Johan Galtung, second from left, and friends in Kilinochchi, Dec 04/Jan 05

Johan Galtung (born October 24, 1930, in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian professor, founder and co-director of TRANSCEND - A Peace and Development Network for Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means. He is seen as the pioneer of peace and conflict research and founded the International Peace Research Institute (PRIO) in Oslo. He is also one of the authors of an influential account of news values, the factors which determine coverage given to a given topic in the news media. Image File history File linksMetadata In_Kilinochchi_With_Prof_Johan_Galtung. ... Image File history File linksMetadata In_Kilinochchi_With_Prof_Johan_Galtung. ... Kilinochchi District. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the capital of Norway. ... Peace and conflict studies can be defined as the inter-disciplinary inquiry into war as human condition and peace as human potential, as an alternative to the traditional Polemology (War Studies) and the strategies taught at Military academies. ... The International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) was founded by Johan Galtung as an affiliate of the University of Oslo in 1959 and became an independent institute in 1966. ... This article is about the capital of Norway. ... News values determine how much prominence a news story is given by a media outlet. ... For other uses, see News (disambiguation). ...

Galtung also originated the concept of Peace Journalism, increasingly influential in communications and media studies. Peace Journalism is a form of journalism that frames stories in a way that encourages conflict analysis and a non-violent response. ... Media Studies is the academic study of the constitution and effects of media. ...

Academic career

Galtung, after founding the institute, became head of research until 1966 and eventually Director in 1970. In 1964 he founded the Journal of Peace Research. From 1969 to 1977 he was the first professor of peace and conflict research in Scandinavia, employed at the University of Oslo. He has also held numerous professorates at international universities, including Santiago in Chile, United Nations University in Geneva, and at Columbia, Princeton and the University of Hawaii in USA. He has also been entitled an emeritus at several other academic institutions. Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... The University of Oslo (in Norwegian Universitetet i Oslo, in Latin Universitas Osloensis) was founded in 1811 as Universitas Regia Fredericiana (the Royal Frederick University, in Norwegian Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet). ... Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government  - Mayor Raúl Alcaíno Lihn Area 1  - City 22. ... United Nations University (UNU) is a university established on December 6, 1973 by adoption of resolution 3081 by the United Nations General Assembly, upon the suggestion of U Thant, UN Secretary-General at the time. ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: Genève //, German:   //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ... This article is about the University of Hawaii system. ... Emeritus (IPA pronunciation: or ) is an adjective that is used in the title of a retired professor, bishop or other professional. ...

Galtung in public and his works

Galtung several positions of trust in international research councils and has been an advisor to several international organisations. Since 2004 he is member of the Advisory Council of the Committee for a Democratic UN. This article is about the concept. ... An international organization (also called intergovernmental organization) is an organization of international scope or character. ... The Committee for a Democratic UN, or KDUN, is a nongovernmental organization based in Germany that supports the development of international democracy and the strengthening of the United Nations[1]. Specifically, it advocates world federalism, and the creation of a UN Standby-Force and United Nations Parliamentary Assembly. ...

He has also written large numbers of empirical and theoretical articles, especially treating with issues of peace and conflict research. His works are engraved with his special ability of expression and his strong will of innovation and interdisciplinarity. A central concept in science and the scientific method is that all evidence must be empirical, or empirically based, that is, dependent on evidence or consequences that are observable by the senses. ... In mathematics, theory is used informally to refer to a body of knowledge about mathematics. ... Interdisciplinarity is the act of drawing from two or more academic disciplines and integrating their insights to work together in pursuit of a common goal. ...

Galtung is frequently referenced in regard to concepts he introduced, or at least is commonly associated with:

• Structural violence - widely defined as the systematic ways in which a given regime prevents individuals from achieving their full potential. Institutionalized racism and sexism are examples of this.
• Negative vs. Positive Peace - introduced the concept that peace may be more than just the absence of overt violent conflict (negative peace), and include a range of relationships up to a state where nations (or any groupings in conflict) might have collaborative and supportive relationships (positive peace).

He has also distinguished himself in public debates, among others problems concerning the developing countries, matters of defence and in the Norwegian EU-debate. In 1987 he was given the Right Livelihood Award. He developed the Transcend Method. Structural violence, a term which was first used in the 1970s and which has commonly been ascribed to Johan Galtung, denotes a form of violence which corresponds with the systematic ways in which a given social structure or social institution kills people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic... Jakob von Uexkull, founder of the Right Livelihood Award The Right Livelihood Award, established in 1980 by Jakob von Uexkull, is presented annually in the building of the Swedish Parliament, usually on December 9, to honour those working on practical and exemplary solutions to the most urgent challenges facing the...

