The Jiangqiao Campaign or Battle Of Jiangqiao occured after the Mukden Incident, when the Japanese invaded the provinces of Liaoning and Jilin, occupying their major cities and railways. At that time, the Chairman Wan Fulin of Heilongjiang Province was in Peiping, nobody was there to lead the provincial government with the province in a very dangerous situation. Zhang Xueliang telegraphed Nanjing Government to ask for instructions, and then appointed Ma Zhanshan to act as Chairman of Heilongjiang Province and Military Commander-in-chief of Heilongjiang Province October 10th 1931. Ma Zhanshan arrived in the capital Tsitsihar on October 19th and took office the next day. He held military meetings and personally inspected the defence positions while facing down the party who wished to surrender and refused inducements to surrender from the Japanese army, saying “I am appointed as Chairman of the province, and I have the responsibility to defend the province and I will never be a surrendering general”. Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-Tung, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura. ... Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国陸軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945 when it was Imperial Japan. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-Tung, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura. ... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small war fought between small forces of Chinese militias against the Japanese Imperial Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident in which Manchuria was lost to Japan. ... Combatants Republic of China, 19th Route Army, 5th Army Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, 2nd Independent Tank Company, Shanghai Expeditionary Force Commanders 19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai (Chinese: 蔣光鼐), 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong (Chinese: 張治中) Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa (Japanese: 白川義則), Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro (Japanese: 田代皖一郎) Strength 50,000 90,000 Casualties... The Defense of the Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; Simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 - May 31, 1933) was a battle between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937. ... The Battle of Rehe was fought from February 21 to March 1 of 1933 between China and Japan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變) was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The Battle of Beiping-Tianjin (Traditional Chinese: 平津作戰; Simplified Chinese: 平津作战; pinyin: ) (25 July - 31 July 1937) was a battle fought during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the proximity of Beiping (now Beijing) and Tianjin. ... When the China Incident happened, the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade stationed in Manchuria moved to Hebei and fought near Beijing. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Chu Shao-liang, Chang Fa-kuei Heisuke Yanagawa, Iwane Matsui Strength 600,000 troops in 75 divisions and 9 brigades, 250 airplanes 300,000 troops in 8 divisions and 6 brigades, 3000 airplanes, 300 tanks, 130 warships... 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The Second Guangxi Campaign (Late April-July, 1945) was a Chinese counteroffensive against the Japanese forces that had taken Guangxi during Operation Ichigo and aimed at the recovery of all Guangxi... It has been suggested that Manchuria Incident be merged into this article or section. ... Liaoning (Simplified Chinese: 辽宁; Traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: ) is a northeastern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Jilin (Chinese: 吉林; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chi-lin; Postal System Pinyin: Kirin), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ... Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking), is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (張學良, pinyin: Zhāng Xuéliáng, English: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (June 3, 1901 – October 15, 2001), nicknamed the Young Marshal (少帥), became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of Northeast China after the assassination of his father Chang Tso-lin on June... Qiqihar (Simplified Chinese: 齐齐哈尔; Traditional Chinese: 齊齊哈爾; Pinyin: Qíqíhāěr; Postal Pinyin: Tsitsihar; Wade-Giles: Chi-chi-ha-er) is a major city in the Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and has 895,000 inhabitants. ...

The Japanese invaders repeatedly demanded to repair the Nenjiang River Bridge, that had been dynamited in earlier civil strife to prevent an advance by a rival Chinese general. These demands were all refused by Ma Zhanshan. The Japanese, determined to repair the bridge sent a Japanese repair crew, guarded by 800 Japanese soldiers. Nearby were 2,500 Chinese troops and a clash ensued. Each side charged the other with opening fire without provocation. Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small war fought between small forces of Chinese militias against the Japanese Imperial Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident in which Manchuria was lost to Japan. ...

Although eventually forced to withdraw his troops in the face of Japanese tanks and artillery, Ma became a national hero for his resistance to the Japanese which was reported in the Chinese and international press. Other senior commanders followed Ma's example at the industrial city of Harbin in Jilin province. For other meanings of Harbin, see Harbin (disambiguation). ...

Now reinforced, the Japanese field commander facing Ma, Major General Hasebe, had the sluggish river on his left, the railway on his right. Wide swamplands made the Japanese left wing impregnable against Chinese attack. But against the exposed Japanese right wing General Ma attacked repeatedly with his cavalry. In the centre of the battle front both armies were entrenched and fought each other with every modern weapon except poison gas.

General Ma, despite his resistance and spirited efforts to turn the Japanese right flank, was forced slowly back upon Tsitsihar. Meanhile miles behind the Japanese lines safe from Chinese attack Japanese engineers completed repairs to the dynamited Nenjiang River Bridge bridge, making possible the further advance of the Japanese and their armored trains.

On November 15th, despite having lost more than 400 killed and 300 wounded since November 5th, Ma Zhanshan, declined a Japanese emissary's ultimatum to surrender Tsitsihar. On the 17th, in subzero weather, 3,500 Japanese mounted their attack on Tsitsihar's 23,000 defenders holding a five mile front. Japanese cavalry charged riding down the Chinese front line cutting a swath into which Japanese infantry poured. General Ma's right flank held at first. Chinese cavalry tried to encircle the Japanese right, but Japanese field guns and bombing planes stopped that. Despite the fire of Chinese field batteries, superior Japanese armament turned the battle's tide. Chinese units broke and fled for their lives across the frozen steppes.

On the 18th, Ma Zhanshan evacuated Tsitsihar. By November 19th, Ma Zhanshan led his troops to the east to defend Baiquan and Hailun. His forces had suffered serious casualties and their strength was now much less.

Sources:

• Ma Zhanshan
• Two War Lords, Time Magazine Nov. 16, 1931
• Hero Ma, Time Magazine Nov. 23, 1931
• Rout of Ma, Time Magazine Nov. 30, 1931

==See also==

• Second Sino-Japanese War
• Mukden Incident
• Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge