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Encyclopedia > Jiao Yu
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) era matchlock firearms featuring serpentine levers.

Jiao Yu (?-?; Wade-Giles: Chiao Yü) was a Chinese military officer loyal to Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398 AD), the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). He was entrusted by Emperor Hongwu (洪武) as a leading artillery officer for the rebel army that overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, and established the Ming Dynasty.[1] As a senior advisor and general, he was later appointed to the venerable and noble status of the Count of Dongning.[2] He edited and wrote a famous military treatise that outlined the use of Chinese military technology during the mid 14th century, as far back as his military campaign of 1355 AD.[1] However, descriptions of advanced gunpowder weapons in his treatise extended back to the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in battles against the Khitans, Jurchens and Mongols. In his writing, he described the fire arrow, fire lance, the early grenade, firearm, matchlocks, cannon, bombard, land mine, naval mine, rocket, and use of various gunpowder solutions that included poisonous concoctions. For other uses, see Ming. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... The Matchlock was the first firearm to have a trigger mechanism for firing. ... An assortment of modern hand-held firearms using fixed ammunition, including military assault rifles, a sporting shotgun (fourth from bottom), a tactical shotgun (third from bottom), and a sporting rifle (top). ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ... Events Augustiner brew Munich May 1 - Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton - England recognises Scotland as an independent nation after the Wars of Scottish Independence May 12 - Nicholas V is consecrated at St Peters Basilica in Rome by the bishop of Venice. ... Events Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... izzy lewis loves the weewee in her pooter. ... Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The four successor Khanates of the Mongol Empire: Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde, Il-Khanate and Chagatai Khanate The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yuáncháo; Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus), lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming... A count is a nobleman in most European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a countess (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Blackpowder. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1279) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou Dynasty 960  - Battle of Yamen; the end of Song rule 1279 Population  - Peak est. ... Events Edgar the Peaceable crowned King of England. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Khitan may refer to: Khitan people Khitan language Khitan script Category: ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The fire lance (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: huÇ’ qiāng) or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world. ... Grenade may refer to: The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. ... An assortment of modern hand-held firearms using fixed ammunition, including military assault rifles, a sporting shotgun (fourth from bottom), a tactical shotgun (third from bottom), and a sporting rifle (top). ... The Matchlock was the first firearm to have a trigger mechanism for firing. ... A small cannon on a carriage, Bucharest. ... A bombard is a type of medieval cannon or mortar, used chiefly in sieges for throwing heavy stone balls. ... “Minefield” redirects here. ... Polish wz. ... A Soyuz rocket, at Baikanur launch pad. ... The skull and crossbones symbol (Jolly Roger) traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ...

Contents

Life and career

A portrait of the Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming Dynasty, whose many loyal officers included Jiao Yu.

In his youth, Jiao was an aspiring Confucian scholar, although his studies would not secure a great political future, since the ruling Mongols had restricted the amount of Chinese accepted into their governmental administration. Before Jiao Yu took up the cause against the ruling Mongols over China, he had met an adept Daoist intellect living in the Tiantai Mountains known as Chichi Daoren (the "Knowing-when-to-stop Daoist").[3] Like Jiao Yu, Daoren accepted the Confucian teachings of Confucius and Mencius, but in military affairs Jiao was convinced that he had inherited the skill of the ancient Sun Tzu.[3] After Jiao Yu became his protege, Daoren urged Yu to join the cause of Zhu Yuanzhang's rebellion.[4] Daoren had also shared with him various literatary works on 'fire-weapons' and their recorded uses in battle.[4] After joining his ranks, Jiao Yu became one of Zhu Yuanzhang's trusted confidants in the Red Turban Rebellion against the ruling Mongols of Yuan Dynasty China. Zhu was impressed with Jiao's designs of firearms, the knowledge of which he had earlier acquired from Daoren, yet Zhu wanted to test their abilities. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered his officer Xu Da to provide a demonstration of their destructive capability, and after the display Zhu Yuanzhang was most impressed with their power.[4] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... izzy lewis loves the weewee in her pooter. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... Confucianism (儒家 Pinyin: rújiā The School of the Scholars), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ... For other uses of the words tao and dao, see Dao (disambiguation). ... Jiuhuashan is one amongst the four holiest mountains of China associated with Buddha. ... Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu, lit. ... Mencius (most accepted dates: 372 BC – 289 BC; other possible dates: 385 BC – 303 BC or 302 BC) was born in the State of Zou (鄒國), now forming the territory of the county-level city of Zoucheng (邹城市), Shandong province, only 30 km (18 miles) south of Qufu, the town of Confucius. ... Sun Tzu (孫子 also commonly written in pinyin: Sūn Zǐ) was the author of The Art of War, an influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy (for the most part not dealing directly with tactics). ... Protege is when ou are good at something at a young age ... The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ) was an uprising by the White Lotus Chinese that targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty. ... An assortment of modern hand-held firearms using fixed ammunition, including military assault rifles, a sporting shotgun (fourth from bottom), a tactical shotgun (third from bottom), and a sporting rifle (top). ...


