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John B. Carroll (June 5, 1916 – July 1, 2003) was a psychologist known for his contributions to psychology, educational linguistics and psychometrics. June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ...
1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...
July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ...
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Early Years
Carroll was born in Hartford, Connecticut on June 5, 1916. Early in his life, Carroll became interested in music and language. His interest in language was further sparked by becoming friends with Benjamin Lee Whorf at the age of thirteen and discussing Whorf’s ideas about a close connection between culture and language. Carroll also helped to edit and publish Whorf’s Language, Thought and Reality in 1956. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Benjamin Lee Whorf (April 24, 1897 - July 26, 1941) was an American linguist. ...
Education Carroll studied at Wesleyan University, majoring in Classics and graduating summa cum laude in 1937. He attended the University of Minnesota to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology. At the University of Minnesota, Carroll began studying under B. F. Skinner, but soon discovered that he was more interested in working with large numbers of subjects rather than Skinner’s individual subjects approach. Skinner directed Carroll to L. L. Thurstone at the University of Chicago, where he able to pursue his interest in psychometrics. During this time, he focused his studies on verbal aptitude and completed his dissertation, “A Factor Analysis of Verbal Abilities,” in 1941. Wesleyan University, founded in 1831, is a private, liberal arts university in Middletown, Connecticut. ...
Washington Avenue Bridge at night The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, almost always abbreviated U of M, and sometimes referred to as The U by locals, is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system. ...
Burrhus Frederic Skinner Burrhus Frederic B. F. Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist and author. ...
Louis Leon Thurstone (29 May 1887–29 September 1955) was a psychometrician most notable for his contributions to factor analysis with regard to psychological tests. ...
The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...
Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. ...
Career After finishing his education, Carroll went on to a rich career in psychology. Carroll’s first position was at Mount Holyoke College (1940-42). Mary Searle, who received her B.A. in psychology from Mount Holyoke in 1941, married Carroll after graduation. Mount Holyoke College, (founded as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary 8 November 1837), is a liberal arts womens college in South Hadley, Massachusetts. ...
After Mount Holyoke, Carroll taught at Indiana University (1942-43), the University of Chicago (1943-44), Harvard Graduate School of Education, (Roy E. Larsen Professor of Education, 1949-67) and the University of North Carolina, (William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of Psychology 1974-82, Director of L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory, 1974-79). Indiana University, founded in 1820, is a nine-campus university system in the state of Indiana. ...
The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...
Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ...
The University of North Carolina is a sixteen-university system which comprises all public four-year universities in North Carolina, United States. ...
He was also a psychologist with the U.S. Navy, (1944-46), the Department of the Army, (1946-49) and the Educational Testing Service (1967-74). The Educational Testing Service (or ETS) is the worlds largest private educational testing and measurement organization, operating on an annual budget of approximately $900 million. ...
Contributions John Carroll made many contributions to the areas of psychology, educational linguistics and psychometrics during his approximately fifty year career.
One of Carroll’s early projects in the 1950s involved developing a test of language aptitude (the Modern Language Aptitude Test (1953-58), or MLAT). The project grew out of the US Army’s need for a way to select people who could easily learn foreign languages so that the government could spend the time and funds on those who would benefit most from foreign language training. Initially, the government gave project funding to a professor at a university closer to the Defense Language School in Monterey, California, but his research was unsuccessful at providing a useful assessment tool. Carroll then received a grant for foreign language learning aptitude research through the Carnegie Corporation and worked with Stanley Sapon and the US Army-Air Force to develop the Modern Language Aptitude Test. The MLAT was published in 1959 by the Psychological Corporation and is still used today by many government organizations in the US and abroad to measure language learning aptitude and select candidates for language training programs. Language learning aptitude does not refer to whether or not an individual can or cannot learn a foreign language. ...
The Modern Language Aptitude Test was designed to predict a student’s likelihood of success and ease in learning a foreign language. ...
Language learning aptitude does not refer to whether or not an individual can or cannot learn a foreign language. ...
Another contribution of John Carroll was his paper “Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students,” published in 1961. In it, Carroll challenged the language testing field’s reliance on discrete-point test design. Discrete-point testing is an analytical approach to language testing in which each test question is meant to measure one distinct content point. Carroll supported using an integrative testing design, in which each question requires the test-taker to use more than one skill or piece of knowledge at a time and may be a more natural representation of the test-taker’s knowledge of the language. Carroll’s paper influenced the design of the Test of English as a Foreign Language, or TOEFL, which combined both discrete-point and integrative methods for the assessment. The Test Of English as a Foreign Language (or TOEFL, pronounced toe-full, or sometimes just toffle) evaluates the potential success of an individual to use and understand Standard American English at a college level. ...
The Test Of English as a Foreign Language (or TOEFL, pronounced toe-full, or sometimes just toffle) evaluates the potential success of an individual to use and understand Standard American English at a college level. ...
One year later, in 1962, Carroll presented his Model of School Learning. In the model, Carroll defined a hypothetical framework used to predict achievement in schools. The framework was made up of two kinds of variables: individual differences and instructional variables. Individual differences related to general intelligence, aptitudes and motivation while instructional variables related to instructional quality and duration. Still influential in achievement and evaluation thinking, his model was revisited in “The Carroll Model: A 25 Year Retrospective and Prospective View,” published by the Educational Researcher in 1989.
But the culmination of Carroll’s life’s work in psychology is his 800 page work, Human Cognitive Abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies, published in 1993, in which Carroll proposes his psychological theory about three different levels of cognition, the Three Stratum Theory.
In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on "Mainstream Science on Intelligence," an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal, which defended the findings on race and intelligence in The Bell Curve. Mainstream Science on Intelligence is a 1994 editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal on December 13. ...
Linda Susanne Gottfredson (born 24 June 1947) is an American sociologist who publishes on intelligence, race, and human resources. ...
The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ...
Normal distribution comparing races and ethnic groups with IQ among U.S. test subjects from 1981 (the most recent, large-scale, published adult IQ scores). ...
The Bell Curve is a controversial, best-selling 1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray exploring the role of intelligence in American life. ...
According to David Lubinski, a psychology researcher at Vanderbilt University, Carroll was known not only for his contributions to academia, but also his “profound intellectual gifts, curiosity, optimism, wit, and unfailing integrity and sincerity.”
Selected Publications What follows is just a small selection of over 400 books and articles written by John Carroll. - Carroll, J B 1956 Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf M.I.T. Press, Boston.
- Carroll, J B 1993 Human Cognitive Abilities Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Carroll, J B, Davies, P, & Richman, B 1971 The American Heritage Word Frequency Book. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
- Carroll, J B, Sapon, S M 1959 Modern Language Aptitude Test Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas.
- Carroll, J B, 1961 "Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students". In Testing Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC. Reprinted in Allen, H B & Campbell R N 1972 Teaching English as a Second Language: A Book of Readings McGraw Hill, New York.
See also Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. ...
External links
Resources - Carroll, John B. Human Cognitive Abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- “John B. Carroll.” Human Intelligence. 2003. Indiana University. 27 June, 2006. http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/carroll.html.
- Lubinski, David. “John Bissell Carroll.” American Psychologist. Vol.9, No.1 (Jan. 2004): 43-44.
- Stansfield, Charles W. and Daniel J. Reed. “The Story Behind the Modern Language Aptitude Test: An Interview With John B. Carroll (1916-2003).” Language Assessment Quarterly 1.1 (2004): 43-56.
- Stansfield, Charles W. “Carroll, John Bissell.” Concise Encyclopedia of Educational Linguistics. Ed. B. Spolsky. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1999.
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