The Jewish resistance during the Holocaust was the resistance of the Jewish people against Nazi Germany leading up to and through World War II. Due to the careful organization and overwhelming military might of the Nazi German State and its supporters, many Jews were unable to resist the killings. There were, however, many cases of attempts at resistance in one form or another, and over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings. There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This is a list of people who helped Jewish people and others to escape from the Nazi Holocaust during World War II, often called rescuers. The list is not exhaustive, concentrating on famous cases, or people who saved the lives of many potential victims. ... Holocaust resources for main article The Holocaust. ... Book cover The Destruction of the European Jews is a three-volume work published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Functionalism versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... National Socialism redirects here. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

In concentration camps

There were also major resistance efforts in three of the extermination camps. Extermination camps were one type of facility that the Nazis built before and during World War II for the systematic murder of millions of people in what has become known as The Holocaust. ...

• In August 1943, an uprising took place at the Treblinka extermination camp. Many buildings were burnt to the ground, and 70 inmates escaped to freedom, but 1,500 were killed. Gassing operations were interrupted for a month.

• In October 1943, another uprising took place at Sobibór extermination camp. This uprising was more successful; 11 German SS commanding officers, including deputy commander, were killed, and roughly 300 of the 700 inmates in the camp escaped, with about 50 surviving the war. The escape forced the Nazis to close the camp.

• On October 7, 1944, the Jewish Sonderkommandos (those inmates kept separate from the main camp and put to work in the gas chambers and crematoria) at Auschwitz staged an uprising. Female inmates had smuggled in explosives from a weapons factory, and Crematorium IV was partly destroyed by an explosion. At this stage they were joined by the Birkenau One Kommando, which also overpowered their guards and broke out of the compound. The inmates then attempted a mass escape, but almost all of 250 were killed soon after. (There were also international plans for a general uprising in Auschwitz, coordinated with an Allied air raid and a Polish resistance attack from the outside.)

Treblinka II was a Nazi extermination camp in German-occupied Poland during World War II. Extermination camps like the one at Treblinka were used in the Holocaust for the systematic genocide of people categorized as sub-humans by the Nazis. ... Sobibór was a Nazi German extermination camp that was part of Operation Reinhard, the official German name was SS-Sonderkommando Sobibor. ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Sonderkommandos were work units of Nazi death camp prisoners forced to aid the killing process. ... A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. ... Cremation is the practice of disposing of a corpse by burning. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Kommando is a generic German language word meaning unit or command. ... The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. ... Strategic bombing is a military strategem used in a total war style campaign that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. ... Armia Krajowa (the Home Army), abbreviated AK, was the dominant Polish resistance movement in World War II German-occupied Poland. ...

Partisan groups

Main article: Jewish partisans

There were a number of Jewish partisan groups operating in many = Jewish partisans were groups of irregulars participating in the Jewish resistance movement during World War II against the Nazis and their collaborators. ...

Types of resistance

In his book The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy, Martin Gilbert describes the types of resistance: Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE (born October 25, 1936 in London) is a British historian and the author of over seventy books, including works on the Holocaust and Jewish history. ...

"In every ghetto, in every deportation train, in every labor camp, even in the death camps, the will to resist was strong, and took many forms. Fighting with the few weapons that would be found, individual acts of defiance and protest, the courage of obtaining food and water under the threat of death, the superiority of refusing to allow the Germans their final wish to gloat over panic and despair. A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background live as a group in seclusion, voluntarily or involuntarily. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ... Majdanek - crematorium Extermination camp (German Vernichtungslager) was the term applied to a group of camps set up by Nazi Germany during World War II for the express purpose of killing the Jews of Europe, although members of some other groups whom the Nazis wished to exterminate, such as Roma (Gypsies...

Even passivity was a form of resistance. To die with dignity was a form of resistance. To resist the demoralizing, brutalizing force of evil, to refuse to be reduced to the level of animals, to live through the torment, to outlive the tormentors, these too were acts of resistance. Merely to give a witness of these events in testimony was, in the end, a contribution to victory. Simply to survive was a victory of the human spirit."^[1]

This view is supported by Yehuda Bauer who wrote that resistance to the Nazis comprised not only physical opposition, but any activity that gave the Jewish people dignity and humanity in the most humiliating and inhumane conditions. Bauer disputes the popular view that most Jews went to their deaths passively. He argues that, given the conditions in which the Jews of Eastern Europe had to live under and endure, what is surprising is not how little resistance there was, but rather how much. Yehuda Bauer Yehuda Bauer (born 1926) is an historian and scholar of the Holocaust. ... Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ...

