Jewish partisans were fighters in irregular military groups participating in the Jewish resistance movement against Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability. ... This is a list of victims of Nazism who were noted for their achievements. ... This is a list of people who helped Jewish people and others to escape from the Nazi Holocaust during World War II, often called rescuers. The list is not exhaustive, concentrating on famous cases, or people who saved the lives of many potential victims. ... Holocaust resources for main article The Holocaust. ... Book cover The Destruction of the European Jews is a three-volume work published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Functionalism versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Irregular soldiers in Beauharnois, Quebec, 19th century. ... The Jewish resistance during the Holocaust was the resistance of the Jewish people against Nazi Germany leading up to and through World War II. Due to the careful organization and overwhelming military might of the Nazi German State and its supporters, many Jews were unable to resist the killings. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

A number of Jewish partisan groups operated across Nazi-occupied Europe, some comprised of a few escapees from the Jewish ghettos or concentration camps, while others, such as Bielski partisans, numbered in the hundreds and included women and children. They were most numerous in Eastern Europe, but groups also existed in occupied France and Belgium, where they worked with the local resistance.^[1] Many individual Jewish fighters also took part in the other partisan movements in other occupied countries. In all, the Jewish partisans numbered between 20,000 and 30,000.^[2] Ghettos established by the Nazis in which Jews were confined, and later shipped to concentration camps. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... It has been suggested that The Bielski Brothers be merged into this article or section. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ...

Operations

The partisans engaged in guerrilla warfare and sabotage against the Nazi occupation, instigated ghetto uprisings and freed prisoners. In Lithuania alone, they killed approximately 3,000 German soldiers.^[3] They sometimes had contacts within the ghettos, camps, and Judenrats, and with other resistance groups, with which they shared military intelligence. In Eastern Europe, many Jews joined the ranks of the Soviet partisans: throughout the war, they faced antisemitism and discrimination from the Soviets and some Jewish partisans were killed, but over time, many of the Jewish partisan groups were absorbed into the command structure of the much larger Soviet partisan movement.^[4] “Guerrilla” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ... Ghetto uprisings were armed revolts by Jews and other groups incarcerated in Nazi ghettos during World War II against the plans to deport the inhabitants to concentration and death camps. ... Judenrats, German for Jewish council, were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in each ghetto in General Government (the Nazi-occupied teritory of Poland) and later in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. ... Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne Division in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ... The Soviet partisans were members anti-fascist resistance movement which fought against the occupation of the Soviet Union by Axis forces during World War II. At the end of June 1941, immediately after the Germans crossed the Soviet border, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) (see... This box:      Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is discrimination, hostility or prejudice directed at Jews. ...

Supplies

The Jewish partisans had to overcome great odds in acquiring weapons, food, shelter and evading capture. They typically lived in underground dugouts called zemlyankas (Russian: землянка) and camps in the forests.^[2] Nazi reprisals were brutal, as they employed collective punishment against their supporters and the ghettos from which partisans had escaped,^[5] and often used "anti-partisan actions" as a guise for the extermination of Jews.^[6] In some areas, partisans were supported by local villagers, but due to widespread antisemitism and fear of reprisal, the Jewish partisans were often on their own.^[3] This article lacks information on the subject matters importance. ... In warfare, a reprisal is a limited and deliberate violation of the laws of war to punish an enemy for breaking the laws of war. ... Collective punishment is the punishment of a group of people as a result of the behavior of one or more other individuals or groups. ...

The partisans operated under constant threat of starvation. In order to survive, Jews had to put aside traditional dietary restrictions. While friendly peasants provided food, in some cases food was stolen from shops,^[2] farms^[3] or raided from caches meant for German soldiers.^[2] As the war progressed, the Soviet government occasionally airdropped ammunition, counterfeit money and food supplies to partisan groups known to be friendly.^[2] Look up kosher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A C-130 Hercules airdropping a light tank. ...

Those who managed to flee the ghettos and camps had nothing more than the clothes on their backs and their possessions often were reduced to rags through constant wear. Clothes and shoes were a scarce commodity. German uniforms were highly prized trophies: they were warm and served as disguises for future missions.^[2]

Those who were wounded or maimed or fell ill often did not survive due to the lack of medical help or supplies. Most partisan groups had no physician and treated the wounded themselves, turning to village doctors only as a last resort.^[2]

The forests also concealed family camps where Jewish escapees from camps or ghettos, many of whom were too young or too old to fight, hoped to wait out the war. While some partisan groups required combat readiness and weapons as a condition for joining, many noncombatants found shelter with Jewish fighting groups and their allies. These individuals and families contributed to the welfare of the group by working as craftsmen, cooks, seamstresses and field medics.^[2]

Notable partisan groups

Belorussia, 1943. A Jewish partisan group of the Chkalov Brigade. [1]