In over 40 conflicts all over the world he participated as mediator, such as in Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, the Caucasian area, and Ecuador. He has also advised Hawaiian sovereignty groups seeking to end what they see as a foreign occupation by the United States. Mediator may refer to: A neutral party who assists in negotiations and conflict resolution, the process being known as mediation By analogy, someone who channels contact between mortals and divinity; e. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Native Hawaiians gather at ʻIolani Palace on August 12, 1998 to remember the centennial anniversary of the American annexation of Hawaiʻi. ...

During the 1970s, he predicted the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1990 with a precision of less than a year.^{[citation needed]} Since the fall of the Soviet union, he has made several predictions of when the USA is to no longer be a functioning superpower - a practice that has created some controversy. After the beginning of the Iraq War, he revised his prediction of the "downfall of the USA", seeing it as more imminent.^[1] He claims the US will go through a phase as a fascist dictatorship on its path down, and that the Patriot Act is a symptom of this. He claims the election of George W. Bush cost the US five years - although he also says this estimate is a bit arbitrarily set. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-56), known as the USA PATRIOT Act or simply the Patriot Act, is an Act of Congress which U.S. President George W. Bush signed into law on October... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

He is a strong opponent of western liberal democracy, in 1973 claiming that “our time’s grotesque reality” was the West’s “structural fascism.” He has labeled the U.S.A. as “killer country,” accused it of “neo-fascist state terrorism” and predicted that it will soon vanish “into the graveyard of empires.” [1] Liberal democracy is a form of government. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on, but not limited to, ethnic, cultural, or racial attributes. ...

In 1953 he predicted that the Soviet Union's economy would soon overtake the West and urged Hungarians not to resist the Red Army's crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He praised Castro's Cuba in 1972 for “break[ing] free of imperialism’s iron grip” and in 1973 described the U.S. and Western Europe as “rich, Western, Christian countries” that wage war to secure materials and markets: “Such an economic system is called capitalism, and when it’s spread in this way to other countries it’s called imperialism.” In 1974 he criticised the West's support for Soviet dissidents, decrying the attention given to “persecuted elite personages” such as Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov. Thirty years later, he compared the U.S. to Nazi Germany for bombing Kosovo and invading Afghanistan and Iraq. [2] For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Combatants Soviet Union; ÁVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and rebelling soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian... // Castro is a Romance (Spanish, Galician, Portuguese and Italian) word coming from Latin castrum, a fortification (cf: Greek: kastron; Proto-Celtic: *Kassrik; Breton: kaer, *kastro). ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... Solzhenitsyn was exiled from the Soviet Union for his book The Gulag Archipelago. ... Andrei Sakharov, 1943 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21, 1921 – December 14, 1989), was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. ... For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ...

He was unstinting in his praise for China during the Cultural Revolution. He admitted that the Chinese Communist Party was “repressive in a certain liberal sense,” but believed Mao’s China to be “endlessly liberating when seen from many other perspectives that liberal theory has never understood.” Indeed he stated that “the whole theory about what an ‘open society’ is must be rewritten, probably also the theory of ‘democracy’—and it will take a long time before the West will be willing to view China as a master teacher in such subjects.” [3] The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution [1] in the Peoples Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into wide-scale social, political, and economic chaos, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the entire country to... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: Zhōnggu ngchǎndǎng) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Mao could refer to: Mao Zedong, (Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles) leader of the Communist Party of China from 1935 to 1976. ...

Publications

Among some of his publications are:

• Gandhi's political ethics (1955) (with philosopher Arne Næss)
• Theory and Methods of Social Research (1967)
• Members of Two Worlds (1971)
• Peace, violence and imperialism (1974)
• Peace Research – Education – Action (1975)
• A Shaping Nightmare (1983)
• Europe in the Making (1989)
• Global Glasnost: Toward a New World Information and Communication Order? (1992) (With R. C. Vincent)
• Peace By Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (1996)
• Johan without land (2000) (Autobiography)

The full list can be seen here: http://www.transcend.org/t_database/articles.php A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... Arne Dekke Eide Næss (born January 27, 1912) is widely regarded as the foremost Norwegian philosopher of the 20th century[1], and is the founder of deep ecology. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...

References

1. ^ http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/utenriks/article7953.ece

External links

• TRANSCEND - A Peace and Development Network for Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means
• Short biography (2005-01-26)
• University of Oslo
• International Peace Research Institute
• TRANSCEND Peace University
• The Education of a Peacemaker Interview with Johan Galtung
• Violence, War, and Their Impact: On Visible and Invisible Effects of Violence by Johan Galtung