Jews and Judaism
Jewish religion
Etymology of "Jew"  · Who is a Jew?
Jewish leadership  · Jewish culture
Jewish ethnic divisions
Ashkenazi  · Sephardi  · Mizrahi
Temani  · Bene Israel  · Beta Israel
Jewish populations
Israel · United States · Russia/USSR
Canada  · Germany  · France
England  · Latin America  · Poland
Famous Jews by country
Jewish languages
Hebrew  · Yiddish  · Ladino  · Dzhidi
Judeo-Aramaic · Judeo-Arabic
Jewish denominations
Orthodox · Conservative  · Reform
Reconstructionist  · Karaite  · Other
Jewish political movements
Zionism: (Labor / General / Revisionist)
The Bund Union · Kibbutz movement
Jewish history
Jewish history timeline  · Schisms
Ancient Israel and Judah
Temples in Jerusalem
Babylonian captivity
Hasmoneans and Greece
Jewish-Roman wars
Era of Pharisees  · The Talmudic Era
Middle Ages  · Muslim Lands
Enlightenment/Haskalah  · Hasidism
The Holocaust  · Modern Israel
Persecution of Jews
Anti-Semitism: (History / "New")
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Canada is home to the fifth largest Jewish population in the world. According to recent statistics there are roughly 195,000 Canadians who practise Judaism, and another 156,000 who consider themselves Jews by ethnicity or ancestry, although they do not practice Judaism. Since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants after the British capture of New France in 1763, as a people, Jews have had an important role in the shaping of Canadian culture and identity. Download high resolution version (1024x1180, 21 KB)Created from Image:Wikipedia blue star of david. ... Judaism is the religious culture of the Jewish people. ... Judaism is the religious culture of the Jewish people. ... Etymology of the word Jew: The name for the Jewish people in Hebrew is Yehudim (יהודים). ... Who is a Jew? (Hebrew: מיהו יהודי?; transliterated as mihu yehudi) can be a complicated question because Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary depending on whether a religious, sociological, or national approach to... Jewish leadership: Since 70 AD and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem there has been no single body that has a leadership position over the entire Jewish community. ... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... Jewish ethnic divisions: The most commonly used terms to describe ethnic divisions among Jews presently are: Ashkenazi (meaning German in Hebrew, denoting the Central European base of Jewry); and Sephardi (meaning Spanish in Hebrew, denoting their Spanish and North African location). ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănāzî, ʾAÅ¡kănāzîm, pronounced sing. ... Sephardim (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew SÉ™fardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ... This article deals with those Jewish communities indigenous to the Middle East. ... Yemenite Jews (תֵּימָנִי, Standard Hebrew Temani, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānî; plural תֵּימָנִים, Standard Hebrew Temanim, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānîm) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן far south, Standard Hebrew Teman, Tiberian Hebrew Têmān), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ... The Bene Israel (Sons of Israel) are a group of Jews who, in the mid-twentieth century, lived primarily in Bombay, Kolkata, Delhi and Ahmadabad. ... The Beta Israel (or House of Israel), known by outsiders by the pejorative term Falasha or Falash Mura (exiles or strangers) are Jews of Ethiopian origin. ... The number of Jews in the world is difficult to calculate, especially given the constant debates of the definition of Jew. ... // Early History Tradition places Jews in southern Russia, Armenia, and Georgia since before the days of the First Temple, and records exist from the fourth century showing that there were Armenian cities possessing Jewish populations ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 along with substantial Jewish settlements in the Crimea. ... This article is about the history of the Jewish people in England. ... For a list of individuals of Jewish origin by country, please see List of Latin American Jews. ... Main article: List of Jews. ... Jewish languages are a set of languages that developed in various Jewish communities, in Europe, southern and south-western Asia, and northern Africa. ... Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by 6 million people mainly in Israel, parts of the Palestinian territories, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Ladino is a Romance language, derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish) and Hebrew. ... Dzhidi, or Judæo-Persian, is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Persia. ... Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ... The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ... Jewish denominations: Over time, the Jewish community has become divided into a number of religious denominations, also called branches or movements. Each denomination has a different understanding of what principles of belief a Jew should hold, and how one should live as a Jew. ... Orthodox Judaism formed in reaction to the creation of the Reform Movement of Judaism. ... Conservative Judaism (or Masorti Judaism) is a denomination of Judaism characterized by: A positive attitude toward modern culture The belief that traditional rabbinic modes of study, and modern scholarship and critical text study, are both valid ways to learn about and from Jewish religious texts. ... Reform Judaism is the first modern branch of Judaism; it developed in Germany and is now international, and the largest in North America. ... Reconstructionist Judaism is a denomination of Judaism characterized by: the belief that an individuals personal autonomy generally overrides traditional Jewish law and custom, yet also holding that ones practices must take into account communal consensus. ... Karaite Judaism is a Jewish denomination characterized by reliance on the Tanakh as the sole scripture, and rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmuds) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... Alternative Judaism refers to several varieties of modern Judaism which fall outside the common Orthodox/Non-Orthodox (Reform/Conservative/Reconstructionist) classification of the four major streams of todays Judaism. ... Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of the Jewish community. ... For other meanings, please see Zionism (disambiguation) Zionism is a Jewish political movement, developed in response to 19th century anti-Semitism, which maintains that the Jewish people are entitled to a national homeland in the land of Zion (a synecdoche for the Land of Israel, also known as the region... General Zionists were centrists within the Zionist movement. ... Revisionist Zionism is a right wing tendency within the Zionist movement. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (אַלגמײַנער ײדישער אַרבײטערסבונד אין ליטאַ, פוילין און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (בונד) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Kibbutz Dan, near Qiryat Shemona, in the Upper Galilee, 1990s A kibbutz (Hebrew: קיבוץ; plural: kibbutzim: קיבוצים, gathering or together) is an Israeli collective community. ... Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith (Judaism) and culture. ... This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. ... Schisms among the Jews: // First Temple era Based on the historical narrative in the Bible and archeology, Levantine civilization at the time of Solomons Temple was prone to idol worship, astrology, worship of reigning kings, and paganism. ... In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources, including the Jewish Tanakh (the Old Testament) and other Jewish texts such as the Talmud, the Ethiopian book of history known as the Kebra Nagast, the writings of historians such as Nicolaus of Damascus, Artapanas, Philo... The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Beit HaMikdash בית המקדש in Hebrew) was built in ancient Jerusalem and was the center of Israelite and Jewish worship, primarily for the offering of sacrifices known as the korbanot. ... // Overview The term Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile, is the name generally given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. ... The Hasmonean Kingdom (pronunciation) in ancient Judea and its ruling dynasty from 140 BC to 37 BC was established under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus, two decades after Judah the Maccabee defeated the Seleucid army in 165 BC. Origin of the Hasmonean dynasty The origin of the Hasmonean dynasty is... The Great Jewish Revolt (66–73), against the Roman Empire is sometimes called The First Jewish-Roman War. ... The Pharisees (from the Hebrew perushim, from parash, meaning to separate) were, depending on the time, a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought among Jews that flourished during the Second Temple Era (536 BCE–70 CE). ... The first page of the Talmud, in the standard Vilna edition. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Jews in the Middle Ages : The history of Jews in the Middle Ages (approximately 500 CE to 1750 CE) can be divided into two categories. ... Islam and Judaism: This article is part of a series on Jewish history and discusses the history of Islam and Judaism, as they have interacted with each other for 1200 years, from the seventh century up until the end of the 19th century. ... Haskalah (Hebrew: השכלה; enlightenment, intellect, from sekhel, common sense) was a religious movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning pious from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program. ... Main article: Israel. ... Related articles: anti-Semitism; history of anti-Semitism; modern anti-Semitism This article deals with various persecutions that the Jewish people have experienced throughout history. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the Jews as a religious or ethnic group. ... The new anti-Semitism refers to the contemporary international resurgence of anti-Jewish incidents and attacks on Jewish symbols, as well as the acceptance of anti-Semitic beliefs and their expression in public discourse. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Judaism is the religious culture of the Jewish people. ... New France (French: la Nouvelle-France) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Early history (1760-1850)

