Johan Vilhelm Snellman

Statue of Johan Vilhelm Snellman in front of the Bank of Finland, Helsinki.

Johan Vilhelm Snellman (May 12, 1806 – July 4, 1881) was an influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman, nobilitated in 1866. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (783x909, 234 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Johan Vilhelm Snellman ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (783x909, 234 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Johan Vilhelm Snellman ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (880x585, 70 KB) Statue of Johan Vilhelm Snellman in front of the Bank of Finland, Helsinki. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (880x585, 70 KB) Statue of Johan Vilhelm Snellman in front of the Bank of Finland, Helsinki. ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Fennomans were the most important political movement in the 19th century Grand Duchy of Finland. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Snellman was born in Stockholm, in Sweden, as son of Kristian Henrik Snellman, a ship's captain. After the Russian conquest of Finland in 1808–09, and the promising establishing of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, his family moved there in 1813, to the Ostrobothnian coastal town of Kokkola (Karleby), where his mother Maria Magdalena Snellman died only a year later.   (IPA: ; UN/LOCODE: SE STO) is the capital of Sweden, and consequently the site of its Government and Parliament as well as the residence of the Swedish head of state, King Carl XVI Gustaf. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ostrobothnia, Österbotten (literally East (of) Bottom / the Gulf of Bothnia) or Pohjanmaa (literally Bottom land / soil / ground), is a historical province to the north in Finland. ... Kokkola (Karleby in Swedish) is a town and municipality of Finland. ...

In 1835, after academic work in Hegel's following, Snellman was appointed lecturer at the University of Helsinki, where he belonged to the famous circle of Cygnaeus, Lönnrot, and Runeberg comprising the brightest of their generation. Snellman's lectures quickly became popular with the students, but in November 1838 his lectureship was temporarily recalled after a judicial proceeding that ultimately aimed at establishing the government's firm control of new and oppositional thoughts among the academics. | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... Lecturer is the name given to university teachers in most of the English-speaking world (but not at most universities in the U.S. or Canada) who do not hold a professorship. ... The University of Helsinki is a university located in Helsinki, Finland. ... Elias Lönnrot Elias Lönnrot (April 9, 1802 - March 19, 1884) was a Finnish philologist and collector of traditional Finnish oral poetry. ... Runeberg may refer to: The Swedish-Finnish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

As a consequence Snellman exiled himself to Sweden and Germany, more or less voluntarily, 1839–1842. Returned to Helsinki, his popularity had increased further, but the political juncture did not allow the University to employ him. Instead he took up the position as headmaster for a school in distant Kuopio, and published starkly polemical periodicals, including the paper Saima in Swedish that advocated the duty of the educated classes to take up the language of the then 80% majority of Finns, and develop Finnish into a language of the civilized world useful for academic works, fine arts, state craft, and nation building. 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... In the UK and elsewhere, a head teacher is the most senior teacher in a school. ... Kuopio is a Finnish city located in the province of Eastern Finland and the region of Northern Savonia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Saima was expired by the government in 1846. In 1848–49, Snellman was again rebuffed when applying for the position as professor at Finland's University in Helsinki. After having contemplated a renewed exile in Sweden, this time possibly definitive, Snellman in 1850 gave up the position in Kuopio and moved to Helsinki, where he and his family lived under economically awkward conditions until the death of Emperor Nicholas in 1855, when it again became possible for Snellman to publish periodical papers on political issues. 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... A professor giving a lecture The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Nicholas I of Russia (Russian: Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796–March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855 and king of Poland from 1825 until 1831. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1856, Snellman was finally appointed professor, which was met with great satisfaction among politically interested Finns. Snellman's unparallelled popularity could however not remain. He was a generation older than the most active political opposition, and now a man of the government who had the brightest expectations for Finland under the rule of Emperor Alexander II. The language strife in Finland, which he was the chief initiator of, contributed also to substantial opposition against him and his views, and finally not the least his stance against the Polish Rebells of the January Uprising of 1863 were by many seen as the ultimate sign of unprincipled ingratiation. 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevitch (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (born April 17, 1818 in Moscow; died March 13, 1881 in St. ... The language strife was one of the major conflicts of Finlands national history and domestic politics. ... Polonia (Poland), 1863, by Jan Matejko, 1864, oil on canvas, 156 × 232 cm, National Museum, Kraków. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ...

In 1863 Snellman was called to a cabinet post in the Senate of Finland, in effect as Chancellor of the Exchequer, where he became an energetic and valued senator, accomplishing a language decree from the Emperor, that gradually would give Finnish a position equal to that of Swedish within the Finnish government, and thereby practically in Finland at large, the re-establishment of the Parliament, that had remained inhibited since the Russian conquest, and finally the introduction of a separate Finnish currency, the Markka, in 1865, that came to be of the utmost value for Finland. Snellman's tenure as Finance Minister would however also be tainted by the worst famine in Finnish history, aggravated by the government's strict fiscal policy. 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917. ... The markka or mark was the currency used in Finland from 1861 until January 1, 1999 (in practice on January 1, 2002), when it was replaced by the euro (€). The currency code used for the markka was FIM, and the usual familiar notation was a postfix mk. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The Famine of 1866–1868 was the last famine in Finland and the last major naturally caused famine in Europe. ... Fiscal policy is the economic term which describes the actions of a government in setting the level of public expenditure and how that expenditure is funded. ...

Snellman's inflexibility and high prolific position in the political debate would however, together with his old reputation as radical agitator of the 1830s–1840s, accumulate too much of resistance and aversion against his person and his policies. In 1868 he was forced to resign from the senate. Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria... // Events and Trends Technology First use of general anesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844 from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.. War, peace and politics First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

For his remaining life, he continued to participate in the political debate, and now nobilitated he belonged to the Nobles' Chamber of the parliament. Snellman never lost in popularity among his fennoman followers, but had become a highly divisive symbol in Finland's political landscape.

Quotes

• Cultural strength is our only salvation.

• Small countries [like Finland] should not reach for goals that they can not hold on to when international relations take an unfavourable turn.

• Nations do not sacrifice themselves for other nations.

• Man is born unfree and irrational. — Education, therefore, aims at both reason and freedom; Reason inasmuch that the child independently becomes involved in Tradition, and Freedom thus it grews capable to overcome prevailing circumstances.

Works

In 1842 Snellman published his foremost work "Läran om staten" (Study of the State). 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...