Some of the best-known Jewish partisan groups were the Bielski partisans who operated a large "family camp" in Belorussia (numbering over 1,200 by the summer of 1944),^[7][8] and the United Partisan Organization which attempted to start an uprising in the Vilnius Ghetto in Lithuania and later engaged in sabotage and guerilla operations.^[9] Thirty-two Jews from the Mandate for Palestine were trained by the British and parachuted behind enemy lines to engage in resistance activities.^[3] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A bust of Chkalov at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington commemorating his trans-polar flight Chkalov meets with Stalin Valery Pavlovich Chkalov (Russian: Вале́рий Па́влович Чка́лов) (February 2, 1904 – December 15, 1938) was a Soviet aircraft test pilot and a Hero of the Soviet Union (1938). ... It has been suggested that The Bielski Brothers be merged into this article or section. ... Belarus (Belarusian: Белару́сь, Russian: Белару́сь (formerly: Белору́ссия)) is a landlocked nation of Eastern Europe with the capital Minsk. ... The Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje (United Partisan Organization) was a Jewish resistance organization that took part in the Wilno ghetto uprising during World War II. The partisan organisation was established by Zionist partisans - their leaders were writer Abba Kovner and Yitzhak Witenberg. ... The Vilna Ghetto or Vilnius Ghetto was one of the Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in the city of Vilnius during the Holocaust in World War II. During roughly 2 years of its existence, starvation, disease, street executions, maltreatment and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps reduced the... Palestine and Transjordan were incorporated (under different legal and administrative arrangements) into the Mandate for Palestine issued by the League of Nations to Great Britain on 29 September, 1923. ...

Notable partisans

• Yitzhak Arad
• Bielski partisans
• Masha Bruskina
• Eugenio Calò
• Abba Kovner
• Dov Lopatyn
• Moše Pijade
• Haviva Reik
• Hannah Szenes
• Shalom Yoran
• Simcha Zorin
• Bradski Wud

Yitzhak Arad is a Lithuanian-born Israeli historian and retired IDF brigadier general. ... It has been suggested that The Bielski Brothers be merged into this article or section. ... Masha Bruskina was a 17yo Jewish partisan that was captured by the Germans along with 2 others for killing a German soldier in Minsk in October 1941. ... Eugenio Calò is an official hero of Italy. ... Abba Kovner Abba Kovner (1918-1987) was a Lithuanian Jewish Hebrew poet, writer, and partisan leader. ... Dov Lopatyn was the head of the Judenrat in Łachwa, Poland (now Lakhva, Belarus) in 1941-1942. ... Pijade bust Moše Pijade (1890-1957) was a prominent Yugoslav Communist of Serbian Jewish origin, and a close collaborator of Josip Broz Tito, former President of Yugoslavia. ... Haviva Reik (Chaviva Reich, Havivah Reich) (1914–1944) was one of thirty-two (or thirty-three) Palestinian Jewish parachutists sent by the Jewish Agency and the British Army Special Operations Executive from Palestine on military missions in Nazi-occupied Europe. ... Hannah Szenes Hannah Szenes (or Chana Senesh) (July 17, 1921 — November 7, 1944) was a Hungarian Jew, one of 17 Jews living in Palestine, now Israel, who were trained by the British army to parachute into Yugoslavia during the Second World War in order to help save the Jews of... Shalom Yoran (born June 29, 1925) is a survivor of the Holocaust and a former Jewish partisan. ... Shalom (Simcha) Zorin (1902-1974) was a Jewish Soviet partisan commander in Minsk. ...

See also

• Jewish Brigade — a unit of 5,000 volunteers from the British Mandate of Palestine that fought in the British Army during World War II
• Special Interrogation Group

Jewish Brigade recruitment poster: For Vengeance and Salvation! A recruitment drive poster for the Jewish Brigade: Soldiers of 1915-1918: to the flag! (Figure in background represents the Jewish Legion of World War I) The Jewish Brigade was a fighting unit in the British Army composed of volunteers from the... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Special Interrogation Group (SIG) (some sources interpret this acronym as Special Identification Group or Special Intelligence Group) was a British Army unit organized from German-speaking Jewish volunteers from the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

Notes and references

Interior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from Raoul Wallenberg Place (15th St. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Jewish Virtual Library is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), notable for its strong pro-Israel views. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Interior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from Raoul Wallenberg Place (15th St. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (born in 1962 in Warsaw, Poland) is an American historian specializing in East Central European history of the 19th and 20th century. ... Bogdan Musial or Bogdan Musiał is German historian of Polish background[1] specializing in history of the Second World War. ... Sarmatian Review is an English language peer reviewed academic journal on the culture, history, and society of Central and Eastern Europe, published by Polish Institute of Houston at Rice University three times a year in January, April, and September. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Yitzhak Arad is a Lithuanian-born Israeli historian and retired IDF brigadier general. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Museum of Tolerance is a multimedia museum in Los Angeles, California, with an associated museum in New York City, designed to examine racism and prejudice in the United States and the world with a strong focus on the history of the Holocaust. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Screenshot of About. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

The Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990, in tandem Hebrew and English editions, by Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust Memorial Authority. ... The Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990, in tandem Hebrew and English editions, by Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust Memorial Authority. ...

External links

• Interviews from the Underground:Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War IIdocumentary film and website.
• Jewish Partisans Educational Foundation (jewishpartisans.org)
• Jewish Partisans in the Holocaust (fatherryan.org)
• Jewish partisans directory (searchable, partisans.org.il)
• Report by Generalkommissar Kube on the Extermination of Jews and the Fight Against the Partisans in Byelorussia Minsk, July 31, 1942
• Operations Diary of a Jewish Partisan Unit in Rudniki Forest, 1943–1944
• Life of Jewish Partisans and Jewish Family Camps in the Forest, From a Diary by a Jewish Partisan, 1942–1943
• With The Partisans by Zdenka Novak
• Profile of a Jewish Partisan (aish)
• Acts of Resistance and the Organization of the Revolt in Treblinka nizkor.org