Before 1760, there were officially no Jews in New France because when King Louis XIV made Canada officially a province of France in 1663, he decreed that only Roman Catholics could enter the colony. The earliest documentation of Jews in Canada are British Army records from the French and Indian Wars (North American portion of the Seven Years' War). In 1760, the British General Jeffery Amherst attacked and seized Montreal, thus winning Canada for the British. Several Jews were members of his regiments ,and among his officer core were four Jews: Emmanuel de Cordova, Aaron Hart, Hananiel Garcia, and Isaac Miramer. 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. ... // Events Prix de Rome scholarship established for students of the arts. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... The French and Indian Wars is a name used in the United States for a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars. ... The Seven Years War (1754 and 1756–1763) pitted Great Britain, Prussia, and Hanover against France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony. ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jeffrey Amherst by Joshua Reynolds Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst (sometimes spelled Geoffrey, he himself spelled his name as Jeffery) (January 29, 1717 - August 3, 1797) served as an officer in the British army Born in Sevenoaks, England, he became a soldier aged about 14. ... For more details on this topic, see History of Montreal. ...

The most prominent of the three was Lieutenant Aaron Hart, who after his service in the army had ended, settled in Trois-Rivières. Eventually he became a very wealthy landowner. His son, Ezekiel Hart Des Forges boulevard at night. ... Ezekiel Hart (May 15, 1770 - September 16, 1843) was a Canadian entrepreneur and politician. ...

Ezekiel Hart

was elected to the legislature of Lower Canada in the by-election of April 11, 1807, becoming the first Jew in an official opposition in the British Empire. When he was sworn into office, he took the oath on a Jewish Bible instead of a Christian one. This caused quite a commotion among the Protestant population of Upper and Lower Canada, and Ezekiel was expelled from the legislature. However, his French constituents saw this as an attempt of the British to undermine their role in Canada. They protested this so fiercely that Ezekiel was eventually reinstated to his office. Image File history File links Ezekial Hart, first Jewish Canadian elected to a Legislative body. ... Image File history File links Ezekial Hart, first Jewish Canadian elected to a Legislative body. ... Lower Canada was a British colony in North America, at the downstream end of the Saint Lawrence River in the southern portion of the modern-day province of Quebec. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Parliamentary Opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government, particularly in a Westminster-based parliamentary system. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... 11th century Targum Tanakh [תנ״ך] (also spelt Tanach or Tenach) is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible, based upon the initial Hebrew letters of each part: Torah [תורה] (The Law; also: Teaching or Instruction), Chumash [חומש] (The five, also Pentateuch or The five books of... Testes A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

One effect of this incident is that it began a serious of revolts and protests that eventually lead to responsible government in Canada. The law requiring the oath "on my faith as a Christian" was amended in 1829 to provide for Jews to not take the oath. In 1831, Jews were extended full political rights, 25 years earlier than England (see Jews in the United Kingdom). Responsible government is a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the history of the Jewish people in England. ...

Most of the early Jewish Canadians were either fur traders or served in the British Army. A few were merchants or landowners. Although small, only 200 or so, Montreal’s Jewish community was eager to organize itself. They were no longer content to observe religious ceremonies at home, so in 1768 Canada’s first synagogue, Shaarei Israel was built. In 1832, partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians. By 1850, there were still only 450 Jews living in Canada, mostly concentrated in Montreal. The fur trade was a huge part in the early economic development of North America. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... For more details on this topic, see History of Montreal. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A synagogue or synagog (from Greek συναγωγη, transliterated sunagoge, place of assembly literally meeting, assembly) is a Jewish house of prayer and study. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The first Jew known to have resided in Quebec was Abraham Jacob Franks, who settled there in 1767. His son David Salesby (or Salisbury) Franks, who afterward became head of the Montreal Jewish community and an officer in the American Revolutionary army, also lived in Quebec prior to 1774. Abraham Joseph, who was long a prominent figure in public affairs in Quebec, took up his residence there shortly after his father's death in 1832. Quebec's Jewish population for many years remained very small, and early efforts at organization were fitful and shortlived. A cemetery was acquired in 1853, and a place of worship was opened in a hall in the same year, in which services were held intermittently; but it was not until 1892 that the Jewish population of Quebec had sufficiently augmented to permit of the permanent establishment of the present synagogue, Beth Israel. The congregation was granted the right of keeping a register in 1897. Other communal institutions are the Quebec Hebrew Sick Benefit Association, the Quebec Hebrew Relief Association for Immigrants, and the Quebec Zionist Society. By 1905 Jewish population was about 350, in a total population of 68,834. 1767 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... For more details on this topic, see History of Montreal. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Growth of the Canadian Jewish community (1850-1939)

