and pianist. ... Hermann Levi (born November 7, 1839 in Giessen; died May 13, 1900 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen) was a German orchestral conductor. ... Amalie Maternam Emil Scaria and Hermann Winkelmann in the 1882 premiere production of Parsifal Parsifal is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. ... Lorin Varencove Maazel (born March 6, 1930) is a conductor, violinist and composer. ... Arthur Nikisch (or Nikitsch) ( October 12, 1855 – January 23, 1922) was a Hungarian conductor who performed mainly in Germany. ... Eugene Ormandy in the 1950s Eugene Ormandy (November 18, 1899 – March 12, 1985) was a conductor and violinist. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Sir Georg Solti (born György Stern) KBE, (October 21, 1912 - September 5, 1997) was a world-renowned Hungarian-born orchestral and operatic conductor, who was still actively engaged in performing right up until his death. ... George Szell, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1954 György Széll, best known by his Anglicised name George Szell (June 7, 1897 – July 29, 1970) was a conductor and composer. ... Bruno Walter (September 15, 1876 - February 17, 1962) was a German-born conductor and composer. ...

Much less complex and disputed is the Jewishness of Arnold Schoenberg. Although he was brought up as a Catholic and converted to Protestantism in 1898, during the rise of the Nazis in 1933 he openly embraced and returned to Judaism. The result was a number of later works dealing with Judaism and the Holocaust, such as A Survivor from Warsaw, Kol Nidre and Moses und Aron. During this time Schoenberg also began to concern himself with the historical situation of the Jewish people in his essays and other writings.-1... Protestantism is a movement within Christianity, representing a splitting away from the Roman Catholic Church during the mid-to-late Renaissance in Europe —a period known as the Protestant Reformation. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people, with around 14 million followers (as of 2005 [1]). It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948 Arnold Schoenberg, (the anglicized form of Schönberg—Schoenberg changed the spelling officially when he became a U.S. citizen) (September 13, 1874 – July 13, 1951) was a composer, born in Vienna, Austria. ... () Kol Nidre (ashk. ... Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948 Arnold Schoenberg, (the anglicized form of Schönberg—Schoenberg changed the spelling officially when he became a U.S. citizen) (September 13, 1874 – July 13, 1951) was a composer, born in Vienna, Austria. ...

Both Mahler and Schoenberg were Jewish composers who converted to a form of Christianity to avoid anti-Semitism, but yet were still attacked by the anti-Semitic elements of Viennese society as fundamentally Jewish and therefore a corrupting and perversive influence. According to Paul Johnson, Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Slovenian: Dunaj, Hungarian: Bécs, Czech: Vídeň, Slovak: Viedeň, Romany Vidnya; Croatian and Serbian: Beč) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on November 2, 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic historian, journalist and author. ...

The feeling of cultural outrage was much more important than anti-Semitism as such; or rather, it turned into anti-Semites, at any rate for the moment, people who normally espressed such feelings. IIt was he Jew as iconoclast which aroused the really deep rage... Mahler had begun it; Schönberg carried it on; both were Jews, and they corrpted young Aryan composers like Berg - so the argument went.^[49] Aryan is an English word derived from the Indian Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-. The Sanskrit and Old Persian languages both pronounced the word as arya-. Beyond its use as the ethnic self-designation of the Proto-Indo-Iranians... Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. ...

Again, although these critics meant their identifications of Mahler and Schoenberg as Jewish in an offensive way, this context provides a legitimate reason to claim them as Jewish composers today, though now in a neutral or positive sense. Despite the three above examples, however, a majority of Jewish artists and intellectuals in Austria, Germany and France during the 19th century and early 20th century assimilated culturally either by keeping the Jewish religion but living a mainstream European lifestyle (as Moses Mendelssohn had wished in earlier decades) or renouncing religion in favor of secularism, but retained at least the identification of Jewishness. It is the dual existence of people who disassociated themselves with Judaism yet remained affiliated with the Jewish people, and those who wished to retain the Jewish religion but eliminate any distinct Jewish culture by blending into Gentile society in this region and period (as opposed to Eastern Europe at the same time, where both the Jewish peoplehood and religion were perserved) that show the complexities of both Judaism and secular Jewish culture. Moses Mendelssohn. ... Secularism is commonly defined as the idea that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society. ... The word Gentile from the Latin gentilis, can either be a translation of the Hebrew Goy/גוי or of the Hebrew word Nochri/נכרי. In the most common modern use it refers to the former being derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and it is... Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ...

Jews in popular and Jazz music

[[Image:Artieshaw.JPG|thumb|Jewish-American Swing clarinetists and bandleaders Benny Goodman and his contemporary Artie Shaw (pictured) made significant contributions in bringing racial integration into the American music industry.^[50][51] Jews have also contributed to popular music, primarily in the United States (and, obviously, in Israel), and in some specific forms of popular music have become or are dominant. This is true to a lesser extent in Europe, but it should be noted that some of the first influential Jewish popular musicians in the US were actually natives of Europe, such as Irving Berlin, Kurt Weill and Sigmund Romberg. The most visible early forms of American popular music in which Jews have contributed are the popular song and musical theater. Approximately half of the members of the Songwriters Hall of Fame are Jewish.^[39] However, the latter especially has been dominated by Jewish composers and lyricists throughout its history and to a certain extent still today. A Jewish American (also commonly American Jew) is an American (a citizen of the United States) of Jewish descent or religion who maintains a connection to the Jewish community, either through actively practicing Judaism or through cultural and historical affiliation. ... The Swing Era is generally accepted as being the era of big bands and hot jazz, 1930-1946. ... A bass clarinet, which sounds an octave lower than the more common B♭ soprano clarinet. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David Goodman, (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was a famous Jazz musician, known as King of Swing, Patriarch of the Clarinet, and Swings Senior Statesman. // Childhood and early years Goodman was born in Chicago, the son of poor Jewish immigrants who lived on Chicago... Artie Shaw Arthur Jacob Arshawsky (May 23, 1910 – December 30, 2004), better known as Artie Shaw, was an accomplished jazz clarinetist, composer, bandleader, and writer. ... Racial integration, or simply integration includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation). ... The music industry is the industry that creates, performs, promotes, and preserves music. ... Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989), born Israel Isidore Baline, in Tyumen, Russia (or possibly Mogilev, Belarus), was an American composer and lyricist, one of the most prodigious and famous American songwriters in history. ... Kurt Weill, a photo taken in Salzburg, Austria, 1934 Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950), born in Dessau, Germany and died in New York, was a German composer active from the 1920s until his death. ... Sigmund Romberg (July 29, 1887 – November 9, 1951) was a Jewish composer best known for his operettas. ... This page is a list of Jews. ... This page is a list of Jews. ... The Songwriters Hall of Fame is an arm of the National Academy of Popular Music. ...