With the aid of Jiao's 'fire-weapons', Zhu's army (once stationed in Hezhou amongst a plethora of different rebel groups in surrounding towns) conquered Jingzhou and Xiangzhou in one expedition, in the second expedition the provinces of Jiang and Zhe, and in the third campaign the entire province of Fujian was taken, including its surrounding waterways.[2] After this, Zhu's army captured the whole of the Shandong province in one campaign, strengthening his base while the authority of the Mongol regime at Beijing was collapsing all around.[2] Zhu Yuanzhang finally drove the Mongols north in 1367, establishing a new capital at Nanjing soon after (while Beijing remained the secondary capital). Hezhou (simplified Chinese: 贺州; pinyin: Hezhou, Zhuang: ???) is a prefecture-level city in Chinas Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. ... Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: JÄ«ngzhōu) is a city in the Hubei province of the Peoples Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: 南京; Romanizations: NánjÄ«ng (Pinyin), Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), Nanking (Postal map spelling)) is the capital of Chinas Jiangsu Province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ;  ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...


After the successful rebellion and establishment of Zhu as China's new Hongwu Emperor, Jiao was put in charge of manufacturing firearms for the government.[4] Jiao was eventually appointed as the head officer in charge of the enormous Shen Zhi Ying Armory, where multitudes of manufactured guns and artillery were deposited for storage and safekeeping.[4] With Zhu Yuanzhang in power over the government, he established various manufactories in the capital at Nanjing for the manufacture of gunpowder and fire-weapons, stored in varous arsenals throughout the country.[4] The Hongwu Emperor even established a new Gunpowder Department in the central administration of the capital.[2] Indeed, Jiao Yu placed a lot of emphasis on the importance of these fire-weapons, as he once wrote in a preface to his book, "the very existence or destruction of the Empire, and the lives of the whole armed forces depend on the exact timing of these weapons. This is what fire-weapons are all about."[3] An armory is a military depot used for the storage of weapons and ammunition. ... View of the Entrance to the Arsenal, by Canaletto, 1732. ...


Along with the scholar, general, and court advisor Liu Zhi, Jiao Yu was the main editor of the 14th century military treatise known as the Huo Long Jing (Fire Drake Manual), which would include quotations from both editors.[5] The Nanyang publication of the book, known as the Huo Long Jing Quan Zhi (Fire Drake Manual in One Complete Volume) featured a preface written by Jiao Yu much later in 1412 AD. Both publications falsely attributed the earliest passages of the book to the ancient Chinese Prime Minister Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD) of the Shu Kingdom,[5] even though gunpowder warfare did not exist in China until the advent of the gunpowder-fuse-ignited flamethrower (Pen Huo Qi) in the 10th century.[6] In any case, the oldest passages found in the Huo Long Jing were made no earlier than circa 1270 AD.[7] Nanyang might be: Nanyang, Henan, (南阳) a city in the Peoples Republic of China. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms era, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... Events Antonine Wall is overrun. ... Events Wei Yan revolts against the kingdom of Shu Han Births Emperor Wu of Jin China (approximate date) Deaths Li Yan, general of the Shu Kingdom Wei Yan, Shu general, executed by Ma Dai Zhuge Liang of the Shu Kingdom in China, dies on the Wu Zhang Plains in a... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Gunpowder warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive. ... Look up fuse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Riverboat of the U.S. Brownwater Navy shooting ignited napalm from its mounted flamethrower during the Vietnam war. ... The Pen Huo Qi is a piston based naphtha flamethrower used in 919 in China. ...