Abraham de Sola

However, with the beginning of the pogroms of Russia in the 1880s, and continuing through the growing anti-semitism of the early 20th century, millions of Jews began to flee the Pale of Settlement and other areas of Eastern Europe for the West. Although the United States received the overwhelming majority of these emigrants, Canada was also a destination of choice due to Government of Canada and Canadian Pacific Railway efforts to develop Canada after Confederation. Between 1880 and 1930, the Jewish population of Canada grew to over 155,000. Image File history File links Jewish Canadian Rabbi Abraham de Sola, founded the Hebrew Philanthropic Society. ... Image File history File links Jewish Canadian Rabbi Abraham de Sola, founded the Hebrew Philanthropic Society. ... The Russian word pogrom (погром) refers to a massive violent attack on people with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... The Pale of Settlement (Черта оседлости in Russian, or cherta osedlosti) was the border region of Imperial Russia in which Jews were allowed to live. ... System of government Canada is a constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth Realm (see Monarchy in Canada) with a federal system of parliamentary government, and strong democratic traditions. ... The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

Jewish immigrants brought a tradition of establishing a communal body, called a kehillah to look after the social and welfare needs of their less fortunate. Virtually all of these Jewish refugees were very poor. Wealthy Jewish philanthropists, who had come to Canada much earlier, felt it was their social responsibility to help their fellow Jews get established in this new country. One such man was Abraham De Sola, who founded the Hebrew Philanthropic Society. In Montreal and Toronto, there developed a wide range of communal organizations and groups. Recently arrived immigrant Jews also founded landsmenschaften, guilds of people who came originally from the same village. Kehillah is the name given to Jewish communal organizations in Eastern Europe. ...

Most of these immigrants established communities in the larger cities. Canada’s first ever census, recorded that in 1871 there were 1,115 Jews in Canada; 409 in Montreal, 157 in Toronto, 131 in Hamilton and the rest were dispersed in small communities along the St. Lawrence River. There was also a community of about 100 that settled in Victoria, British Columbia to open shops to supply prospectors during the Caribou Gold Rush (and later the Klondike Gold Rush in the Yukon). This led to the opening of a synagogue in Victoria, British Columbia in 1862. 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... }|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Official Flag]]|Coat Image=[[Image:{{{Coat Image}}}|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Coat of Arms]]}} {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Diversity Our Strength {{Canadian City/Location Image is:{{{Location Image Type}}}|[[Image:{{{Location Image}}}|thumbnail|center|250px|City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada... // Hamilton is the surname of a renowned family from the Scottish Lowlands that has given its name to the town of Hamilton, Scotland, the Dukedom of Hamilton, and many people, such as Alexander Hamilton, and places, the largest of which being Hamilton, Ontario. ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... The arms of Victoria. ... A typical gold mining operation, on Bonanza Creek The Klondike Gold Rush was a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and gold prospecting in the Klondike near Dawson City in the Yukon Territory, Canada, after gold was discovered in the late 19th century. ... Motto: none Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Commissioner Jack Cable Premier Dennis Fentie (Yukon Party) Area 482,443 km² (9th)  - Land 474,391 km²  - Water 8,052 km² (1. ... A synagogue or synagog (from Greek συναγωγη, transliterated sunagoge, place of assembly literally meeting, assembly) is a Jewish house of prayer and study. ... The arms of Victoria. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

