The history of Jews in Portugal is directly related to Sephardi history, a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities who have originated in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, but also Morocco). Sephardi Jews do not exactly match with those who claim to be Sephardi in the modern state of Israel (mostly north African or eastern Mediterranean Jews). Compare, by contrast, to the Ashkenazi Jews. Sephardim (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Sephardi Jews (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazi Jews and/or Mizrahi Jews. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, Aškanazi, Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAškănāzî, ʾAškănāzîm, pronounced sing. ...

Judaism has played a decisive role in the history of Portugal, and Jewish populations have existed on the area even before the country was established, back to the Roman era. With the fall of the Roman Empire, Jews were persecuted by the Visigoths and other northern European Christian kingdoms who controlled the area then on. In 711, the Muslim Invasion of the Iberian Peninsula was seen by the Jewish population as a liberation, and marked as the beginning of the Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain and Portugal. The Muslim kingdom of Al-andalus was the most advanced in the whole world of that era, and there was a remarkable tolerance between Muslim rulers and Christian and Jewish populations. Trade flourished, and this was a time of intensive cultural and philosophical development that called Jews from all over Europe to settle in the Iberian Peninsula. This is now seen as a major step to the later Renaissance in all over Europe. Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation) The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Augustus), until its radical reformation in what was later to be known as the Byzantine... The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ... See also: phone number 711. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... By region Italian Renaissance Spanish Renaissance Northern Renaissance French Renaissance German Renaissance English Renaissance The Renaissance, also known as Il Rinascimento (in Italian), was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution, religious reform and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ...

In the 12th century, the Christian kingdoms of the north mountainous areas of the Iberian Peninsula started a long military campaign against the Muslim invaders south, the Reconquista. This represented the birth of the Portuguese nation, who was built with swords from north to south. The Jews, once they knew the Arab language, were used by the Portuguese as both spies and diplomats on this campaign that took centuries. This granted them respect from the Portuguese, although there were always prejudice from both Christians and Jews from the north, against the Al-andalus Sephardi Jews. Even though, Jewish families kept their lands, houses, vineyards and businesses through the new Christian era. (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... For other uses, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ...

Until the 15th century, Jews occupied prominent places in Portuguese political and economical life. They also had an active role in the Portuguese culture, and they kept their reputation of diplomats and merchants. By this time, Lisbon, Évora and Belmonte were home to important Jewish communities. Then, in 1497, under the pressure of newly born Christian Spain, Manuel I of Portugal passed a decree demanding all Jewish to convert to Christianity, or to leave the country. Hard times followed for the Portuguese Jews, with a big massacre in Lisbon, 1506, and the later and even more relevant establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition in 1536. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Carmona Rodrigues PSD Area 84. ... Coat of Arms Évora is a municipality in the Alentejo, Portugal with a total area of 1307. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1497 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Manuel I of Puerto Rico (pron. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... 1506 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An Inquisition - Auto-da-fe. ... Events February 2 - Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina. ...

Many Portuguese Jews, dozens of thousands, left the country to Amsterdam, Thessaloniki, Constantinople, France, Morocco, Brazil, Curaçao and the Antilles. All of these places flourished with the arrival of the Portuguese Jews, who left lasting cultural effects that can be noticed today, like the use of the Ladino language by some Jewish communities in Turkey, or the Portuguese based dialects of the Antilles. The Netherlands, though, was the place that most won with the Portuguese Inquisition, owing its golden age to the arrival of the Portuguese Jews. Amsterdam Location Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates 52°22′N 4°54′E Website www. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Curaçao (pronounced [kurasão]) is an island in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela. ... The Antilles now generally refers to the islands of the Caribbean or West Indies, except the Bahamas. ... This article deals with the Judaeo-Spanish language. ... The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). ...

But many Jews decided to stay in Portugal. A significant number converted to Christianity as a mere formality, practicing their Jewish faith in secret. These were known as the Cristãos Novos, New Christians, although they were never seen as true Christians by the Portuguese. They adopted Portuguese surnames, that can be found by significant portions of the present Portuguese population, leading many to believe that there is a large amount of Portuguese people with Jewish roots. The most popular names are Pereira, Oliveira, Castro, Cardoso, Lima and Pinto. The Jewish community of Belmonte chose a more radical solution, vanishing from any social life and practicing their faith in secret. Known as the Marranos, they have survived until today by the practice of intermarriage and few cultural contact with the outside world. Only recently they have established contact with the international Jewish community, which has brought a lot of attention to this mountainous town of central Portugal. Jews were banished from Portugal in 1496. ... The term marrano refers to the Sephardim, Jews from the Iberian peninsula, who were forced to adopt the identity of Christians, either through coercion as consequence of the cruel persecution of Jews by the Spanish Inquisition, or for forms sake, and became Catholic converts. ...

A new chapter of Jews in Portugal was marked by World War II. The Portuguese fascist regime of Salazar decided not to go to war on the German side, keeping a neutral condition that was closer to the Nazi side than to the Allies. Even though, and in spite of generalised repression, Lisbon became a safe heaven to Jews from all over Europe. By the early 1940s, there were hundreds of thousands of Jews arriving in Lisbon and leaving weeks later, to the United States. Of those, only a minority decided to stay in Portugal. Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths World War II, also known as the Second World War (sometimes WW2 or WWII), was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as... // Events and trends World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atomic bomb. ...

As of today, Jews enjoy a peaceful life in Portugal. They still represent a significant part of the Portuguese cultural and economical elite, and there's a growing awareness of the Portuguese society to their existence. There are three synagogues in the country, in Lisbon, Porto and Belmonte, and several places were the Hebrew community meets. There are a series of kosher products being produced in Portugal, most notably, wine. The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ... Wine is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting grapes or grape juice. ...

It is hard to say how many Jews live in Portugal as of 2005. The Portuguese census estimates a Jewish population of 5000 individuals. CIA's World Fact Book refers a smaller number of a thousand Jews, mainly central European Holocaust survivors. But the Marranos, though, may represent several thousand people alone. And it's almost impossible to estimate how many Portuguese people descend from the Cristãos Novos, certainly dozens of thousands. Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ...

Many Portuguese personalities are known Jews or Jew descents, most notably Esther Mucznik (leader of the Israelite Community of Lisbon), the award winning photographer Daniel Blaufuks, and the President of Republic Jorge Sampaio, whose grandmother was a Moroccan Jew. Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio (   listen?) is the current Portuguese President of the Republic, elected for a second term in January 14, 2001. ...