Although Jiao Yu's biography does not appear in the official Ming historical text of the Ming Shi (1739), Yu was mentioned in Zhao Shizhen's book Shen Qi Pu (1598 AD), He Rubin's book Bing Lu (1606 AD), and Jiao Xu's book Ze Ke Lu (1643 AD).[4] His text of the Huo Long Jing was also reprinted in the 19th century, during the late Qing Dynasty.[5] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun; Mongolian: Манж Чин), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the ruling Chinese Dynasties. ...


The Huo Long Jing

The Huo Long Jing compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Zhi outlined the use of many different gunpowder weapons found in China during the time period. It provided information for:

A Korean cannon arrow from the early Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)

Jiao's book went into a great amount of detail on the gunpowder weapons of his time (listed above). The fire lance and fire tube (i.e. a combination of a firearm and flamethrower)[18] came in many different versions and were styled with many different names by the time Jiao Yu edited the Huo Long Jing.[19] The earliest of these were made of bamboo tubes, although the earliest transition to metal was made in the 12th century.[19] Some of these low-nitrate gunpowder flamethrowers used poisonous mixtures, including arsenious oxide, and would blast a spray of porcelain pits as shrapnel.[20][21] The earliest depiction of a fire lance is dated c. 950 AD, a Chinese painting on a silk banner found at the Buddhist site of Dunhuang.[22] In the Islamic world the fire lance first appears in a book of 1280, written by Hasan al-Rammah, and again appears in a manuscript of 1320.[23] In Europe the first representation of the fire lance is of a horse-mounted knight wielding the weapon in a Latin manuscript illustration dated to 1396.[24] The Huo Long Jing also described and illustrated metal-barrel handguns as well, including guns with three barrels, five barrels, six barrels, and even up to ten barrels.[25] Furthermore, it described the use of a 'match-holding lance gun' (chi huo-sheng qiang), possibly an early serpentine matchlock.[15] Although a proper illustration for this one was not included, it described its arrangement as a match brought down to the touch hole of three gun barrels one after the other.[26] Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... Grenade may refer to: The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A landmine is a type of mine which is placed onto or into the ground and explodes when triggered by a vehicle or person. ... A naval mine is a stationary self-contained explosive device placed in water, to destroy ships and/or submarines. ... The fire lance (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: huÇ’ qiāng) or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world. ... A gun is a common name given to an object that fires high-velocity projectiles. ... A bombard is a type of medieval cannon or mortar, used chiefly in sieges for throwing heavy stone balls. ... A small cannon on a carriage, Bucharest. ... A Browning 9 millimeter Hi-Power Ordnance pistol of the French Navy, 19th century, using a Percussion cap mechanism Derringers were small and easily hidden. ... The Matchlock was the first firearm to have a trigger mechanism for firing. ... Rocket launcher or missile launcher can mean: Multiple rocket launcher Shoulder-launched missile weapon Transporter erector launcher (TEL) for large missiles Rocket propelled grenade launcher This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A Soyuz rocket, at Baikanur launch pad. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 976 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cannon Japanese invasions... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 976 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cannon Japanese invasions... Korean cannon was first developed by Choe Mu-seon, for exclusive use by the Goryo Army, . Several types were made, and saw successful action during the Mongol invasions of Japan. ... Territory of Joseon after Jurchen conquest of King Sejong Capital Hanseong Language(s) Korean Religion Neo-Confucianism Government Monarchy Wang  - 1392 - 1398 Taejo (first)  - 1863 - 1897 Gojong (last)1 Yeong-uijeong  - 1431 - 1449 Hwang Hui  - 1466 - 1472 Han Myeonghoe  - 1592 - 1598 Ryu Seongryong  - 1894 Kim Hongjip Historical era 1392-1897... Events December 16 - Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, ending the nanboku-cho period of competing imperial courts James of Jülich is boiled alive for pretending to be a bishop and ordaining his own priests Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... It has been suggested that Fragmentation (weaponry) be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Chinese Painting Arts be merged into this article or section. ... Silk dresses Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. ... Location of Dunhuang Dunhuang (Chinese: 敦煌, also written as 燉煌 till early Qing Dynasty; pinyin: DÅ«nhuáng; ) is a city in Jiuquan, Gansu province, China. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... A touch hole is a small hole, through which the propellent charge of a cannon or muzzleloading gun is ignited. ...