While Jazz is primarily an African-American art form, many Jewish musicians have contributed to it including clarinetists Benny Goodman, Mezz Mezzrow and Artie Shaw, saxophonists Michael Brecker, Paul Desmond, Kenny G, Stan Getz, Benny Green, Lee Konitz, Ronnie Scott and Zoot Sims, trumpeters and cornetists Randy Brecker, Ruby Braff, Red Rodney and Shorty Rogers, vibraphonist Terry Gibbs, drummer Victor Feldman and singers and pianists Billy Joel, Al Jolson, Ben Sidran, Mel Tormé and Harry Connick, Jr.. Some artists such as Harry Kandel were famous for mixing Jazz with klezmer, and others like Flora Purim have worked with Latin jazz and Jazz fusion. Since a great deal of Jazz music consisted of musical cooperation of Jewish and African-American musicians or black musicians funded by Jewish producers, the art form became "the racist's worst nightmare". ^[52] Jazz master Louis Armstrong remains one of the most loved and best known of all jazz musicians. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black), is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David Goodman, (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was a famous Jazz musician, known as King of Swing, Patriarch of the Clarinet, and Swings Senior Statesman. // Childhood and early years Goodman was born in Chicago, the son of poor Jewish immigrants who lived on Chicago... Milton Mesirow, much better known as Mezz Mezzrow (9 November 1899 - 5 August 1972) was an American Jewish jazz clarinetist and alto saxophonist from Chicago, Illinois. ... Artie Shaw Arthur Jacob Arshawsky (May 23, 1910 – December 30, 2004), better known as Artie Shaw, was an accomplished jazz clarinetist, composer, bandleader, and writer. ... Michael Brecker Michael Brecker (b. ... Paul Desmond and Dave Brubeck, October 8, 1954. ... Kenneth Gorelick (born June 5, 1956), better known by his stage name Kenny G, is an American saxophonist who was born in Seattle to a Jewish family. ... Stanley Getz, better known as Stan Getz (February 2, 1927 - June 6, 1991) was an American jazz musician. ... Benny Green (1927–1998) born in Leeds, Yorkshire in the UK, was a cockney accented British jazz saxophonist, who was most well known by the public for his radio shows and books. ... Lee Konitz (born 1927 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American jazz composer and saxophone player. ... Ronnie Scott’s Club at 47 Frith Street, Soho, London Ronnie Scott (born Ronald Schatt January 28, 1927- December 23, 1996), was a British jazz tenor saxophonist and jazz club owner. ... John Haley Zoot Sims was an American jazz musician. ... Randy Brecker (b. ... Reuben Ruby Braff (March 16, 1927 - February 9, 2003) was a American jazz cornetist. ... Robert Roland Chudnick (September 27, 1927–May 27, 1994), who performed as Red Rodney, was an American jazz trumpeter. ... Shorty Rogers was a west coast jazz musician born April 14, 1924. ... Terry Gibbs (1924 - ) is an American jazz vibraphonist and band leader. ... Victor Feldman (April 7, 1934 - May 12, 1987) was a British jazz musician. ... Billy Joel was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999. ... Al Jolson Al Jolson (born Asa Yoelson in Seredzius, Lithuania on May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was an American singer and the son of Jewish immigrants. ... Ben Sidran, (1943- ) may be best-known for having written the Steve Miller hit song Space Cowboy. ... Mel Tormé Mel Tormé (September 13, 1925 – June 5, 1999) was a jazz singer with a light, velvety, high-tenor voice. ... Harry Connick, Jr. ... Harry Kandel was a Jewish and American clarinetist and bandleader, one of the pioneers of modern klezmer music. ... Flora Purim is a Jewish Brazilian jazz singer known mainly for her work in jazz fusion. ... Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz harmonies from the United States. ... Fusion typically refers to the merging of two or more entities into a single one: In physics and technology nuclear fusion is the combination of two atomic nuclei into a single nucleus, usually the isotopes of hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium. ...

Although the early rock and roll performers were mostly either African Americans or Southern Whites, Jewish songwriters played a key role: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Carol King and Gerry Goffin, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka, and nearly all of the other Brill Building songwriters were Jewish, as was Phil Spector. With the mid-1960s rise of the singer-songwriter, some (King, Diamond, Sedaka) became performers; others (such as Burt Bacharach) managed to continue to work primarily as songwriters. In the rock era, Jewish musicians were by no means dominant, but many worked with a mix of folk and rock forms, including Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen, Simon and Garfunkel; more purely on the rock side are David Lee Roth, Lenny Kravitz, and all three Beastie Boys. Today Jews have begun to experiment with forms such as reggae and rap, and artists such as Matisyahu have used forms of secular culture to express religious ideas. Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Mike Stoller, Elvis Presley, Jerry Leiber Jerry Leiber (born April 25, 1933) and Mike Stoller (born March 13, 1933) are among the most important songwriters and music producers in post-World War II popular music. ... Carole King (born February 9, 1942) is an American singer and songwriter, most active as a singer during the early to mid 1970s, and active as a successful songwriter considerably longer both before and after her period as a popular singer. ... Gerry Goffin (born February 11, 1939) is an American lyricist. ... Essential Neil Diamond album cover. ... Neil Sedaka 2005 Neil Sedaka (born March 13, 1939 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American Brill Building pop singer, songwriter and pianist. ... The Brill Building (1930- ) in the United States is located at 1619 Broadway, in New York City, New York, just north of Times Square. ... Harvey Phillip Phil Spector (born December 26, 1940) is a highly influential American record producer who turned out some of the best-known popular music of the 1960s and 1970s. ... The term singer-songwriter refers to performers who both write and sing their own material. ... Burt Bacharach (born May 12, 1928 in Kansas City, Missouri) is a Jewish-American pianist and composer. ... Rock is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars, and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles, however saxophones have been omitted from newer subgenres of rock music since the 90s. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the common people. ... Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on 24 May 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and poet whose enduring contributions to American song are comparable, in fame and influence, to those of Stephen Foster, Irving Berlin, Woody Guthrie, and Hank Williams. ... Leonard Cohen Leonard Norman Cohen, CC (born September 21, 1934 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a poet, novelist, and singer-songwriter. ... Simon and Garfunkel, Bookends Simon and Garfunkel are an American popular music duo comprising Paul Simon and Arthur Art Garfunkel. ... David Lee Roth, also known as Diamond Dave, (born October 10, 1954 in Bloomington, Indiana) is an American rock vocalist, songwriter, actor, author, and radio personality, best known for his work with the band Van Halen and his fast-talking, oversized personality. ... Lenny Kravitz, 2005 (José Cruz/ABr) Leonard Albert Kravitz (b. ... Beastie Boys; from left to right, Ad-Rock, Mike D, MCA. The Beastie Boys are an US-american hip-hop music group from New York City (Brooklyn and Manhattan). ... Reggae is a music genre developed in Jamaica. ... Look up rap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Matthew Miller (born June 30, 1979, West Chester, Pennsylvania), more commonly known as Matisyahu, is a Hasidic Jewish reggae artist. ...