When British Columbia sent their delegation to Ottawa to agree on the colony’s entry into Confederation, a Jew, Henry Nathan, was among them. Nathan eventually became the first Canadian Jewish Member of Parliament. By 1911, there were Jewish communities in all of Canada's major cities. Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 km² (5th)  - Land 925,186 km²  - Water 19,549 km² (2. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament; in the Westminster system, specifically to the lower house. ... 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, several attempts were made to establish Jewish farming settlements on the prairies. However, few of the colonies did very well. This was partly because, the Jews of East European origin were not allowed to own farms in the old country, and thus had little experience in farming. One settlement that did do well was Yid'n Bridge, Saskatchewan. The people who started this town were from South Africa and had been farmers there. Eventually the community grew larger as the South African Jews invited the Jewish families originally from Europe to join them. The settlement was such a success that eventually it became a large town. The name of the city was later changed to the Anglicized name of Edenbridge. A prairie is an area of land of low topographic relief that principally supports grasses and herbs, with few trees, and is generally of a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. ... Eastern Europe is, by convention, a region defined geographically as that part of Europe covering the eastern part of the continent. ... Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (From many peoples, strength) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Lieutenant Governor Lynda M. Haverstock Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Area 651,036 km² (7th) Land 591,670 km² Water 59,366 km² (9. ... World map showing location of Europe When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Anglicized refers to foreign words, often surnames, that are changed from a foreign language into English. ...

At this time, most of the Jewish Canadians in the west were either storekeepers or tradesmen. Many set up shops on the new rail lines, selling goods and supplies to the construction workers, many of whom were also Jewish. Later, because of the railway, some of these homesteads grew into prosperous towns. At this time, Canadian Jews also had important roles in developing the west coast fishing industry, while others worked on building telegraph lines. Some, descended from the earliest Canadian Jews, stayed true to their ancestors as fur trappers. A homestead is: A farm with the buildings around it, see homestead (buildings) Ones legal residence, see homestead (law) An area measure of 160 acres (650,000 m²), see homestead (area) and Homestead Act To homestead is to establish ownership of previously unowned property (usually but not exclusively land...

By the outbreak of World War I, there were approximately 100,000 Canadian Jews, of which three-quarters lived in either Montreal or Toronto. Many of the children of the European refuges started out as peddlers, eventually working their way up to established businesses, such as retailers and wholesalers. Jewish Canadians played an essential role in the development of the Canadian clothing and textile industry. Most worked as labourers in sweatshops; while some owned the manufacturing facilities. Jewish merchants and labourers spread out from the cities to small towns, building synagogues, community centres and schools as they went. World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... A sweatshop is a factory, where people work for a very small wage, producing products such as clothes, toys, shoes, and other consumer goods. ...

As the population grew, Canadian Jews began to organize themselves as a community despite the presence of dozens of competing sects. The Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) was founded in 1919 as the reult of the merger of several smaller organizations. The purpose of the CJC was to speak on behalf of the common interests of Jewish Canadians and assist immigrant Jews. The First World War halted the flow of all immigrants to Canada, and after the war there was a change in Canada's immigration policy. It restricted the people who were allowed to immigrate to Canada: people from "non-preferred nations", i.e., those not from the United Kingdom or otherwise White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, found it extremely difficult to gain admission to Canada. The 50,000 Jews who moved to Canada during the inter-war years were almost exclusively from Great Britain and the United States. A sect is a small religious group that has branched off of a larger established religion. ... The Canadian Jewish Congress is an umbrella group of Jewish organizations in Canada and constitutes the main lobby group for the Jewish community in the country though it often competes with Bnai Brith Canada in that regard. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... An immigration policy is any policy of a state that affects the transit of persons across its borders, but especially those that intend to work and to remain in the country. ... Alternate meaning: Wasp (disambiguation) WASP is an acronym which stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. ...

As a response to the unemployment created by the Great Depression, the Canadian Government imposed even more severe restrictions on immigration in 1930. Racial and religious prejudice was still an all too common feature of Canadian society and Prime Minister Mackenzie King's cabinet. When Samuel Bronfman became president of the Canadian Jewish Congress, he worked nonstop along with the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (a social democratic political party) to make Canada a refuge for the increasingly desperate Jews of Europe. The Great Depression was a massive global economic recession (or depression) that ran from 1929 to 1939. ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... The Prime Minister of Canada, the head of the Canadian government, is usually the leader of the political party with the most seats in the Canadian House of Commons. ... The Right Honourable William Lyon Mackenzie King, PC , LL.B , Ph. ... Samuel Bronfman (February 27, 1891 - July 10, 1971) was the founder of Seagrams and a Canadian family dynasty the Bronfman family. ... The Canadian Jewish Congress is an umbrella group of Jewish organizations in Canada and constitutes the main lobby group for the Jewish community in the country though it often competes with Bnai Brith Canada in that regard. ... The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was a Canadian political party founded in 1932 in Calgary, Alberta, by a number of socialist, farm, co-operative and labour groups as well as the League for Social Reconstruction. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ...

World War II (1939-1945)

Despite mass demonstrations throughout the depression and war years, like most other Western nations, Canada denied entrance of Jews to the country. Canada took in proportionately fewer Jews than other western countries before and during the Holocaust. Between 1933 and 1945, only five thousand Jews were allowed into Canada. Tens of thousands of the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust might have escaped safely to Canada if it was not for the anti-Semitism of the politicians at the time. Almost twenty thousand Jewish Canadians volunteered to fight for Canada during the Second World War. Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ...

Post war (1945-)

After the war, Canada liberalized its immigration policy. Roughly 40,000 Holocaust survivors came during the late 1940s, hoping to rebuild their shattered lives. Later in the 1950s, tens of thousands of Jews left French colonial North Africa, as those countries sought independence from France. Most of these Jews, moved to Montreal and Quebec City, where their French language helped them quickly adapt. From 1941 to 1961, the population of Jewish Canadians grew from 170,000 to 260,000. North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with North Africa. ... For more details on this topic, see History of Montreal. ... Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (Gift of God shall make prosper) Area: 547. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Unlike in previous generations, the Canadian Jews of the postwar period became more integrated into Canadian life. The breakthrough for all minorities and all the people of Canada came when Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau introduced the 1971 federal policy of Multiculturalism. Later, this policy was integrated into the Canadian Constitution. This article should be transwikied to wiktionary The term post-war is generally used for the period after the end of World War II, i. ... The Prime Minister of Canada, the head of the Canadian government, is usually the leader of the political party with the most seats in the Canadian House of Commons. ... The Right Honourable Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC , CC , CH , QC , MA , LL.L , LL.D , FRSC (October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000) was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 3, 1979, and from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Multiculturalism is a policy that emphasizes the unique characteristics of different cultures, especially as they relate to one another in receiving nations. ... The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. ...

Canadian Jews today

Today the Jewish culture in Canada is maintained by both practising Jews and those who chose not to practice the religion. All Jews in Canada speak one of the two official languages, although most speak English over French (even those who live in Quebec). There is also an increasing large number who speak Hebrew as well (other than for religious ceremonies), while a few keep alive the Yiddish language. Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... An official language is a language that is given a unique status in the constitutions of countries, states, and other territories. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Beginning in 1963, a terrorist group that became known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices and at least two murders by FLQ gunfire and three violent deaths by bombings. ... Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by 6 million people mainly in Israel, parts of the Palestinian territories, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ...

Canada is now home to the fifth largest Jewish community in the world; following the United States, Israel, Russia and France. Most of Canada's Jews live in Ontario and Quebec, followed by Manitoba, British Columbia and Alberta. Recently, many Jewish Canadians have left Montreal for Toronto, for fear in the last referendum that Quebec might leave the federation. Presently, 175,000 Jews live in Toronto, 100,000 in Montreal, 30,000 in Vancouver, 15,000 in Winnipeg, 12,000 in Ottawa, 7,500 in Calgary and 5,000 live in both Edmonton and Hamilton. Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Loyal it began, loyal it remains) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Area 1,076,395 km² (4th)  - Land 917,741 km²  - Water 158,654 km² (14. ... Beginning in 1963, a terrorist group that became known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices and at least two murders by FLQ gunfire and three violent deaths by bombings. ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Glorious and free) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Area 647,797 km² (8th) Land 553,556 km² Water 64,241 km² (14. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 km² (5th)  - Land 925,186 km²  - Water 19,549 km² (2. ... Motto: Fortis et Liber (Strong and free) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ralph Klein (PC) Area 661,848 km² (6th)  - Land 642,317 km²  - Water 19,531 km² (2. ... }|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Official Flag]]|Coat Image=[[Image:{{{Coat Image}}}|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Coat of Arms]]}} {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Diversity Our Strength {{Canadian City/Location Image is:{{{Location Image Type}}}|[[Image:{{{Location Image}}}|thumbnail|center|250px|City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada... For more details on this topic, see History of Montreal. ... Members of Parliament Libby Davies, Ujjal Dosanjh, David Emerson, Hedy Fry, Stephen Owen Members of the Legislative Assembly Gordon Campbell, David Chudnovsky, Adrian Dix, Colin Hansen, Jenny Kwan, Lorne Mayencourt, Wally Oppal, Gregor Robertson, Shane Simpson, Carole Taylor Mayor Larry Campbell Governing Body Vancouver City Council Latitude: Longitude: 49°16... Motto: Unum Cum Virtute Multorum (One With the Strength of Many) Area: 465. ... {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Advance Ottawa/Ottawa en avant City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada location. ... Motto: Heart of the new west Area: 712. ... More than one place has the name Edmonton. ... // Hamilton is the surname of a renowned family from the Scottish Lowlands that has given its name to the town of Hamilton, Scotland, the Dukedom of Hamilton, and many people, such as Alexander Hamilton, and places, the largest of which being Hamilton, Ontario. ...

Canadian Jews are generally more religious than those in the United States. Of those who are religious, about 40% are Orthodox, 40% Conservative and 20% Reform. Canadian Jews also seem to have lower intermarriage rates than the American Jewish community. The population of Canadian Jews increased by 15% between 1990 and 2000, although due mostly to immigration. Orthodox Judaism formed in reaction to the creation of the Reform Movement of Judaism. ... Conservative Judaism (or Masorti Judaism) is a denomination of Judaism characterized by: A positive attitude toward modern culture The belief that traditional rabbinic modes of study, and modern scholarship and critical text study, are both valid ways to learn about and from Jewish religious texts. ... Reform Judaism is the first modern branch of Judaism; it developed in Germany and is now international, and the largest in North America. ...

Recently, anti-Semitism has become a growing concern, with reports of anti-semitic incidents increasing sharply over the past two years.

Famous Canadian Jews

See List of Canadian Jews The Jewish population of Canada is approximately 360,000, with a majority living in either Toronto (175,000) or Montreal (100,000). ...

Rt. Hon Herb Gray

Some of Canada's leading figures are Jewish; and many have become household names. Several of Canada's leading scientists, doctors and researchers are Jews. Jewish Canadians have also been important in music and the arts, many finding success internationally, as well as here at home. Canadian Jews have also won seats in all of the provincial legislatures, served as mayors of Toronto and Vancouver and have been judges in Canadian courts at all levels. In 1970, Bora Laskin became the first Jewish member of Supreme Court of Canada. Some famous Canadian Jews who have made important contributions to Canada are Louis Applebaum, David Barrett, Alexander Brott, Leonard Cohen, Irwin Cotler, David Croll, Harry Freedman, Frank O. Gehry Srul Glick, Herb Gray, Lorne Greene, Eugene Levy, David Lewis, Stephen Lewis, Oskar Morawetz, Peter C. Newman, Mordecai Richler, Stuart Rosenberg, Sam Steinberg and Adele Wiseman. Herb Gray, International Joint Commission This work is copyrighted. ... Herb Gray, International Joint Commission This work is copyrighted. ... Members of Parliament Libby Davies, Ujjal Dosanjh, David Emerson, Hedy Fry, Stephen Owen Members of the Legislative Assembly Gordon Campbell, David Chudnovsky, Adrian Dix, Colin Hansen, Jenny Kwan, Lorne Mayencourt, Wally Oppal, Gregor Robertson, Shane Simpson, Carole Taylor Mayor Larry Campbell Governing Body Vancouver City Council Latitude: Longitude: 49°16... The Right Honourable Bora Laskin, PC , CC , LL.M. , LL.B. , MA (October 5, 1912 – March 17, 1984) was a Canadian jurist, who served on the Supreme Court of Canada for fourteen years, including a decade as its Chief Justice. ... The Supreme Court Building in Ottawa The Supreme Court of Canada is Canadas highest court and is located in the capital city of Ottawa. ... Louis Applebaum, CC (April 3, 1918 - April 19, 2000) was a Canadian composer, administrator, and conductor. ... David Barrett (born 2 October 1930 in Vancouver, British Columbia), commonly known as Dave Barrett, was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. ... Alexander Brott (March 14, 1915 - April 1, 2005), was a Canadian conductor, composer, violinist and music teacher. ... Leonard Cohen Leonard Norman Cohen, CC (born September 21, 1934 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian poet, novelist, and singer-songwriter. ... Irwin Cotler The Honourable Irwin Cotler PC , OC , BA , BCL , LL.D. , LL.M. , Ph. ... David Croll as an Ontario Cabinet minister The Honourable David Arnold Croll (born Davud Avrum Croll March 12, 1900 - June 11, 1991) was a Canadian politician. ... Harry Freedman (born April 5, 1922) is a Canadian composer and musician. ... The