Jiao Yu wrote that the cannon, called the 'eruptor', was cast in bronze, and had an average length of 4 ft and 5 in.[27] He wrote that some cannons were simply filled with 100 or so lead balls, but others had large rounds that produced a bursting charge upon impact, called the 'flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor'.[27] He wrote of how the Chinese in his day had figured out how to pack hollow cast iron shells of cannonballs with gunpowder to create an explosive effect upon contact with enemy targets.[27] In perspective, exploding cannonball rounds were not discovered in Europe until the 16th century.[28] Furthermore, he noted the use of the 'poison-fog magic smoke eruptor', where 'blinding gunpowder' and 'poisonous gunpowder' were packed into the hollow cannonball shells, and were effective in burning the faces and eyes of enemies, along with choking them with a formidable spray of poisonous smoke.[29] He wrote that cannons were mounted on frames or on wheeled carriages, so that they could be rotated in all directions.[30] Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... Cannonball can refer to: The ammunition for a cannon. ... Catherine IIs carved, painted and gilded Coronation Coach (Hermitage Museum) George VI and Queen Elizabeth in a landau with footmen and an outrider, Canada 1939 The classic definition of a carriage is a four-wheeled horse drawn private passenger vehicle with leaf springs (elliptical springs in the 19th century...


Jiao Yu wrote that land mines were spherical in shape, made of cast iron, and their fuses ignited by the enemy movement disturbing a trigger mechanism.[31] Although his book did not elaborate on the trigger mechanism, a late Ming Dynasty book of 1606 AD revealed that a complex system of a pin release, dropping weights, and chords and axles worked to rotate a spinning 'steel wheel' that acted as a flint to provide sparks that ignited the mines' fuses underground.[32] For the use of naval mines, he wrote of slowly burning joss sticks that were disguised and timed to explode against enemy ships floating nearby: The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... A flint nodule from the Onondaga limestone layer, Buffalo, New York. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ...

The sea-mine called the 'sumbarine dragon-king' is made of wrought iron, and carried on a (submerged) wooden board, [appropriately weighted with stones]. The (mine) is enclosed in an ox-bladder. It subtlety lies in the fact that a thin incnense(-stick) is arranged (to float) above the mine in a container. The (burning) of this joss stick determines the time at which the fuse is ignited, but without air its glowing would of course go out, so the container is connected with the mine by a (long) piece of goat's intestine (through which passes the fuse). At the upper end the (joss stick in the container) is kept floating by (an arrangement of) goose and wild-duck feathers, so that it moves up and down with the ripples of the water. On a dark (night) the mine is sent downstream (towards the enemy's ships), and when the joss stick has burnt down to the fuse, there is a great explosion.[33] A wrought iron railing in Troy, New York. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... A bladder is a pouch or other flexible enclosure with waterproof or gasproof walls. ...

Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and gunpowder bombs during the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1281 AD, painting dated to 1293 AD.

In a later treatise of 1637, the ox bladder described by Jiao Yu is replaced with a lacquer bag instead, along with a cord pulled from a hidden ambusher located on the nearby shore, which would release a flint-and-steel firing mechanism to ignite the naval mine.[33] Image File history File links Mooko-Suenaga. ... Image File history File links Mooko-Suenaga. ... Combatants Mongol Empire Japan Commanders Kublai Khan Hōjō Tokimune Strength 35,000 Mongol & Chinese soldiers and 18,000 Korean warriors 10,000 Casualties 16,000 killed before landed minimal Defensive wall at Hakata. ... In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or coloured coating, that dries by solvent evaporation only and that produces a hard, durable finish that can be polished to a very high gloss, and gives the illusion of depth. ...