"Popular" music in Europe during the early 20th century would have been considered to be lighter classical forms such as operetta and entertainments like cabaret, and in these Jewish involvement was very large, especially in Vienna and Paris. Probably the most notable ethnically Jewish composer of operettas was Jacques Offenbach, a Roman Catholic convert; in the second half of the 20th century, Serge Gainsbourg's was one of the dominant figures in the evolution of cabaret music. During the more recent period with its different definition of popular music, Jews have to a lesser extent still contributed, such as band musicians in Britain and songwriters in France. Perhaps the most notable Jewish rock musician in the UK was Marc Bolan of T. Rex. Operetta (literally, little opera) is a performance art-form similar to opera, though it generally deals with less serious topics. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880), composer and cellist, was one of the originators of the operetta form, a precursor of the modern musical comedy. ... Serge Gainsbourg, born Lucien Ginzburg, (April 2, 1928 – March 2, 1991) was a poet, singer-songwriter, actor and director. ... Marc Bolan Plaque marking Marc Bolans childhood home, 25 Stoke Newington Common, Hackney. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Popular music in Israel has also a been medium for Jewish secular musical expression. Many Israeli secular musicians explore topics such as the Jewish and Israeli people, Zionism and nationalism, agriculture and the land of Israel, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Israeli popular music for the most part uses borrowed American forms like rock and alternative rock, pop, heavy metal, hip hop, rap and trance. In addition to these and classical music, Israel is host to a wealth of styles of Mizrahi music, featuring the influences and contributions of Arab, Yemenite, Greek and Ethiopian Jews. Modern Israeli music is heavily influenced by its constituents, which include Palestinians (see Palestinian music) and Jewish immigrants (see Jewish music) from more than 120 countries around the world have brought their own musical traditions, making Israel a global melting pot. ... Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian) 1844 Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews by Mordecai Noah, page one. ... // Nationalism is an ideology which holds that the nation, ethnicity or national identity is a fundamental unit of human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate basis for the state, and that each... Israel (in blue color) and the Arab League states (in green, Comoros is not shown). ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... The terms alternative rock and alternative music were coined in the early 1980s to describe punk rock-inspired music genres which didnt fit into the mainstream genres of the time. ... For the 1979 song by M, see Pop Muzik. ... Heavy metal, sometimes referred to as simply metal, is a form of music characterised by aggressive, driving rhythms and highly amplified distorted guitars. ... Hip hop music (also referred to as rap or rap music) is a style of popular music. ... Look up rap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Trance music is a subgenre of electronic dance music (EDM) that developed in the 1990s. ... Mizrahi music usually refers to the new wave of music in Israel which combines Israeli music with the flavor of Arabic and Mediterranean (especially Greek) music. ... This article deals with those Jewish communities indigenous to the Middle East. ... Yemenite Jews (תֵּימָנִי, Standard Hebrew Temani, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānî; plural תֵּימָנִים, Standard Hebrew Temanim, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānîm) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן far south, Standard Hebrew Teman, Tiberian Hebrew Têmān), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ...

Dance

Deriving from Biblical traditions, dance had long been used by Jews as a medium for the expression of joy and other communal emotions. Each Jewish diasporic community developed its own dance traditions for wedding celebrations and other distinguished events. For Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe, for example, dances, whose names corresponded to the different forms of klezmer music that were played, were an obvious staple of the wedding ceremony of the shtetl. Jewish dances both were influenced by surrounding Gentile traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time. "Nevertheless the Jews practiced a corporeal expressive language that was highly differentiated from that of the non-Jewish peoples of their neighborhood, mainly through motions of the hands and arms, with more intricate legwork by the younger men."^[53] In general, however, in most religiosly traditional communities, members of the opposite sex dancing together or dancing at times other than at these events was frowned upon. The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut, exile) is the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, Aškanazi, Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAškănāzî, ʾAškănāzîm, pronounced sing. ... Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ... Klezmer (from Yiddish כלזמיר, etymologically from Hebrew kli zemer כלי זמר, vessel of song) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ... A shtetl or shtetele (Yiddish: , derived from German: , meaning little town/city) was typically a small town or village with a large Jewish population in pre-Holocaust Central and Eastern Europe. ... The word Gentile from the Latin gentilis, can either be a translation of the Hebrew Goy/גוי or of the Hebrew word Nochri/נכרי. In the most common modern use it refers to the former being derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and it is...

Israel folk dancing, first developed by early immigrants to the Land of Israel in the 20th century, "reflects the life of a people returning to its own land."^[54] The hora is the name of a circle dance in Israel and other countries. (This same name applies to the circle dance that is the national dance of Romania.) In Yemen, where Jews were banned from dancing publicly, forms of dance evolved that are based on stationary hopping and posturing, such as can be done in a confined space. This article concerns the concept of The Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל Eretz Yisrael) in Jewish and Christian thought throughout the history from its Biblical sources to the present day. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Hora is the name of a circle dance in a number of countries. ...

Jews have made important and vital contributions to ballet and contemporary dance in the Europe, United States and Israel, as well as musical theatre dance in the former. In Russia and France, the Ballets Russes was, according to Paul Johnson, "primarily a Jewish creation"^[55]. In Israel both Jewish immigrants from France and other European countries and native born Jews have established a vibrant art dance scene, incluing the popular and influential Israel Ballet. This company features both native-born Israelis and emigrants from the former Soviet Union. Contemporary dance in Israel derives from both Israeli Folk dance and European influences, and is featured in the popular Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company, Inbal Dance Theater, Bat-Dor Dance Company and Batsheva Dance Company. In the United States Jerome Robbins, Anna Sokolow, Michael Bennett, Michael Kidd, Ron Field, Helen Tamiris and Pearl Lang have been successful and leading forces in Broadway dance, ballet, and contemporary dance, and to a certain extent social dance. Jewish ballet impresario Lincoln Kirstein either founded or helped found the School of American Ballet, The American Ballet and the New York City Ballet. The Waltz of the Snowflakes from Tchaikovskys The Nutcracker Ballet is the name given to a specific dance form and technique. ... Contemporary dance is the name given to a group of 20th century concert dance forms. ... Léon Bakst: Firebird, Ballerina, 1910 The Ballets Russes was a ballet company established in 1909 by the Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev and resident first in Paris and then in Monte Carlo. ... Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on November 2, 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic historian, journalist and author. ... Jerome Robbins in Three virgins and a devil. ... Anna Sokolow (born February 9, 1910, Hartford, Connecticut; died March 29, 2000 in New York City, New York) was an American dancer and choreographer. ... Michael Bennett (April 8, 1943 - July 2, 1987) was an American musical theater director, choreographer, and dancer. ... Michael Kidd (born Milton Greenwald 12 August 1919) is an Jewish-American film and stage choreographer. ... Ron Field (1934 - 1989) was an American choreographer, director, and dancer. ... Helen Tamiris (1905 -1996) choreographer, modern dancer, and teacher (also known as Helen Becker) originally trained in free movement (Irene Lewisohn) and ballet (Michel Fokine) Tamiris studied briefly with Isadora Duncan but disliked its emphasis on personal expression and lyrical movement. ... Pearl Lang is a modern dance teacher and choreographer who worked with dance legend Martha Graham. ... Social dance is a major category or classification of danceforms or dance styles, where sociability and socializing are the primary focuses of the dancing. ... An impresario is a manager or producer in one of the entertainment industries, usually Music or Theatre. ... Photograph of Lincoln Kirstein taken by George Platt Lynes. ... The School of American Ballet is located in New York City, in Lincoln Center. ... Logo of the New York City Ballet The New York City Ballet is a ballet company founded in 1948 by choreographer George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein originally known as the American Ballet. ...

Humor

See main article Jewish humor Jewish humor is the long tradition of humor in Judaism dating back to the Torah and the Midrash, but generally refers to the more recent stream of verbal, self-deprecating and often anecdotal humor originating in Eastern Europe and which took root in the United States over the last hundred...