Organizations

• American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
• Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa
• Betar
• Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje
• HaShomer HaTzair
• Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
• Zionist youth movement
• Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa
• Zydowski Zwiazek Walki

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) is a United States Jewish charitable organization with the declared mission to serve the needs of Jews throughout the world, particularly where their lives as Jews are threatened or made more difficult. ... Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa (Polish for Anti-Fascist Military Organisation) was an underground organisation formed in 1942 in the Ghetto in Białystok by former officers of the Polish Army. ... Betars emblem (semel) The Betar Movement (ביתר, also spelled Beitar) is a Revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia, by Zeev Jabotinsky. ... The Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje was an organization that took part in the Ghetto Battles in World War II. ... The Semel Tnua, the official logo of Hashomer Hatzair. ... The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC, Russian language: Еврейский антифашистский комитет, ЕАК) was formed in Kuibyshev in April 1942 with the official support of the Soviet authorities. ... A Zionist youth movement is an organization formed for Jewish children and adolescents for educational, social and ideological development, including a belief in Jewish nationalism as represented in the State of Israel. ... Other languages FAQs | Table free Welcome to Wikipedia, the free-content encyclopedia that anyone can edit. ... Żydowski Związek Walki (ŻZW, Polish for Jewish Fighting Union) was an underground organisation operating during World War II in the area of Warsaw Ghetto and fighting during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ...

Jewish resistance fighters

Belorussia, 1943. A Jewish partisan group of the brigade named after Chkalov. ([1])

• Mordechaj Anielewicz
• Yitzhak Arad
• Bielski partisans
• Masha Bruskina
• Eugenio Calò
• Franco Cesana
• Icchak Cukierman
• Szymon Datner
• Marek Edelman
• Abba Kovner
• Zivia Lubetkin
• Dov Lopatyn
• Moše Pijade
• Haviva Reik
• Hannah Szenes
• Simcha Zorin

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A bust of Chkalov at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington commemorating his trans-polar flight Chkalov meets with Stalin Valery Pavlovich Chkalov (Russian: Вале́рий Па́влович Чка́лов) (February 2, 1904 – December 15, 1938) was a Soviet aircraft test pilot and a Hero of the Soviet Union (1938). ... [[Image:aniel. ... Yitzhak Arad is a renowned Israeli historian. ... The Bielski partisans was a group of Jews initially organized by members of the Bielski family to fight against the Nazi German occupiers in Belorussia during World War II. The Bielski family were farmers in Stankiewicze near Novogrudok, an area that at the beginning of WWII was under Soviet control. ... Masha Bruskina was a 17yo Jewish partisan that was captured by the Germans along with 2 others for killing a German soldier in Minsk in October 1941. ... Eugenio Calò is an official hero of Italy. ... Franco Cesana was an Italian Jew born on September 20, 1931 in the northern city of Bologna, shortly before Mussolini came to power. ... Icchak Cukierman (1915–1981), also known by his nom de guerre Antek, or by the anglicised spelling Yitzhak Zuckerman, was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the commander of a small Jewish troop fighting in the Warsaw Uprising during World War II. World War II Cukierman... Szymon Datner (1902–1989) was a Polish historian of Jewish descent. ... Marek Edelman, Warsaw University, Warsaw (Poland), April 26, 2005 Marek Edelman (b. ... Abba Kovner Abba Kovner (1918-1987) was a Lithuanian Jewish Hebrew poet, writer, and partisan leader. ... Zivia Lubetkin(1914-1976), also known as her nom de guerre Celina, was one of the leaders of the Jewish Underground in Warsaw and the only woman in the High Command of its fighting organization, the ZOB, (Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa). ... Dov Lopatyn was the head of the Judenrat in Łachwa, Poland (now Lakhva, Belarus) in 1941-1942. ... Pijade bust Moše Pijade (1890-1957) was a prominent Yugoslav Communist of Serbian Jewish origin, and a close collaborator of Josip Broz Tito, former President of Yugoslavia. ... Haviva Reik (Chaviva Reich, Havivah Reich) (1914–1944) was one of thirty-two (or thirty-three) Palestinian Jewish parachutists sent by the Jewish Agency and the British Army Special Operations Executive from Palestine on military missions in Nazi-occupied Europe. ... Hannah Szenes Hannah Szenes (or Chana Senesh) (July 17, 1921 — November 7, 1944) was a Hungarian Jew, one of 17 Jews living in Palestine, now Israel, who were trained by the British army to parachute into Yugoslavia during the Second World War in order to help save the Jews of... Shalom (Simcha) Zorin (1902-1974), Jewish Soviet partisan commander in Minsk. ...