There were several gunpowder compositions proposed by Jiao Yu, with additions to the standard formula of saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal by adapting gunpowder weapons to early chemical warfare. He described the suitable uses of 'magic gunpowder', 'poison gunpowder', or 'blinding and burning gunpowder' in warfare, which displays the various amounts of compositions used in his time.[34] For the making of poisonous gunpowder in hand-lobbed or catapult-launched grenade bombs,[21] he advised that a mixture of tung oil, urine, sal ammoniac, feces, and scallion juice be heated and then coated upon dozens of tiny iron pellets and bits of broken porcelain.[35] For this, Jiao Yu wrote "even birds flying in the air cannot escape the effects of the explosion".[35] His book also outlined the use of the 'flying-sand magic bomb releasing ten thousand fires'. This included the use of a tube of gunpowder put into an earthenware pot that was previously filled with quicklime, resin, and alcoholic extracts of poisonous plants, which would be released in the explosion.[36] It is important to note that during the 14th century, Chinese gunpowder solutions had reached their maximum explosive potential, with levels of nitrate ranging from 12% to 91% and at least 6 formulas in use by the Chinese that were considered to have maximum explosive force.[37] Saltpeter is variously: potassium nitrate (niter); or sodium nitrate (soda niter) ... For the chemical element see: sulfur. ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy. ... Tung oil is used as a wood finishing product. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Sal ammoniac is a rare mineral composed of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. ... Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) In humans, defecation may occur (depending on the individual and the circumstances) from once every two or three days to several times a day. ... Chopped spring onion The common name scallion(Or Don Patch sword as on Bobobo) is associated with various members of the genus Allium that lack a fully-developed bulb. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime or quicklime, is a widely used chemical compound. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion. ...


For the earliest fire arrows launched from bows (not rocket launchers), Jiao Yu had termed these "fiery pomegranate shot from a bow". The term pomegranate stemmed from the fact that the lump of gunpowder-filled paper wrapped round the arrow just below the metal arrow-head resembled the shape of a pomegranate.[38] He advised that a piece of hemp cloth should be used to strengthen the wad of paper, and then sealed fast with molten pine resin.[39] Although Jiao Yu described the fire arrow in great detail, it was mentioned by the much earlier Xia Shaozeng, when 20000 fire arrows were handed over to the Jurchen conquerors of Kaifeng City in 1126 AD.[39] An even earlier Chinese text of the Wu jing zong yao (武经总要, "Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques"), written in 1044 AD by the Song scholars Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, described the use of three spring or triple bow arcuballista that fired arrow bolts holding gunpowder.[39] Although written much later in 1630 (second edition in 1664), the Wu Li Xiao Shi of Fang Yizhi asserted that fire arrows were presented to Emperor Taizu of Song in 960 AD.[40] Binomial name Punica granatum L. The Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–8 m tall. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Physics In physics, melting is the process of heating a solid substance to a point (called melting point) where it turns liquid. ... Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ... Insect trapped in resin. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: KāifÄ“ng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ... Emperor Taizu (March 21, 927 - November 14, 976, Chinese 太祖), born Zhao Kuangyin (Chinese 趙匡胤), was the founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976. ...

A medieval Chinese soldier igniting a bamboo-frame-mounted fire arrow rocket.

By the time of Jiao Yu, however, the term 'fire arrow' had taken on a whole new meaning and incorporated what were the earliest rockets found in China.[41][21] The simple transition of this was to use a hollow tube (of bamboo or metal) instead of a bow or ballista firing gunpowder-impregnated fire arrows. The historian Joseph Needham asserts that this fundamental discovery came sometime before Jiao Yu, however, during the late Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 AD).[41] From the section of the oldest passages in the Huo Long Jing,[41] the text reads: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A Soyuz rocket, at Baikanur launch pad. ... Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham (December 9, 1900 – March 24, 1995) was a British biochemist and pre-eminent authority on the history of Chinese science. ... Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II. First coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ...