Visual arts

See also List of Jews in the visual arts.

[[Image:Book cover by El Lissitzky c1918.jpg|thumb|Cover of the Yiddish children's book Yingl Tzingl Khvat (The Mischievous Boy) by El Lissitzky, c.1918.]] // Architects Max Abramovitz, prominent New York architect Dankmar Adler, American architect Chicago Eli Attia, Israeli-U.S. architect Marcel Breuer, Founder of The famous BAUHAU.S. school , Architect and Designer. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Basic Characteristics There is some debate as to what constitutes childrens literature. ... El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky ▶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ...

Compared to music or theater, there is less of a specifically Jewish tradition in the visual arts. The most likely and accepted reason is that, as has been previously shown with Jewish music and literature, before Emancipation Jewish culture was dominated by religious tradition. As most Rabbinical authorities believed that the Second Commandment prohibited much visual art that would qualify as "graven images", Jewish artists were relatively rare until they lived in assimilated European communities beginning in the late 18th century.^{[56] [57]} It should be noted however, that despite fears by early religious communities of art being used for idolatrous purposes, Jewish sacred art is recorded in the Tanakh and extends throughout Jewish Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The Tabernacle and the two Temples in Jerusalem form the first known examples of "Jewish art". During the first centuries of the Common Era, Jewish religious art also was created in regions surrounding the Mediterranean such as Syria and Greece, including frescoes on the walls of synagogues ^[58], as well as the Jewish catacombs in Rome.^{[59] [60]} Middle Age Rabbinical and Kabbalistic literature also contain textual and graphic art. However, in the ghettos of Europe it was even illegal for Jews to create art. ^[61] Johnson again summarizes this sudden change from small amount of participation of Jews in art (as in many other arts) to a large entry of Jews into this branch of European cultural life: The visual arts are a class of artforms, including painting, sculpture, photography, and others, that focus on the creation of artworks which are primarily visual in nature. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbÄ«;; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbÄ«) in Judaism, means teacher, or more literally great one. The word Rabbi is derived from the Hebrew root-word RaV, which in biblical Hebrew means great or distinguished, (in knowledge). In the ancient Judean schools the sages were addressed as רִבִּי (Ribbi... The Ten Commandments on a monument in the grounds of the Texas State Capitol This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated 1675 decalogue at the Esnoga synagogue of Amsterdam The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, is a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was... 11th century Targum Tanakh [תנ״ך] (also Tanach or Tenach) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... Antiquity means different things: Generally it means ancient history, and may be used of any period before the Middle Ages. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The Tabernacle is known in Hebrew as the Mishkan (Place of [Divine] dwelling). It was to be a portable central place of worship for the Hebrews from the time they left ancient Egypt following the Exodus, through the time of the Book of Judges when they were engaged in conquering... The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash) was built in ancient Jerusalem in c. ... The Common Era (CE), also known as the Christian Era and sometimes the Current Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 until the present. ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... A XIV Century fresco featuring Saint Sebastian Note: Fresco is the NATO reporting name of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. ... A synagogue (בית כנסת beit knesset in Hebrew meaning a house of assembly or שול shul in Yiddish) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... The Catacombs of Rome are ancient Jewish and Christian underground burial places near Rome, Italy. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Jews in the Middle Ages : The history of Jews in the Middle Ages (approximately 500 CE to 1750 CE) can be divided into two categories. ... Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ... Kabbalah (Hebrew קַבָּלָה reception, Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah, Kaballah) is an interpretation (exegesis, hermeneutic) key, soul of the Torah (Hebrew Bible), or the religious mystical system of Judaism claiming an insight into divine nature. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ...

Again, the arrival of the Jewish artist was a strange phenomenon. It is true that, over the centuries, there had been many animals (though few humans) in Jewish art: lions on Torah curtains, owls on Judaic coins, animals on the Capernaum capitals, birds on the rim of the fountain-basis in the fifth-century Naro synagogue in Tunis; there were carved animals, too, on timber synagogues in eastern Europe - indeed the Jewish wood-carver was the prototype of the modern Jewish plastic artist. A book of Yiddish folk-ornament, printed at Vitebsk in 1920, was similar to Chagall's own bestiary. But the resistance of pious Jews to portraying the living image was still strong at the beginning of the twentieth century.^[62] Torah (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. ... Catholic church built over the house of Saint Peter Capernaum (Kfar Nahum) was a settlement on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. ... (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... Naro is a commune in the province of Agrigento, in the island of Sicily, Italy. ... A synagogue (בית כנסת beit knesset in Hebrew meaning a house of assembly or שול shul in Yiddish) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Plastic arts may refer to: Sculpture Dance The use of Plastics within the arts or as an artform itself. ... Ornament is frequently used to denote: An element of decoration. ... Categories: Belarus-related stubs | Towns in Belarus ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... A bestiary is a medieval book that has short descriptions of various real or imaginary animals, birds and even rocks. ...

The Fiddler by Marc Chagall

Jewish secular art, therefore, just like Jewish participation in European classical music, did not really appear until after Emancipation and escalated during the rise of Modernism in the 20th century. There were many Jewish artists in the 19th century, but Jewish artistic activity boomed during the end of World War I. According to Nadine Nieszawer, "Until 1905, Jews were always plunged into their books but from the first Russian Revolution, they became emancipated, committed themselves in politics and became artists. A real Jewish cultural rebirth".^[63] Individual Jews figured in the modern artistic movements of Europe— Art Deco (Tamara de Lempicka^[33]), Bauhaus (Mordecai Ardon, László Moholy-Nagy), Constructivism (Boris Aronson, El Lissitzky), Cubism (Nathan Altman, Jacques Lipchitz, Louis Marcoussis, Max Weber, Ossip Zadkine^[33]), Expressionism (Erich Kahn, Jack Levine, Jules Pascin^[33], Chaim Soutine), Impressionism (Max Liebermann, Leonid Pasternak, Camille Pissarro^[33]), Minimalism (Richard Serra^[33]), Orphism (Sonia Delaunay), Realism (Raphael Soyer), Social Realism (Leon Bibel, Raphael Soyer), Surrealism (Victor Brauner, Marc Chagall, Méret Oppenheim and Man Ray), the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism (Arik Brauer, Ernst Fuchs^[33]) and Vorticism (David Bomberg, Jacob Epstein), as well as some not necessarily affiliated with a single movement (Balthus^[33], Eduard Bendemann, Mark Gertler, Maurycy Gottlieb, Nahum Gutman, Menashe Kadishman, Moise Kisling, R. B. Kitaj, Mane-Katz, Isidor Kaufman, Michel Kikoine, Pinchus Kremegne, Amedeo Modigliani, Elie Nadelman, Felix Nussbaum, Charlotte Salomon, Boris Schatz, George Segal, Anna Ticho, William Rothenstein)— and have been particularly prominent in the post-World War II United States and UK— Lucian Freud, Frank Auerbach, the pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, and Judy Chicago. Marc Chagall as photographed in 1941 by Carl Van Vechten. ... Dates of Jewish emancipation. ... For the psychedelic rock band, see The Modern Art. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... World War I, also known as the First World War and (before 1939) the Great War, the War of the Nations, War to End All Wars, was a world conflict lasting from August 1914 to the final Armistice (cessation of hostilities) on November 11, 1918. ... Asheville City Hall. ... The Musician (1929) by Tamara de Lempicka Tamara de Lempicka (May 16, 1898 - March 18, 1980), noted Art Deco painter, was born Maria Górska in a wealthy family in Warsaw, Poland (then in the Russian Empire) or in Moscow (sources disagree). ... The Bauhaus Bauhaus is the common term for the Staatliches Bauhaus, an art and architecture school in Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933, and for the approach to design that it developed and taught. ... Mordecai Ardon (1896-1992) was a Polish-born artist. ... László Moholy-Nagy (probably July 28, 1895 – November 24, 1946) was a Hungarian painter and photographer as well as professor in the Bauhaus school. ... In art and architecture, constructivism was an artistic movement in Russia from 1914 onward, and a term often used in modern art today, which dismissed pure art in favour of art used as an instrument for social purposes, namedly, the construction of the socialist system). ... Boris Aronson (c. ... El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky â–¶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... Woman with a guitar by Georges Braque, 1913 Cubist house in Prague Cubism was probably the most important and influential art movement since the Italian Renaissance; it was an avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture in the early 20th century. ... Altman Nathan (1889-1977) - Russian avant-garde artist (Cubist), painter, stage designer and book illustrator. ... Jacques Lipchitz (August 22, 1891 - May 16, 1973) was a Cubist sculptor. ... Louis marcoussis was a polish painter whom the Spanish surrealist Joan Mirò (1893-1983), in 1930, started Graphic Technique with, but had to stop in 1939 due to the emergence of WWII (1939-1945) ... Max Weber (1881 – 1961) was a Jewish American painter, who worked in the style of cubist, before migrating to Jewish themes towards the end of his life. ... Ossip Zadkine (July 14, 1890 - November 25, 1967) - artist and sculptor. ... The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) which inspired 20th century Expressionists Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele Rehe im Walde by Franz Marc On White II by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. ... Erich Kahn was a German Expressionist, and a survivor of the Nazi persecution of Jews and Gypsies during the events that led to World War II. He was born and lived in Germany until, persecuted by Nazis, he found himself imprisoned at the Welzheim concentration camp. ... Jack Levine (b. ... Julius Mordecai Pincas, (March 31, 1885 - June 5, 1930) aka Pascin, The Prince of Montparnasse, was a Jewish - Bulgarian painter. ... Chaim Soutine (1893 – August 9, 1943) was an expressionist painter. ... Max Liebermann in 1904 Max Liebermann (July 20, 1847 in Berlin - February 8, 1935) was a German painter. ... Self portrait with the wife Leonid Osipovich Pasternak (Russian: , April 4, 1862 N.S. - May 31, 1945) was a Russian Impressionist painter. ... The garden at Pontoise, painted 1877. ... Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features. ... Fulcrum 1987, 55 ft high free standing sculpture of Cor-ten steel near Liverpool Street station, London Richard Serra (born 2 November 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor known for working with large scale assemblies of sheet metal. ... Orphism or Orphic cubism, is a term coined in 1912 France by the poet Guillaume Apollinaire. ... Sonia Delaunay-Terk (Sonia Terk Stern) (1885 – 1979) Born in Ukraine as Sonia Terk, and grew up in St. ... Realism in art and literature is the depiction of fact or reality, rather than imaginary subjects. ... Raphael Soyer (1899, Borisoglebsk, Tambov - 1987, New York) was Russian-born US painter. ... Social Realism is a term used to describe visual and other realistic arts depicting working class activities as heroic, especially common in communist countries. ... Leon Bibel (1913-1995) was a Polish-American painter and printmaker during the Great Depression. ... Raphael Soyer (1899, Borisoglebsk, Tambov - 1987, New York) was Russian-born US painter. ... Surrealism is an artistic movement and an aesthetic philosophy that aims for the liberation of the mind by emphasizing the critical and imaginative powers of the subconscious. ... Victor Brauner (1903 in Piatra Neamt, Romania - 1966 in Paris) was a Romanian painter. ... Marc Chagall as photographed in 1941 by Carl Van Vechten. ... Méret Oppenheim (1913–1985) was a German-born Swiss Dada and Surrealist artist, and photographer. ... For other things called Man Ray, see Man Ray (disambiguation) Man Ray photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890–November 18, 1976) was an American Dada and Surrealist artist. ... is a group of artists formed in Austria in 1946. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Wyndam Lewis Vorticism was a short lived, British art movement of the early 20th century. ... David Bomberg (December 5, 1890 – August 19, 1957) was a British painter. ... Jacob Epstein photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1934 Sir Jacob Epstein (10 November 1880 - 19 August 1959) was an American-born sculptor who worked chiefly in England, where he pioneered modern sculpture, often producing controversial works that challenged taboos concerning what public artworks appropriately depict. ... Balthazar Klossowski de Rola (February 29, 1908 in Paris – February 18, 2001) was an esteemed Polish/French modern artist whose work was ultimately anti-modern. ... Eduard Julius Friedrich Bendemann (born 3 December 1811 in Berlin; died 27 December 1889 in Dusseldorf) was a German painter. ... Mark Gertler, (December 9, 1891 – June 23, 1939), was a British-Jewish portrait painter. ... Self-portrait, 1876. ... Nahum Gutman (1898–1980) was an Israeli painter born in what is now Teleneşti, Moldova, then part of the Russian Empire. ... Shalechet (Fallen Leaves) by Menashe Kadishman in the Jewish Museum Berlin (b Tel Aviv, 1932). ... Moise Kisling Moise Kisling (January 22, 1891 - April 29, 1953) was a Polish painter. ... Ronald Brooks Kitaj (born October 29, 1932) is an American-born artist. ... Emmanuel Mané-Katz, or Mane-Katz, מאנה‏ כץ‏ Maaneh-Kats (1894, Kremenchug, Poltava - 1962, Tel-Aviv) was the Ukraine-born French and Israeli painter and sculptor. ... Isidor Kaufman was a painter of Jewish themes. ... Michel Kikoine born May 31, 1892 in Rechytsa, Belarus - died November 4, 1968 in Cannes, France, was a painter. ... Pinchus Kremegne (1890-1981), was a Belarusian artist, primarily known as a sculptor, painter and lithographer. ... Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (July 12, 1884 – January 24, 1920) was a Jewish Italian painter and sculptor. ... Elie Nadelman (February 20, 1882, Warsaw - December 28, 1946) was a Poland-born US sculptor. ... Felix Nussbaum (December 11, 1904-1944) was a Jewish German painter. ... Charlotte Salomon (1917-1943) was a German Jewish artist born in Berlin. ... Boris Schatz (1867-1932) was a Jewish artist and sculptor who founded the Bezalel Academy in Jerusalem. ... George Segal was originally a painter, who later moved into sculpture. ... William Rothenstein (1872 - 1945) was an English painter, draughtsman and writer on art. ... Lucian Freud, OM, CH (born December 8, 1922) is a British painter and printmaker. ... Frank Helmut Auerbach (born April 29, 1931) is a jewish painter. ... House I, created by Roy Lichtenstein in 1996, is designed to be an optical illusion. ... House I, created by Lichtenstein in 1996, is designed to be an optical illusion. ... Judy Chicago (born Judy Cohen on July 20, 1939) is a feminist artist, author, and educator. ...