Uprisings

• Będzin Ghetto Uprising
• Białystok Ghetto Uprising
• Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising
• Kraków Ghetto Uprising
• Łachwa Ghetto Uprising
• Łódź Ghetto Uprising
• Lwów Ghetto Uprising
• Marcinkance Ghetto Uprising
• Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto Uprising
• Pińsk Ghetto Uprising
• Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising
• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
• Wilno Ghetto Uprising

Białystok Ghetto Uprising was an insurrection in Polands Białystok Ghetto against Germany during World War II. It was organised and led by Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa (Polish for Anti_fascist Military Organisation). ... Deportation of Jews from the Kraków Ghetto, March 1943 The Jewish ghetto in Kraków (Cracow) was one of the five main ghettos created by the Nazis in the General Government, during their occupation of Poland during World War II. It was a staging point to begin dividing able... Map of the ghettos in occupied Europe, 1939-45, showing the location of Lakhva (south of Minsk, east of Pinsk) Einsatzgruppen massacres in the Soviet Union Lakhva (or Lachva, Lachwa) (Belarusian: Лахва) (Polish:Łachwa) (Russian:Лахва) (Hebrew:לחווא) (Yiddish:לאַכװע) is a small town in southern Belarus, in Brest voblast, approximately 80 kilometres to... The Łódź Ghetto (historically the Litzmannstadt Ghetto) was the second-largest ghetto (after the Warsaw Ghetto) established for Jews and Roma in Nazi-occupied Poland. ... The Lwów Ghetto (also called the Lemberg Ghetto, Lviv Ghetto, and Lvov Ghetto), was in the city of Lviv, the largest city in todays western Ukraine, was one of the larger Ghettos established for Jews in that times Poland by Nazi authorities. ... Marcinkance Ghetto Uprising was an insurrection in Polands Marcinkance, now Lithuanias Marcinkonys Ghetto against Germany during World War II. It was organized and led by the leadership of the Jewish community in the small town. ... Combatants Nazi Germany {SS, SD, Gestapo, Order Police, Wehrmacht} Collaborators {Blue Police, Jewish Ghetto Police} Jewish resistance (Å»OB, Å»ZW) Polish resistance (Armia Krajowa Gwardia Ludowa) Commanders Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg Jürgen Stroop Mordechai Anielewicz†, Dawid Apfelbaum†, PaweÅ‚ Frenkiel†, Icchak Cukierman, Marek Edelman, Zivia Lubetkin, Henryk IwaÅ„ski Strength Official... The Vilna Ghetto was a Jewish ghetto in Vilnius, Lithuania. ...

See also

• Anti-fascism
• History of the Jews during World War II
• Jewish Brigade
• Resistance during World War II
• Rosenstrasse protest
• Special Interrogation Group (SIG)

Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in Eindhoven in September 1944. ... A recruitment drive poster for the Jewish Brigade: Soldiers of 1915-1918: to the flag! By World War II, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been forced to sell out to the Nazi-German government as part of the Aryanization policy... Jewish Brigade recruitment poster: For Salvation and Vengeance! A recruitment drive poster for the Jewish Brigade: Soldiers of 1915-1918: to the flag! {Figure in background represents the Jewish Legion of World War I} The Jewish Brigade was a fighting unit in the British Army composed of volunteers from the... Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne Division in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. ... The Rosenstrasse today: the building in which the detainees were held no longer exists The Rosenstrasse protest took place on 27th February, 1943 during the Holocaust when the Nazis wanted to round up the last of the Jews in Berlin, but were resisted by the victims relatives. ... The Special Interrogation Group (SIG) (some sources interpret this acronym as Special Identification Group or Special Intelligence Group) was a British Army unit organized from German-speaking Jewish volunteers from the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

External links

• Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust from Holocaust Remembrance Network
• About the Holocaust
• Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation
• Jewish Partisan Group Near Vilna
• Kurzbiographien
• Partisan Rachel Rudnitzky After Liberation
• Partisans in Vilna
• Partisans of Vilna
• Rozka Korczak & Abba Kovner with members of the United Partisan Organization (FPO)
• Vilna Partisans
• Interviews from the Underground: Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War IIdocumentary film and website

Notes and references