One uses a bamboo stick 4 ft 2 in long, with an iron (or steel) arrow-head 4.5 in long...behind the feathering there is an iron weight 0.4 in long. At the front end there is a carton tube bound on to the stick, where the 'rising gunpowder' is lit. When you want to fire it off, you use a frame shaped like a dragon, or else conveniently a tube of wood or bamboo to contain it.[41]

In the late 14th century, the Chinese had figured out how to combine the rocket launching tube with the fire lance.[42] This involved three tubes attached to the same staff, and as the first rocket tube was fired, a charge was ignited in the leading tube which expelled a blinding lachrymatory powder at the enemy, and finally the second rocket was fired.[42] A depicted illustration of this was featured in the publication of the Huo Long Jing, where it described the effectiveness of this weapon to confuse the enemy of where the rockets were fired from.[42] Apart from these hand-held rocket launchers, the Huo Long Jing also provided description and illustration for two different kinds of mounted rocket launchers that featured the firing of multiple rockets.[43] There was a cylindrical basket-work rocket launcher called the 'Mr. Facing-both-ways rocket arrow firing basket', as well as an oblong-section rectangular box rocket launcher known as the 'magical rocket-arrow block'.[16] Rockets described in the Huo Long Jing weren't all in the shape of standard fire arrows, however, as there were some that had artificial wings attached.[44] An illustration of this was provided, showing that fins were clearly used to inscrease aerodynamic stability for the flight path of the rocket,[45] which according to Jiao Yu could rise hundreds of feet before landing at the designated enemy target.[46] Categories: Stub | Chemical weapons ... In geometry, a rectangle is a defined as a quadrilateral polygon in which all four angles are right angles. ... A Laughing Gull with its wings extended in a gull wing profile Aircraft wing planform shapes: a swept wing KC-10 Extender (top) refuels a trapezoid-wing F/A-22 Raptor A wing is a surface used to produce lift and therefore flight, for travel in the air or another... A fin is a surface used to produce lift and thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media. ... Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. ...


See also

The Song Dynasty (960–1279) was a period of Chinese history and human history in general that provided some of the most prolific advancements in early science and technology, much of it through talented statsemen drafted by the government (see Imperial examinations). ... Gunpowder was developed in far eastern countries, notably India and China, for display at religious festivals. ... Gunpowder warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive. ... Hwacha or Hwacha [1] was an anti-personnel saltpeter weapon used in Korea, inspired by Chinese fire arrows. ... Singijeon is a Korean gunpowder artillery weapon, first built in 1448 A.D. and used during the Joseon period. ... Black powder is a type of gunpowder invented in the 9th Century and practically the only propellant and explosive known until the middle of the 19th Century. ... Combatants Jurchen Jin Southern Song Commanders Su Baoheng and Wanyan Zhengjianu Li Bao Strength 600 warships and 70,000 troops 120 warships and 3000 troops It was followed with another naval Battle of Caishi (采石之战) taking place in 1161 and was the result of an attempt by forces of the Jurchen... Combatants Jurchen Jin Southern Song Commanders Hailingwang Unknown The naval Battle of Caishi took place in 1161 and was the result of an attempt by forces of the Jurchen Jin to cross the Yangtze River, thus beginning an invasion of Southern Song China. ...

Notes

  1. ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 26.
  2. ^ a b c d Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 31.
  3. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 29.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27.
  5. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 25.
  6. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 82.
  7. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 24.
  8. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 180-187.
  9. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 183.
  10. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 153-154.
  11. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 192-196.
  12. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 203-205.
  13. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 229.
  14. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 314-325.
  15. ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 459.
  16. ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 489.
  17. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 508.
  18. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 232.
  19. ^ a b Embree, 185.
  20. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 232-233.
  21. ^ a b c Cowley, 38.
  22. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 224-225.
  23. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 259.
  24. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 260.
  25. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 459-463.
  26. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 458-459.
  27. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264.
  28. ^ Cowley, 49.
  29. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 267.
  30. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264-265.
  31. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 193.
  32. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 199.
  33. ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 205.
  34. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 192-193.
  35. ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 180.
  36. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 187.
  37. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 345-346.
  38. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 154-155.
  39. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 154.
  40. ^ Partington, 240.
  41. ^ a b c d Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 477.
  42. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 485-486.
  43. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 486-489.
  44. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 498.
  45. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 501-503.
  46. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 502.

References

  • Cowley, Robert (1996). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company.
  • Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1997). Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Partington, James Riddick (1960). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.

External links

 

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