During the early 20th century Jews figured particularly prominently in the Montparnasse movement, and after World War II among the abstract expressionists: Helen Frankenthaler, Adolph Gottlieb, Philip Guston, Al Held, Franz Kline, Lee Krasner, Barnett Newman, Milton Resnick and Mark Rothko, as well as the Postmodernists^[64]. Many Russian Jews were prominent in the art of scenic design, particularly the aforementioned Chagall and Aronson, as well as the revolutionary Léon Bakst, who like the other two also painted. Frida Kahlo's father was Jewish, and there have been other Mexican Jewish artists like Pedro Friedeberg. Gustav Klimt was not Jewish, but nearly all of his patrons were. Among major artists Chagall may be the most specifically Jewish in his themes. But as art fades into graphic design, Jewish names and themes become more prominent: Leonard Baskin, Al Hirschfeld, Ben Shahn, Art Spiegelman and Saul Steinberg. And in the golden age of American comic books, the Jewish role was overwhelming: Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, creators of Superman, were Jewish, as were Bob Kane (né Robert Cohen), Martin Goodman, Joe Simon, Jack Kirby, and Stan Lee of Marvel Comics; and William Gaines and Harvey Kurtzman, founders of Mad. The Montparnasse Tower, which at 209m was the tallest building in Western Europe when it was built. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths {{{notes}}} World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... This USPS stamp illustrates Pollocks drip technique. ... Helen Frankenthaler (born December 12, 1928) is an American post-painterly abstraction artist. ... Adolph Gottlieb (March 14, 1903 - March 4, 1974) was an American abstract expressionist painter. ... Philip Guston ([Montreal, Canada [July 27]], 1913 - [Woodstock, N.Y.[June 7]], 1980) was one of the most important painters of the New York School, which also numbered many of the Abstract Expressionists, such as Jackson Pollock and Willem De Kooning. ... Al Held (October 12, 1928 - July 27, 2005) was an American Abstract painter. ... Frank Klines Painting Number 2, 1954 Franz Kline (May 23, 1910 - May 13, 1962) was an American painter mainly associated with the Abstract Expressionist group which was centered, geographically, around New York, and temporally, in the 1940s and 1950s; but not limited to that setting. ... Lee Krasner (October 28, 1908 - June 19, 1984) was an influential abstract expressionist painter in the second half of the 20th Century. ... Barnett Newman (January 29, 1905 – July 4, 1970) was an American artist. ... Milton Resnick (died March 2004) was a major abstract expressionist painter and teacher known for his mystical, abstract and figurative paintings. ... Mark Rothkos painting 1957 # 20 (1957) Mark Rothko (September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970) was a Russian-born American Jewish painter who is often classified as an abstract expressionist, although he vociferously denied being an abstract painter. ... Postmodernism may appear as the ultimate phase of modernism; it expresses what may happen in art after the modernist project appears to have ended. ... Scenic design also known as Stage design is the creation of theatrical scenery. ... Self-portrait Léon Nikolayevich Bakst (May 10, 1866 - December 28, 1924) was a Russian painter and scene- and costume- designer who revolutionized the arts he worked in. ... Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird - 1940 Frida Kahlo (July 6, 1907 – July 13, 1954) was a Mexican painter of the indigenous culture of her country in a style combining realism and symbolism, an active Communist supporter, and wife of the Mexican muralist and cubist painter Diego... Jewish immigration to Latin America began with seven sailors arriving in Christopher Columbuss crew [citation needed]. Since then, the Jewish population of Latin America has risen to more than 500,000 — more than half of whom live in Argentina, with large communities also present in Brazil and Mexico. ... Pedro Friedeberg (born January 11, 1937 in Florence, Italy) is a Mexican painter. ... Judith I, 1901. ... Graphic design is the applied art of arranging image and text to communicate a message, or facilitate understanding. ... Leonard Baskin was an American sculptor and artist. ... Al Hirschfeld photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1955 Albert Hirschfeld (June 21, 1903 – January 20, 2003) was an American caricaturist, best known for his simple black and white satirical portraits of celebrities and Broadway stars. ... Sacco & Vanzetti mosaic by Ben Shahn, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY Ben Shahn (September 12, 1898 - March 14, 1969) was a Lithuanian-born American artist and teacher. ... Art Spiegelman (born February 15, 1948) is a Jewish, Swedish American comics artist, editor and advocate for the medium of comics. ... Saul Steinberg (June 15, 1914 - May 12, 1999) was a cartoonist and illustrator, best known for his work for The New Yorker magazine. ... Joe Shuster (July 10, 1914 - July 30, 1992) was a Canadian-born artist best known for co-creating Superman with Jerry Siegel. ... Jerome (Jerry) Siegel (October 17, 1914 - January 28, 1996) was the co-creator of Superman, the first of the great comic book heroes and one of the most recognizable fictional characters from the 20th century. ... Superman, aka Man of Steel, is a fictional character and superhero who first appeared in Action Comics #1 in 1938, and for several decades has been one of the most popular and well-known comic book icons of all-time. ... Bob Kane Bob Kane (October 24, 1915 – November 3, 1998) was the co-creator of Batman, although many sources credit Kane as the sole creator of the character. ... Martin Goodman (born January 18, 1908, New York City; died June 6, 1992, Palm Beach, Florida) was an American publisher of pulp magazines, paperback books and comic books, launching the company that would become Marvel Comics. ... Joe Simon (born 1915) was a comic book author and cartoonist who created or co-created many memorable characters in the Golden Age. ... The Fantastic Four, one of Kirbys most famous co-creations. ... Stan Lee and his most famous co-creation, Spider-Man. ... It has been suggested that Felicia (pseudonym) be merged into this article or section. ... William Maxwell Gaines (March 1, 1922–June 3, 1992), or Bill Gaines as he was called, was the founder of MAD Magazine but he was also noted for his efforts to create comic books of sufficient artistic quality and interest to appeal to adults. ... Harvey Kurtzman (October 3, 1924 - February 21, 1993) was a U.S. cartoonist and magazine editor. ... Harvey Kurtzmans cover for the first issue of the comic book Mad Mad is an American humor magazine founded by publisher William Gaines and editor Harvey Kurtzman in 1952. ...