Gehry tower in Hannover Frank Owen Gehry (born Ephraim Goldberg on February 28, 1929) is an architect known for his interesting use of metal sheathing for his buildings. ... Herbert Eser (Herb) Gray (born May 25, 1931, Windsor, Ontario) was a Canadian politician. ... Lorne Greene O.C., LL.D. (February 12, 1915–September 11, 1987) was a Canadian actor best known for two iconic roles on American television. ... Eugene Levy (born December 17, 1946) is a Jewish-Canadian actor, television director, producer and writer who is best known for his work in Canadian television series and American movies and television series. ... The name David Lewis may refer to several people: David Lewis (philosopher) (1941-2001), an American-born philosopher famous for his theory of modal realism and his love for Australia. ... Stephen Lewis in Africa for UNICEF. Stephen Lewis, CC (b. ... Peter Charles Newman (born May 10, 1929 in Vienna, Austria) is a Canadian journalist who emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Canada in 1940. ... Mordecai Richler Mordecai Richler (January 27, 1931 - July 3, 2001) was a Canadian author, scriptwriter, and essayist. ... Adele Wiseman (1928-1992) was a Canadian author. ...

Ben-Gurion in the Canadian Army

The first Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, joined the Canadian Army in 1918 as part of the 38th Battalion of the Jewish Legion. When Britain waged war against the Ottoman Turks, during World War I, Zionists around the world saw it as an opportunity to promote the idea of a Jewish National Homeland in Palestine, which was part of the Ottoman Empire at that time. David Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion (October 16, 1886 – December 1, 1973; Hebrew: דָּוִד בֶּן גּוּרִיּוֹן) was the first Prime Minister of Israel. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... This article is about the Jewish Legion, also known as the Zion Mule Corps of the British Army that fought in World War I against the Ottoman Empire. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkich people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. ... The Balfour Declaration was a letter of November 2, 1917 from British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour, to Lord Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation. ... ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (Ottoman Turkish for the Eternal State) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (İstanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ...

Bibliography

• Mercantile Recorder, 1828
• Jacques J. Lyons and Abraham de Sola, Jewish Calendar with Introductory Essay, Montreal, 1854
• Le Bas Canada, Quebec, 1857
• People of Lower Canada, 1860
• The Star (Montreal), Dec. 30, 1893.

References

• Irving, Abella. A Coat of Many Colours. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1990.
• Tulchinsky, Gerald. Taking Root. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1992.
• Godfrey, Sheldon and Godfrey, Judith. Search Out the Land. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1995.
• Leonoff, Cyril. Pioneers, Peddlars and Prayer Shawls: The Jewish Communities in BC and the Yukon. 1978.
• Canada. The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia. Schreiber: Rockland, Md.: 2001. ISBN 1887563660.
• [Jewish Agency Report on Canada]

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ...

External links

Jewish news and information

• Canadian Jewish News

Jewish organizations

• Canadian Jewish Council Website
• Bnai Brith Canada
• Kosher Food Authorities in Canada
• List of Synagogues in Canada

History

• History of Judaism in Saskatchewan
• Article on Jews in Canada

Anti-Semitism

• Perspectives on Racism: Anti-Semitism in Canada
• 2004 Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents in Canada
• CBC Toronto News Article: Gravestones damaged in anti-Semitic spree