Food

See main article: Jewish cuisine

Jewish cooking combines the food of many cultures in which Jews have traveled, including Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Spanish, German and Eastern European styles of cooking, all influenced by the need for food to be kosher. Thus, "Jewish" foods like hummus, stuffed cabbage, and blintzes all come from various other cultures. The amalgam of these foods, plus uniquely Jewish contributions like bagels, tzimmis, cholent, and matzah balls, make up Jewish cuisine. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... See also: Wikibooks Cookbook Cooking is the act of preparing food for consumption. ... The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ... Hummus with chicken Hummus (Arabic: حُمُّص (help· info); Armenian translit: hamos; Greek: Χούμους; Hebrew: חומוס; also spelt as houmous (standard in UK), hommus, or humus) is a dip made of chickpea paste with various additions, such as olive oil, fresh garlic, lemon juice, paprika, and tahini (sesame seed paste). ... A blintz, blintze or blin (Russian: блин, блины; Ukrainian: блинці, blyntsi; plural: blintzes, blini, bliny) is a thin pancake. ... Picture of a Bagel The bagel is a food traditionally made of yeasted wheat dough in the form of a ring which is boiled and then baked. ... Tzimmes or tsimmes is a traditional Jewish casserole. ... Pot of Cholent Cholent (from Eastern Yiddish טשאָלנט tsholnt) or shalet (from Western Yiddish שאלעט shalet) is a stew-like dish that simmers over a very low flame or inside a slow oven or crock pot for many hours before serving. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Notes

1. ^ The Emergence of a Jewish Cultural Identity, undated (2002 or later) on MyJewishLearning.com, reprinted from the National Foundation for Jewish Culture. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
2. ^ Daniel J. Elazar, Judaism and Democracy: The Reality. Undated. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
3. ^ Melamed, 1925.
4. ^ Keith D. Cohen, John Kander to be honored in KC concerts. The Kansas City Jewish Chronicle, May 27, 2005. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
5. ^ Chris Curcio, This 'Musical Journey' slips along the way, March 31, 2005, The Arizona Republic. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
6. ^ Broadway helped Jews gain acceptance, researcher says, 11-Dec-2002 on EurekaAlert.org. Summary Andrea Mostbook. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
7. ^ Alan Gomberg, What's New on the Rialto?, book review of Making Americans: Jews and the Broadway Musical by Andrea Most, February 2004. On Talkin' Broadway site. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
8. ^ Stephen J. Whitfield, Musical Theater (PDF). Brandeis Review, Winter/Spring 2000. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
9. ^ Samantha M. Shapiro, The Arts: A Jewish Street Called Broadway. Hadassah Magazine, October 2004 Vol. 86 No.2. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
10. ^ The Klezmer Company Breaks New Ground with Orchestral Klezmer Production "Jewish Broadway with Orchestra and Chorus" at FAU. Florida Atlantic University press release, February 8, 2005. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.
11. ^ Raphael Mostel, Carmen Comes Home, The Forward, May 7, 2004. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
12. ^ Dr. Kenneth Libo Ph.D and Michael Skakun, The Persecution of Creativity: Jews, Music and Vienna, Center for Jewish History, Apr 16, 2004. Accessed 12 Feb 2006
13. ^ Michael Billig, Creating the American Musical. Originally from Rock 'N' Roll Jews (Five Leaves Publications), extracted on myjewishlearning.com. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
14. ^ Alan Gomberg, op. cit.
15. ^ Arthur Laurents, Theater: West Side Story; The Growth of an Idea, New York Herald Tribune, August 4, 1957. Reproduced on .leonardbernstein.com. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
16. ^ Cited at http://www.jewishtribalreview.org/lapin2.htm (accessed 12 Feb 2006). Both MacDonald and Jewish Ttribal Review would generally be counted as anti-Semitic sources, but reasonably careful in their factual claims.
17. ^ Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890–1918, on the site of The Jewish Museum, New York. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
18. ^ Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews, pg. 479. New York: Harper Perennial.
19. ^ Suzanne Weiss, Jewish cabaret singer brings songs of Berlin to Berkeley, The Jewish News Weekly of Northern California, September 27, 1996. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
20. ^ Shimon Levy, The Development of Israeli Theatre– a brief overview. Credited to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem, 2000. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
21. ^ [1], Jewish Encyclopedia. Could not access 12 Feb 2006.
22. ^ Shimon Levy, op. cit.
23. ^ Orna Ben-Meir, Biblical Thematics in Stage Design for the Hebrew Theatre, Assaph, Section C, no. 11 (July 1999), p. 141 et. seq.. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
24. ^ History of Israeli Theatre, on a Geocities site, credits www.habima.org.il and www.cameri.co.il.
25. ^ Johnson, op. cit.' p. 462-463.
26. ^ Johnson, op. cit. p. 462-463.
27. ^ Western Classical Music, Jewish Music Institute, 29 October 2005. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
28. ^ ibid.
29. ^ Johnson, op. cit., p. 408.
30. ^ Kevin J. Symonds, On The Hebraic Roots of the Gregorian Chant. Self-published 2005. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
31. ^ Stanley Sadie, Chant, The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music (London:Macmillan). The relevant passage is reproduced on the Internet Archive, archived Mar 26, 2005 from the site of Reich College of Education, Appalachian State University, North Carolina.
32. ^ Libo and Skakun, op. cit.
33. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} With the exception of those living in isolated Jewish communities, most Jews listed here as contributing to secular Jewish culture also participated in the cultures of the peoples they lived with and nations they lived in. In most cases, however, the work and lives of these people did not exist in two distinct cultural spheres but rather in one that incorporated elements of both. This person had one Jewish parent and one non-Jewish parent, and therefore exemplified this phenomenon par excellence.
34. ^ Quoted in Using La Juive to Teach Humanities on the site of the Metropolitan Opera International Radio Broadcast Information Center. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
35. ^ Alex Ross, "The Ray of Death", The New Yorker, Nov. 24, 2003. Reproduced online. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
36. ^ Ruben Frankenstein, Ravel's Chants Hebraiques, Mendele: Yiddish literature and language, Vol. 4.131, October 8, 1994. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
37. ^ James Loeffler, Hidden Sympathies, nextbook.org. Accessed 12 Feb 2006
38. ^ Email from Wolf Krakowski, 26 Nov 1997, reproduced on ivritype.com. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
39. ^ ^a b c Jews in Music on jinfo.org. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
40. ^ Adam Joachim Goldman, Measuring Mahler, in Search of a Jewish Temperament, The Forward, August 23, 2002. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
41. ^ David Conway, Mendelssohn the Christian; preparatory work to his doctoral dissertation provisionally entitled Jewry in Music. Notes say "from a recent article in European Judaism magazine", but give no date. Accessed 12 Feb 2006
42. ^ Francesca Draughon and Raymond Knapp, Gustav Mahler and the Crisis of Jewish Identity. Echo, Volume 3 Issue 2. Published by UCLA. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
43. ^ Nazi Approved Music, A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, 2005. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
44. ^ Francesca Draughon and Raymond Knapp, op. cit.
45. ^ Gustav Mahler: Memories and Letters (trans., New York 1946), pg. 90; quoted in Johnson, op. cit., pg. 409.
46. ^ Lili Eylon, The Controversy Over Richard Wagner, Jewish Virtual Library, credited to the Israeli Foreign Ministry. 2005. Accessed 12 Feb 2006
47. ^ Elaine Baruch, Was it Self-Hatred that Fueled Wagner's 'Anti-Semitism'?, The Forward, March 2001 (exact date not given). Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
48. ^ David Conway, 'A Vulture is Almost an Eagle': The Jewishness of Richard Wagner and Wagner's Magic Lamp: an ongoing mystery…; preparatory work to his doctoral dissertation provisionally entitled Jewry in Music. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
49. ^ Johnson, op. cit.' p. 410.
50. ^ Benny Goodman, on the Austin Lindy Hop site. Credited as PBS biography. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
51. ^ Amy Henning, Artie Shaw: King of the Clarinet. On the site of David Mullis. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
52. ^ Jews & Jazz. Academy BJE, NSW Board of Jewish Education. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
53. ^ Yiddish, Klezmer, Ashkenazic or 'shtetl' dances, Le Site Genevois de la Musique Klezmer. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
54. ^ Lisa Katz Israeli Dance: History of Israeli Dance. Part of Judaism.About.com. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
55. ^ Johnson, op. cit., p. 410.
56. ^ Ismar Schorsch, Shabbat Shekalim Va-Yakhel 5755, commentary on Exodus 35:1 - 38:20. February 25, 1995. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
57. ^ Velvel Pasternak, Music and Art, part of "12 Paths" on Judaism.com. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
58. ^ Jessica Spitalnic Brockman, A Brief History of Jewish Art on MyJewishLearning.com. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
59. ^ Michael Schirber, Did Christians copy Jewish catacombs?, MSNBC, July 20, 2005. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
60. ^ Jona Lendering, The Jewish diaspora: Rome. Livius.org. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
61. ^ Roza Bieliauskiene and Felix Tarm, Brief History of Jewish Art, Jewish Art Network. Archived Oct 23, 2004.
62. ^ Johnson, op.cit., p. 411.
63. ^ Rebecca Assoun, Jewish artists in Montparnasse. European Jewish Press, 19 July 2005. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.
64. ^ Jewish Artists, Jewish Virtual Library, 2005. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.

PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ... The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper created in 1922 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... Yahoo! GeoCities logo Yahoo! GeoCities is a free bla bla bla bla bla fsdddfffffffddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd // Headline text ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcities or regions according to their content — for example, computer-related sites were placed in SiliconValley and those dealing with entertainment were assigned to Hollywood — hence the name of the site; now, however, this... Internet Archive headquarters. ... Appalachian State University (sometimes referred to as ASU or simply App) is the sixth-largest university in the system of the University of North Carolina. ... A full house at the old Metropolitan Opera House, seen from the rear of the stage, at the Metropolitan Opera House for a concert by pianist Josef Hofmann, November 28, 1937. ... The New Yorkers first cover, which is reprinted most years on the magazines anniversary. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ... The University of California, Los Angeles, popularly known as UCLA, is a public, coeducational university located in the residential area of Westwood within the city of Los Angeles. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ... This article is about the second book in the Torah. ...

References

• The section on banking is drawn largely from the article "Usury" in the public domain Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906). The citation of Théodore Reinach is theirs.
• Măciucă, Constantin, preface to Bercovici, Israil, O sută de ani de teatru evriesc în România ("One hundred years of Yiddish/Jewish theater in Romania"), 2nd Romanian-language edition, revised and augmented by Constantin Măciucă. Editura Integral (an imprint of Editurile Universala), Bucharest (1998). ISBN 9739827225. See the article on the author for further information.
• Melamed, S.M., "The Yiddish Stage", New York Times, Sep 27, 1925 (X2)

The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... Israil (Israel) Bercovici (1921–1988) served the State Jewish Theater of Romania as a dramaturg, playwright, director, and historian from 1955 to 1982; he also wrote Yiddish-language poetry. ... Israil (Israel) Bercovici (1921–1988) served the State Jewish Theater of Romania as a dramaturg, playwright, director, and historian from 1955 to 1982; he also wrote Yiddish-language poetry. ...

See also

• Culture of Israel

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

External links

General

• An introduction to Jewish culture, with its root in both religious and secular sources About Jewish Culture
• Peretz Centre for Secular Jewish Culture

Regional or Period-based

• Jews of Latin America - The Jewish Culture Fund
• Jews And The Cultural Life Of Fin De Siecle Vienna Essay
• Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890-1918 Online exhibition

Politics and morals

• Judaism and Democracy: The Reality

Literature

• For more on secular Hebrew-language literature in the period 1743–1904, see the Jewish Encyclopedia article "Modern Hebrew literature".

Radio

• Yiddish Radio Project, "dedicated to rescuing every surviving recording from the golden age of Yiddish radio". The many RealAudio files all use RealAudio's multimedia capability to provide written English-language translation.

Film RealAudio is a proprietary audio format developed by RealNetworks. ...

• Ben Stein talks about the very large Jewish element in Hollywood
• Review of An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood by Neal Gabler at the World Union of Jewish Students

Theatre The World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS; pronounced ) is an international organisation comprising numerous regional Jewish tertiary-level student organisations. ...

• A very thorough and resourceful website on Jewish theatre in its various forms All About Jewish Theatre
• The Persecution of Creativity: Jews, Music and Vienna, article on Jewish operetta composers in Vienna.
• Sources on the Jewish contribution to the Broadway musical
  • MyJewishLearning.com
  • Broadway helped Jews gain acceptance, researcher says
  • Book Review of Making Americans:Jews and the Broadway Musical
  • In Search of American Jewish Culture
  • "A Jewish Street Called Broadway" Essay by Samantha M. Shapiro at Hadassah Magazine
• Rebuilding Jewish Theater in Vienna
• Hebrew Drama at the Jewish Encyclopedia.
• History of Israeli Theatre

Music Hadassah, the Womens Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer womens organization, founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, American Jewish scholar and activist. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ...

• On The Hebraic Roots of the Gregorian Chant Essay by Kevin J. Symonds, Catholic Theology graduate student
• Jewish Baroque Music Interview on Salamone Rossi
  • Salamone Rossi Hebreo - Jewish music in the Italian Renaissance Essay
• David Conway, Jewry in Music Jews in European music, 1780-1850
• Using La Juive to Teach Humanities Teaching materials on Halevy's work including commentary on the association of Jewish composers with French Grand Opera.
• Jewish Composers and Performers Essay by George Jochnowitz
• Relating to the Case Study in Secular Jewish Culture
  • Gustav Mahler and the Crisis of Jewish Identity
  • A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust: "Degenerate" Music
• Jews & Jazz
• Jewsrock.org Website for "a non-profit group devoted to illuminating the intersection of rock and roll and Jewish culture" [1].
• "Hip-Hop’s Jew Crew Takes Center Stage" Article about Jewish rappers at The Jewish Journal of Los Angeles.

Art Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... Look up rap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

• A Brief History of Jewish Art by Roza Bieliauskiene and Felix Tarm
• A Brief History of Jewish Art by Rabbi Jessica Spitalnic Brockman
• Jewish Expression in Twentieth-Century Fine Arts
• Review of the Exhibition "The Emergence of Jewish Artists in Nineteenth-Century Europe" at the Jewish Museum of New York
• "From the Cradle of Jewish Art" essay by Amy Klein at Hadassah Magazine
• Introduction to the History of Israeli Art - How to Define Jewish Art? - Who Is and Who Is Not a Jewish Artist at The Jewish Post
• Celebrating a Revolution of the Eye in the City of Light Article on the Jewish artists of Montparnasse at the Forward
• "How Jews Created the Comic Book Industry" Essay by Arie Kaplan

Dance Hadassah, the Womens Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer womens organization, founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, American Jewish scholar and activist. ... The Jewish Post of Winnipeg, Canada, was Western Canadas first Anglo-Jewish newspaper, so named because its language was English though its concerns were those of the Jewish community. ... The Montparnasse Tower, which at 209m was the tallest building in Western Europe when it was built. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ...

• Yiddish, Klezmer, Ashkenazic or 'shtetl' dances
• Israeli Dance - History of Israeli Dance

Cuisine

• For more on Jewish food, see the Jewish Encyclopedia article "Cookery".